一.產品介紹
亞東(dong)縣,位(wei)于西藏(zang)自(zi)治區(qu)南部、喜馬拉雅山脈(mo)中段(duan)南麓。歷史上,亞東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)作為班禪活佛供品(pin)(pin),也是(shi)上層貴族喜愛的(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)之一(yi),藏(zang)語稱(cheng)它為“拿布摘(zhai)摘(zhai)”(“拿布”是(shi)黑色的(de)(de)意(yi)思,“摘(zhai)摘(zhai)是(shi)薄”的(de)(de)意(yi)思。)據傳說很早以(yi)前有(you)位(wei)仙(xian)女下凡觀看人(ren)(ren)世間,發現此(ci)處氣(qi)候(hou)怡人(ren)(ren),于是(shi)停留片刻觀賞美景,不小心(xin)把帶在脖子上的(de)(de)珍(zhen)珠項(xiang)鏈掉散(san)在此(ci)處。后來被稱(cheng)為“珍(zhen)珠木耳(er)(er)”的(de)(de)來歷,在當地廣為流(liu)傳。亞東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)形(xing)狀獨特,濕(shi)耳(er)(er)直徑(jing)僅為3-5mm,盤子均勻呈圓(yuan)形(xing),單耳(er)(er)、耳(er)(er)體小,色澤褐色,肉質(zhi)肥厚、口感(gan)細膩、彈(dan)性好、滑(hua)潤且營養(yang)豐(feng)富,富含(han)人(ren)(ren)體所需的(de)(de)氨基酸和(he)微量元(yuan)素(su)。當地群眾自(zi)古均有(you)采(cai)食(shi)亞東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)習慣(guan)和(he)有(you)把亞東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)作為滋補品(pin)(pin)送病人(ren)(ren)調(diao)養(yang)身體的(de)(de)習俗,在國內外(wai)市場被譽為“植(zhi)物(wu)肉、素(su)中之葷”。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)情況(kuang):亞(ya)(ya)東縣土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)種類(lei)較多,高(gao)山(shan)(shan)寒漠土(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)原土(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)(ya)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)(ya)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)原土(tu)(tu)(tu)、暗棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、黃棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、沼澤10個土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型,總面(mian)積4212平方公里,耕地(di)面(mian)積僅1.2萬畝;亞(ya)(ya)東縣地(di)貌(mao)(mao)屬喜馬拉雅山(shan)(shan)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)地(di)貌(mao)(mao),由北(bei)部、南部二大地(di)勢(shi)部組成,整個地(di)勢(shi)是北(bei)部寬高(gao),南部窄低、總體(ti)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)為一山(shan)(shan)溝。
(2)水文情況:亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)的(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)主要有(you)(you)康布(bu)(bu)曲(qu)(qu)、卓(zhuo)(zhuo)木(mu)(mu)麻曲(qu)(qu)、卓(zhuo)(zhuo)木(mu)(mu)曲(qu)(qu)3條。還有(you)(you)10多條季節性(xing)小支流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)交錯,穿越全境(jing)(jing)(jing),同時境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)還有(you)(you)瀑布(bu)(bu)與迭水密布(bu)(bu)。亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)河(he)(he)床(chuang)狹(xia)窄,水流(liu)(liu)湍急等(deng)特點,在河(he)(he)水流(liu)(liu)域內(nei)也是森林(lin)分布(bu)(bu)區。康布(bu)(bu)曲(qu)(qu)河(he)(he)源(yuan)于泡罕里山,向南流(liu)(liu);帕里曲(qu)(qu)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)源(yuan)于卓(zhuo)(zhuo)木(mu)(mu)拉山,向南流(liu)(liu);兩河(he)(he)至下(xia)司馬(ma)鎮匯(hui)合(he)形成卓(zhuo)(zhuo)木(mu)(mu)麻曲(qu)(qu)(亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)河(he)(he))。卓(zhuo)(zhuo)木(mu)(mu)麻曲(qu)(qu)南流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入不丹(dan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)。亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣位于西(xi)藏日喀(ka)則地(di)區南部(bu),境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)沒有(you)(you)大(da)型工廠,無(wu)“三(san)廢”排(pai)放和空(kong)氣污(wu)染,土壤沒有(you)(you)重金屬污(wu)染歷史, 根據(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測部(bu)門監測,亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)地(di)表水達到國(guo)家《地(di)面水 環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量標準(zhun)》的(de)Ⅱ類水質標準(zhun);水質感觀(guan)良好,無(wu)色、無(wu)臭(chou)、無(wu)味(wei)、透(tou)明, pH值(zhi)在5.5-7.5之(zhi)間,砷≤0.05、鎘≤0.005、鉛≤0.05等(deng)有(you)(you)關指標符(fu)合(he)我國(guo)和世界衛(wei)生組織制定的(de)飲用水質準(zhun)則。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)情(qing)況:亞(ya)(ya)東由(you)于(yu)地(di)形變(bian)化較(jiao)(jiao)復雜,而且(qie)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)(di)懸(xuan)殊大,因此,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)垂直變(bian)化也十(shi)(shi)分(fen)明顯。因懸(xuan)殊的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)(du),以(yi)帕里為(wei)(wei)界,分(fen)為(wei)(wei)截(jie)然不同的(de)(de)兩(liang)個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),北部平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4300米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)(ban)干旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),南部平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2800米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),森林(lin)(lin)茂密(mi)。北部地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)高(gao)(gao)寒(han)(han)干旱,自然災(zai)害(hai)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo);南部地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)清新,生(sheng)產條件良好(hao)。亞(ya)(ya)東因地(di)理(li)位置的(de)(de)差異,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也不一(yi)樣,主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)以(yi)下(xia)六(liu)種氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)地(di)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。下(xia)亞(ya)(ya)東鄉的(de)(de)切(qie)瑪村至(zhi)亞(ya)(ya)東林(lin)(lin)場,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2700米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)特(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)暖濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超過(guo)10℃,夏季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)20-16℃,冬(dong)季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)10-5℃。無(wu)霜(shuang)期約(yue)在300天(tian)(tian)以(yi)上(shang),這里冬(dong)季(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he),基(ji)本(ben)(ben)上(shang)無(wu)霜(shuang)、雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),很少結冰,土(tu)壤中(zhong)沒有(you)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)層。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)29℃左(zuo)右(you),7-9月(yue)(yue)份雨水多(duo)(duo)(duo),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)在1500-2000毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之間。是(shi)(shi)針闊葉混(hun)交(jiao)林(lin)(lin)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),林(lin)(lin)下(xia)有(you)箭(jian)竹,伴生(sheng)的(de)(de)藤本(ben)(ben)植物也十(shi)(shi)分(fen)發(fa)育;二是(shi)(shi)山(shan)地(di)暖溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。亞(ya)(ya)東林(lin)(lin)場至(zhi)上(shang)亞(ya)(ya)東鄉,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2700-3200米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)約(yue)7-10℃,夏季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)14-16℃,冬(dong)季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)0-5℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)11月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)2月(yue)(yue)下(xia)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),積雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)可(ke)(ke)達30-100厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),但融(rong)化較(jiao)(jiao)快(kuai);年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)雨日(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)105天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)937毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),4月(yue)(yue)份開始就有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang);三(san)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)地(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涼帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。上(shang)亞(ya)(ya)東至(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)達,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)3100-3900米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)約(yue)2-7℃,夏季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)10-14℃,冬(dong)季(ji)月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)0-5℃左(zuo)右(you)。無(wu)霜(shuang)期大于(yu)150天(tian)(tian), 每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)冬(dong)季(ji)有(you)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),積雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)達60-80厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),多(duo)(duo)(duo)時可(ke)(ke)達150-200厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。土(tu)壤里有(you)季(ji)節(jie)性凍(dong)(dong)(dong)層出(chu)(chu)現(xian),最(zui)(zui)大凍(dong)(dong)(dong)土(tu)深度(du)(du)(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)達40厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)約(yue)750毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)4月(yue)(yue)份降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)最(zui)(zui)大;夜間降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水約(yue)占五分(fen)之四以(yi)上(shang)。主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)冷(leng)杉(shan)、云(yun)杉(shan)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)松等林(lin)(lin)木(mu)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu);四是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)亞(ya)(ya)寒(han)(han)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。多(duo)(duo)(duo)達至(zhi)塘拉之間,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)3900-5200米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)寒(han)(han)冷(leng)、年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)0℃,日(ri)(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)5℃,無(wu)霜(shuang)期不足90天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)18℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)30.1℃。結冰日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達318天(tian)(tian)。雨季(ji)為(wei)(wei)6-9月(yue)(yue),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)450毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di),除6月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)外(wai),其(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)時間均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)(ke)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)約(yue)占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)的(de)(de)三(san)分(fen)之一(yi)。帕里盆(pen)地(di)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雹日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可(ke)(ke)達10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右(you),但多(duo)(duo)(duo)在作物生(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)節(jie)出(chu)(chu)現(xian),加上(shang)霜(shuang)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)嚴重,不利于(yu)農業生(sheng)產。植被(bei)以(yi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)耐寒(han)(han)草(cao)(cao)旬與低(di)(di)(di)矮灌叢為(wei)(wei)主(zhu);五是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)寒(han)(han)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。卓木(mu)拉日(ri)(ri)(ri)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)山(shan)以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4200-5500米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)-2℃-6℃,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)6-2℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-10℃-16℃,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7-8月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)0℃。土(tu)壤水份處(chu)于(yu)晝夜融(rong)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)交(jiao)替之中(zhong),形成本(ben)(ben)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)融(rong)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)現(xian)象,帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)內只能生(sheng)長(chang)一(yi)些耐寒(han)(han)的(de)(de)矮小(xiao)(xiao)草(cao)(cao)甸,墊(dian)狀(zhuang)植物和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種地(di)衣。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)約(yue)在400毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang),因云(yun)霧較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo),因而比較(jiao)(jiao)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)5500米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)則為(wei)(wei)終年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)結的(de)(de)冰雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),本(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)稀疏墊(dian)狀(zhuang)植被(bei)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu);六(liu)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)寒(han)(han)冷(leng)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、半(ban)(ban)(ban)干旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。堆納鄉和(he)吉(ji)汝鄉大部分(fen)寬(kuan)谷盆(pen)地(di)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)周圍,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4400-5000米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)3-4℃左(zuo)右(you),最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)13-6℃,6-9月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)12--15℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-5℃-16℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4-7個月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)0℃。無(wu)霜(shuang)期約(yue)80---100天(tian)(tian)。本(ben)(ben)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)顯著(zhu)特(te)點,降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少,一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)300毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)旱生(sheng)草(cao)(cao)叢植被(bei)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。
三.地域范圍
“亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑木耳”產業范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)藏自治區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)日喀則(ze)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)縣所轄的(de)康布鄉(xiang)、上亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)、下司馬(ma)鎮、下亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)的(de)林區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。 亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)縣地(di)(di)處(chu)西(xi)藏日喀則(ze)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)、喜馬(ma)拉雅山(shan)脈(mo)中段南(nan)(nan)(nan)麓,為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)藏自治區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)邊境(jing)縣之一。是(shi)(shi)突(tu)出的(de)邊境(jing)三(san)角(jiao)地(di)(di)帶,地(di)(di)理(li)坐標為(wei)(wei)(wei)北緯27°13′—27°56′,東(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)88°46′—89°10′,亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑木耳區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域生長面積為(wei)(wei)(wei)1684.24平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里。東(dong)(dong)(dong)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)、西(xi)三(san)面分(fen)別(bie)與不丹(dan)、印度接壤(rang),且通外山(shan)口43處(chu),邊境(jing)線(xian)長290公(gong)(gong)里。在西(xi)藏境(jing)內,北與康馬(ma)、白(bai)朗(lang)、崗巴相鄰。東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)最大寬(kuan)度45公(gong)(gong)里,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北最大長度為(wei)(wei)(wei)123公(gong)(gong)里。北部(bu)四(si)鄉(xiang)鎮海拔(ba)均在4300米以(yi)上,高寒缺氧、干旱少雨,植被稀疏(shu),以(yi)高山(shan)草(cao)甸場(chang)放牧(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)落后。南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)三(san)個鄉(xiang)鎮海拔(ba)在2500米至3500米,以(yi)農業、牧(mu)業為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)發達,是(shi)(shi)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑木耳生長的(de)主(zhu)要地(di)(di)帶。全(quan)縣總面積為(wei)(wei)(wei)4212平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里。縣城駐地(di)(di)下司馬(ma)鎮海拔(ba)2900m,是(shi)(shi)全(quan)縣政治、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、文化交(jiao)流中心,距(ju)日喀則(ze)市300km、拉薩市580km。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)在感(gan)官(guan)特征:亞東黑木耳(er)形態(tai)為盤子均勻(yun)顯(xian)圓形,顏色(se)(se)深黑色(se)(se),滑有光感(gan),平;。背面(mian)絨(rong)毛(mao)短而少,暗灰色(se)(se);耳(er)面(mian)黑褐色(se)(se),色(se)(se)鮮、肉厚(耳(er)片厚1.7mm左右)、朵(duo)較小(直徑一般(ban)為3-5mm)。
(2)內(nei)在品質(zhi)指標:亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳彈性好、口感細膩、滑(hua)潤,營養豐富(fu),風味獨特。蛋(dan)白質(zhi)含量(liang)10%-13%,鋅(xin)26-28mg/kg,鐵70-75mg/kg,氨基酸總量(liang)在8-10%。
(3)安全要(yao)求:亞(ya)東(dong)黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳生產(chan)過程執行《無公害(hai)食(shi)品黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳》NY5098-2002標準。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產地選(xuan)擇與特(te)(te)殊內容規定:野(ye)生條件下亞東(dong)(dong)黑木耳生長(chang)(chang)在西藏亞東(dong)(dong)縣境內特(te)(te)定山(shan)林中,北緯27o13′—27o56′,東(dong)(dong)經88o46′—89o10′,南北長(chang)(chang)79.5km,東(dong)(dong)西寬44 km。在全區(甚至全國)同海撥(bo)地區均未發現該生物(wu)品種。且亞東(dong)(dong)木耳只生長(chang)(chang)在一種開(kai)黃(huang)花的(de) 薔薇科(ke)薔薇屬的(de)植物(wu)枯枝上(shang)。亞東(dong)(dong)黑木耳基地位(wei)于亞東(dong)(dong)縣康布鄉(xiang)、上(shang)亞東(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)、下司馬(ma)鎮(zhen)、下亞東(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)4個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)。產地環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)必須符合《綠色食品 產地環(huan)境技術條件》(NT/T391-2000)的(de)要求。
(2)品(pin)種選擇與(yu)特(te)定(ding)要求: 亞東(dong)黑(hei)木耳作為亞東(dong)縣境內特(te)有的野(ye)生菌(jun)種,在(zai)人工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)時菌(jun)種主要是用(yong)野(ye)生黑(hei)耳,通過組(zu)織分(fen)離(li)法和孢子分(fen)離(li)法獲得(de)純種,在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎制作二級菌(jun)種(原種)和三級菌(jun)種(栽(zai)培(pei)種)
(3)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程管理規定:亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程必須(xu)執行《亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)產(chan)技術規程》。為(wei)了保證亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)的品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)色,尤其要注重以下(xia)環節:
①黑(hei)耳菌(jun)(jun)種的制取(qu)。亞東黑(hei)木耳的菌(jun)(jun)種主要(yao)是用(yong)野生黑(hei)耳,通過組織分離(li)法(fa)和(he)孢子分離(li)法(fa)獲得(de)純種,在(zai)此基礎制作二級菌(jun)(jun)種(原種)和(he)三級菌(jun)(jun)種(栽培(pei)種)。菌(jun)(jun)種在(zai)制取(qu)的全過程應在(zai)無(wu)菌(jun)(jun)條件下,培(pei)養環境應嚴(yan)格(ge)按照以(yi)下條件:
(1)菌種(zhong)培養(yang)室(shi)要求干燥、潔凈、黑暗。
(2)溫(wen)(wen)度(du):菌絲生(sheng)長(chang)最(zui)適溫(wen)(wen)度(du)一般(ban)在22—25℃。
(3)濕(shi)度:保持(chi)在(zai)65%左右。
(4)空氣:在菌絲生長階段注(zhu)意環境的通(tong)風(feng)換氣。
(5)光線:菌絲生(sheng)長階段(duan)在避(bi)光條件下進行(xing)。
(6)要(yao)經(jing)常性地檢查培(pei)養的菌(jun)種(zhong)是否(fou)感染(ran)雜(za)菌(jun),如(ru)有(you)感染(ran)則應(ying)及時剔除、清理(li)。
②代料(liao)的(de)制(zhi)備。亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)人工栽培主要是采(cai)用(yong)代料(liao)栽培的(de)方式,因此在代料(liao)的(de)選擇及其(qi)消毒滅菌(jun)等環(huan)節應嚴格(ge)按(an)照亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng) 產技術(shu)規程的(de)有關要求,以保證亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)的(de)品(pin)質。代料(liao)應選用(yong)當地木(mu)屑、玉米稈(gan)、樹枝等農(nong)副產品(pin)。
(4)產品收獲(huo)及產后處理的規定:亞東黑木耳(er)收獲(huo)及產后處理必須執(zhi)行(xing)《亞東黑木耳(er)加工技術規程》。
①采收(shou)(shou)(shou)。長大(da)成熟(shu)(shu)的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)要及時采收(shou)(shou)(shou),做(zuo)到勤采細采,不(bu)(bu)使流失(shi),確保(bao)(bao)高產(chan)(chan)優質。成熟(shu)(shu)的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)充分(fen)展(zhan)開(kai)(kai),開(kai)(kai)始收(shou)(shou)(shou)邊,顏色變(bian)為(wei)(wei)褐色,肉(rou)(rou)質肥厚,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根(gen)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮、變(bian)細,觸動耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時,可看(kan)出(chu)(chu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)顫動。只要具(ju)備這(zhe)些特征,說明耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已成熟(shu)(shu),要及時采收(shou)(shou)(shou)。亞東黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)一年出(chu)(chu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)2次,采收(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)要求有所不(bu)(bu)同。5月份前生產(chan)(chan)的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱為(wei)(wei)春耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),產(chan)(chan)量較低,其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色深,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)肉(rou)(rou)厚;11月采收(shou)(shou)(shou)入的(de)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱為(wei)(wei)冬耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色淺,肉(rou)(rou)厚,質量最(zui)好(hao)。采收(shou)(shou)(shou)春耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)和秋(qiu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時,要求采大(da)留小。采收(shou)(shou)(shou)時間最(zui)好(hao)選(xuan)在天(tian)晴的(de)早(zao)晨,或(huo)者晴天(tian)早(zao)晨露水(shui)未干(gan)時。這(zhe)時耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)潮軟,不(bu)(bu)會因(yin)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)干(gan)燥而(er)弄碎。采收(shou)(shou)(shou)時,抓住(zhu)整朵子實(shi)體,連耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根(gen)一起摘下來。要求勤采收(shou)(shou)(shou),不(bu)(bu)使流耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采收(shou)(shou)(shou)時,要注意保(bao)(bao)護耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)芽。每次采收(shou)(shou)(shou)后,需(xu)將耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)木(mu)翻個面,促(cu)使結耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。
②篩選。首先要(yao)清除樹皮、木塞、草(cao)葉(xie)等雜(za)物,修剪耳根,如有泥沙應放在(zai)清水中漂(piao)洗干(gan)凈,再進行(xing)干(gan)制.
③干(gan)(gan)(gan)制。方(fang)法有2種:一種是(shi)將鮮耳(er)(er)攤放(fang)在(zai)地面的(de)曬席或(huo)竹(zhu)簾上,在(zai)烈日下(xia)涼(liang)曬1~2天即可曬干(gan)(gan)(gan),在(zai)耳(er)(er)片未干(gan)(gan)(gan)以(yi)前,不宜多翻動(dong),影響質(zhi)量。另一種方(fang)法是(shi)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)法,在(zai)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)箱或(huo)在(zai)簡易烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)房內烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan),溫度不要超(chao)出45℃。烘(hong)烤過程(cheng)中(zhong)翻動(dong),以(yi)防(fang)變成“拳(quan)耳(er)(er)”。烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)后的(de)黑耳(er)(er)含水量<13%。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄要(yao)求:亞東黑(hei)木耳生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)全過程,要(yao)建立生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄檔案(an),必(bi)須準確、清晰、工整、完全。全面(mian)記載并妥善保存,以備(bei)查閱。
六.包裝標識相關規定
(1)分級(ji):根據中華人民共和(he)國(guo)國(guo)家標(biao)準GB6192-86規定,將段木干(gan)制黑耳按質量指標(biao)分為一(yi)級(ji)、二級(ji)、三級(ji)。
(2)包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang):包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材(cai)料必須符合《農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和標識管理(li)辦法》等相關規(gui)定,包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)袋上(shang)注(zhu)明(ming)產(chan)品(pin)批號并加(jia)注(zhu)“亞東黑木耳”字(zi)樣。
(3)標(biao)識:銷售的亞東黑(hei)木耳(er),應(ying)當(dang)在包裝物上標(biao)注或者附(fu)加標(biao)識標(biao)明品(pin)名(ming)、產(chan)(chan)地(di)、生產(chan)(chan)者或者銷售者名(ming)稱、生產(chan)(chan)日期、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量等級(ji)、保期質。亞東黑(hei)木耳(er)標(biao)識所用(yong)文(wen)字應(ying)當(dang)使用(yong)規范(fan)的中文(wen)和藏文(wen)(出口另外)。標(biao)識標(biao)注的內容應(ying)當(dang)準確、清晰(xi)、顯著、完(wan)整、持(chi)久。
(4)貯藏:包(bao)裝好(hao)的產品在專用(yong)倉庫(ku)中貯藏,注意防(fang)霉(mei)、防(fang)蟲(chong)。
(5)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu):黑(hei)木(mu)耳在運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)過程中,要注(zhu)意防(fang)曝曬,防(fang)潮濕(shi),防(fang)雨(yu)淋。用車運(yun)(yun)(yun)載黑(hei)木(mu)耳時,要加蓋防(fang)雨(yu)布。嚴禁(jin)與有(you)毒(du)物品混裝,嚴禁(jin)用含(han)殘(can)毒(du)、有(you)污染的運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)工具(ju)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載黑(hei)木(mu)耳。