品種特點
歐(ou)拉羊(yang)體質(zhi)結實,肢高(gao)體大,背(bei)腰(yao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)平(ping),胸深(shen),后軀發育好(hao),十(shi)字(zi)部(bu)略高(gao)于體高(gao)。頭稍狹長(chang)(chang),呈(cheng)銳三角(jiao)(jiao)形,成年羊(yang)額(e)寬(kuan)與頭長(chang)(chang)比為1∶1.72,鼻梁(liang)隆凸(tu),眼廓微突,耳較(jiao)大,多(duo)數具有肉髯,公羊(yang)前胸著(zhu)生黃褐色(se)“胸毛(mao)”,而母羊(yang)不明顯。公羊(yang)角(jiao)(jiao)粗而長(chang)(chang),呈(cheng)淺(qian)螺旋狀向(xiang)左右平(ping)伸或稍向(xiang)前,角(jiao)(jiao)尖向(xiang)外,角(jiao)(jiao)尖距離較(jiao)大,母羊(yang)角(jiao)(jiao)較(jiao)細小。尾(wei)短(duan)小而瘦,呈(cheng)扁錐形。
歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)素以個體高大,肌肉(rou)豐滿產(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量高而著稱,是(shi)藏系綿羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)中產(chan)(chan)肉(rou)性(xing)(xing)能最好(hao)的羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)。然而近些年來,由于對(dui)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選育(yu)和(he)培育(yu)工作重視不夠,加之(zhi)天(tian)然草(cao)原退化(hua)、沙化(hua)和(he)鼠蟲害泛濫等原因,甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)質量受到(dao)明顯影響,突出(chu)表(biao)現于育(yu)成種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的繁(fan)殖力和(he)體重、體高等生產(chan)(chan)性(xing)(xing)能均呈(cheng)下(xia)降趨(qu)勢,甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)藏系綿羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)個體平(ping)(ping)均變小 16. 7% ,產(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量平(ping)(ping)均下(xia)降 18. 3% ,雙羔率(lv)幾(ji)乎(hu)為零,全州(zhou)(zhou)牲畜優(you)(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)所占比例低,畜產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的質不優(you)(you)、量不高。針(zhen)對(dui)上述情況,通過開展歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選育(yu)和(he)培育(yu)試驗,探索歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)選留(liu)、飼養標準(zhun)和(he)日(ri)常管理(li)方法(fa),從而為提(ti)升甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)繁(fan)殖性(xing)(xing)能和(he)生產(chan)(chan)性(xing)(xing)能提(ti)供科學依據。
根(gen)據趙有(you)璋等(1977)的(de)研究,在2242只母羊中,全(quan)白者(zhe)占0.67%,體白者(zhe)占11.95%,體雜者(zhe)占86.44%,全(quan)黑者(zhe)占0.94%。
生產性能
產肉性能
6月(yue)齡公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體重(zhong) 35.14公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)31.44公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),1.5歲公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體重(zhong)48.09公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin);成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體重(zhong)66.82公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。1.5歲羯羊(yang)(yang)胴(dong)體重(zhong)18.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),內臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)0.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),屠宰率47.81%;成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)胴(dong)體重(zhong)25.83公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),內臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)2.15公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),屠宰率48.1%;成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羯羊(yang)(yang)上述指標相應為(wei)30.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、2.09公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)54.19%。
產毛性能
歐拉羊(yang)被(bei)毛(mao)稀,死毛(mao)多(duo),頭、頸、尾、腹(fu)和四肢均覆蓋短刺毛(mao)。在成年母羊(yang)的毛(mao)被(bei)中,無髓毛(mao)占(zhan)(zhan)39.03%,兩型毛(mao)占(zhan)(zhan)25.44%,有髓毛(mao)占(zhan)(zhan)7.41%,死毛(mao)占(zhan)(zhan)28.12%。剪毛(mao)量成年公(gong)羊(yang)平均1.0公(gong)斤(jin),成年母羊(yang)為(wei)0.86公(gong)斤(jin),凈毛(mao)率76%。
產皮性能
歐(ou)拉羊(yang)皮(pi)質地致密(mi),面積(ji)大,柔韌性(xing)好,加工延展度(du)達12%,是(shi)制革和縫制牧民皮(pi)襖的上好原料(liao)。10月份宰(zai)割鮮皮(pi)重3 ~7 kg 、面積(ji) 0.56 ~1.33 m。歐(ou)拉老羊(yang)皮(pi)皮(pi)板厚而(er)結實,隔風(feng)御寒性(xing)能(neng)極佳 。
繁殖性能
歐拉母羊(yang)(yang)的母性良好(hao),育羔(gao)(gao)能力強。一般母羊(yang)(yang)在(zai)1.5歲開始發情,繁(fan)殖年(nian)(nian)限5~6年(nian)(nian)。 每年(nian)(nian)產羔(gao)(gao)1 次,每胎1羔(gao)(gao)。母羊(yang)(yang)發情周期平均(jun)為 17.54 d、妊娠期151.31d 。當(dang)地習慣產冬羔(gao)(gao),一般在(zai)7 ~ 9月(yue)份(fen)配(pei)種,12月(yue)至翌年(nian)(nian)2 月(yue)份(fen)產羔(gao)(gao)。1.5歲母羊(yang)(yang)的繁(fan)殖成活率為48%,成年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)的繁(fan)殖成活率為68%。
歐拉羔羊育肥
青海(hai)省海(hai)南州(zhou)貴南縣(xian)森多鄉充分挖掘利用(yong)本土良(liang)種歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)帶動作用(yong),2009年(nian)(nian)引入(ru)青藏(zang)(zang)高原上(shang)的(de)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)做(zuo)父(fu)本,以普(pu)通藏(zang)(zang)綿(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)做(zuo)母(mu)本,應用(yong)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)育(yu)肥(fei)技術,發展當地的(de)肉(rou)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)產業,推行(xing)歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)當年(nian)(nian)育(yu)肥(fei)出欄生產。2010年(nian)(nian)10月18日,藏(zang)(zang)酷歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)總(zong)共出欄32只公(gong)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)。其(qi)中最大的(de)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)為84市斤(jin),平(ping)均(jun)毛重為63.75市斤(jin)/只。增重效(xiao)果顯著,對牧民(min)的(de)增收(shou)效(xiao)果也非常突出。
在收(shou)購歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)現場,牧戶(hu)吉貝說:歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)這個實(shi)驗(yan)真好,歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)既(ji)能(neng)當年出欄(lan)了(le),同時我們又見到(dao)了(le)效益。相比往(wang)年,今(jin)年歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價(jia)(jia)格很(hen)高(gao),往(wang)年羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價(jia)(jia)格在11元(yuan)/斤左右,而今(jin)年羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)漲到(dao)13.5元(yuan)/斤。比往(wang)年一只(zhi)羊(yang)(yang)能(neng)多(duo)(duo)賺上(shang)100多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)錢。當然(ran)愿意繼續搞實(shi)驗(yan)。實(shi)驗(yan)牧戶(hu)吉貝和森多(duo)(duo)鄉(xiang)畜(chu)牧防疫站表(biao)示:歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)實(shi)驗(yan)很(hen)不(bu)錯,歐(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)產業帶動了(le)牧民(min)的(de)積(ji)極性,牧民(min)受到(dao)了(le)很(hen)大的(de)利益,同時對(dui)草場保護也非常有利。
貴南縣(xian)森多鄉牧戶吉貝家32只藏(zang)酷歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)出欄總毛重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)1020公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),其中最大的歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)42公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),中等(deng)的歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)33公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),偏小的歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。平(ping)均毛重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)31.875公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)/只。而當地其它羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)平(ping)均毛重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)26.35公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)/只。藏(zang)酷歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)胴(dong)體(ti)總重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)420.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),平(ping)均胴(dong)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)13.125公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。平(ping)均每只藏(zang)酷歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)出成率41.18%。
在青藏牧區推廣(guang)藏酷歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)當年育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan),能夠收到三(san)贏(ying)的(de)效果:第一(yi),歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)當年育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan),牧民(min)(min)養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)出欄(lan)率、商(shang)品率提高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le),可(ke)以使牧民(min)(min)增收;其二,商(shang)品羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)在當年秋季(ji)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan)了(le)(le),越(yue)冬(dong)的(de)只有(you)種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)和母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang),冬(dong)春(chun)季(ji)牲畜數量減少(shao),減少(shao)了(le)(le)對飼草料的(de)需(xu)求。冬(dong)春(chun)季(ji)節對母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)及羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)進行舍飼喂養(yang),不(bu)進行放牧,便消除了(le)(le)牲畜冬(dong)春(chun)季(ji)節的(de)超載過牧現象。這樣就(jiu)緩解了(le)(le)草畜矛盾,從而保護了(le)(le)極度脆弱的(de)草原(yuan)生(sheng)態環(huan)境。第三(san),歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)好吃好賣價(jia)高(gao)(gao),提高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)農(nong)牧民(min)(min)養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)經濟效益。