一.產品介紹
亞東(dong)(dong)縣,位于(yu)西藏(zang)自治區南(nan)部、喜(xi)馬拉雅(ya)山脈中段南(nan)麓。歷(li)史(shi)上,亞東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)作為(wei)(wei)班禪(chan)活(huo)佛(fo)供(gong)品,也是(shi)上層(ceng)貴族喜(xi)愛的(de)(de)食品之(zhi)一,藏(zang)語稱它為(wei)(wei)“拿布摘摘”(“拿布”是(shi)黑(hei)色(se)的(de)(de)意思(si),“摘摘是(shi)薄(bo)”的(de)(de)意思(si)。)據傳說很早以前有(you)(you)位仙(xian)女下(xia)凡觀(guan)看人世間,發現此處氣候怡人,于(yu)是(shi)停留(liu)片刻觀(guan)賞美景,不小(xiao)心把(ba)帶在(zai)(zai)脖子上的(de)(de)珍(zhen)珠項鏈掉散(san)在(zai)(zai)此處。后(hou)來(lai)被稱為(wei)(wei)“珍(zhen)珠木耳(er)(er)”的(de)(de)來(lai)歷(li),在(zai)(zai)當地廣為(wei)(wei)流傳。亞東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)形狀獨特,濕耳(er)(er)直徑僅為(wei)(wei)3-5mm,盤子均勻呈圓(yuan)形,單耳(er)(er)、耳(er)(er)體(ti)小(xiao),色(se)澤褐色(se),肉質肥厚、口感(gan)細膩、彈性好、滑潤(run)且營養豐富,富含人體(ti)所需(xu)的(de)(de)氨基酸和(he)微量(liang)元素。當地群眾自古(gu)均有(you)(you)采食亞東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)習慣和(he)有(you)(you)把(ba)亞東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)作為(wei)(wei)滋補品送病(bing)人調(diao)養身體(ti)的(de)(de)習俗,在(zai)(zai)國內外市場被譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)“植物肉、素中之(zhi)葷”。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌情況:亞(ya)東縣土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)種類較多,高山(shan)(shan)寒漠土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高山(shan)(shan)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高山(shan)(shan)草(cao)原(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)高山(shan)(shan)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)高山(shan)(shan)草(cao)原(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、暗棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黃棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沼澤(ze)10個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型,總面(mian)積(ji)4212平(ping)方(fang)公里,耕地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)僅(jin)1.2萬(wan)畝;亞(ya)東縣地(di)(di)貌屬(shu)喜(xi)馬拉雅山(shan)(shan)高山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)貌,由北部(bu)、南部(bu)二大地(di)(di)勢部(bu)組(zu)成,整個地(di)(di)勢是北部(bu)寬高,南部(bu)窄低、總體地(di)(di)貌為一山(shan)(shan)溝。
(2)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況:亞東(dong)(dong)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)河(he)流主要有(you)(you)康布(bu)曲(qu)、卓(zhuo)木(mu)麻曲(qu)、卓(zhuo)木(mu)曲(qu)3條(tiao)。還(huan)有(you)(you)10多(duo)條(tiao)季節(jie)性(xing)小支流相交錯,穿(chuan)越全境,同時境內(nei)(nei)(nei)還(huan)有(you)(you)瀑布(bu)與迭水(shui)(shui)(shui)密布(bu)。亞東(dong)(dong)河(he)床狹窄,水(shui)(shui)(shui)流湍(tuan)急等(deng)特點,在河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流域內(nei)(nei)(nei)也是森林分布(bu)區。康布(bu)曲(qu)河(he)源于(yu)泡(pao)罕(han)里(li)山(shan)(shan),向(xiang)南(nan)流;帕里(li)曲(qu)河(he)流源于(yu)卓(zhuo)木(mu)拉山(shan)(shan),向(xiang)南(nan)流;兩河(he)至下司馬鎮(zhen)匯合(he)(he)形成卓(zhuo)木(mu)麻曲(qu)(亞東(dong)(dong)河(he))。卓(zhuo)木(mu)麻曲(qu)南(nan)流進入不(bu)丹境內(nei)(nei)(nei)。亞東(dong)(dong)縣位于(yu)西藏日(ri)喀(ka)則地區南(nan)部(bu),境內(nei)(nei)(nei)沒有(you)(you)大(da)型工廠,無“三廢”排放和空氣污染(ran),土壤(rang)沒有(you)(you)重金屬(shu)污染(ran)歷史, 根據環(huan)境監(jian)測部(bu)門監(jian)測,亞東(dong)(dong)縣境內(nei)(nei)(nei)地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達到國家《地面水(shui)(shui)(shui) 環(huan)境質量(liang)標準(zhun)》的(de)(de)Ⅱ類水(shui)(shui)(shui)質標準(zhun);水(shui)(shui)(shui)質感觀良好,無色(se)、無臭、無味、透(tou)明(ming), pH值在5.5-7.5之(zhi)間,砷≤0.05、鎘≤0.005、鉛≤0.05等(deng)有(you)(you)關指標符合(he)(he)我國和世界衛生組織(zhi)制(zhi)定的(de)(de)飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui)質準(zhun)則。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)情況:亞(ya)東由于地(di)(di)(di)(di)形變化(hua)較復(fu)雜,而(er)且海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)懸殊大(da)(da)(da),因此,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)垂直變化(hua)也(ye)十分(fen)(fen)明顯。因懸殊的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du),以(yi)帕(pa)里(li)為(wei)(wei)界,分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)截然不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)兩個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu),北部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4300米(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)半干(gan)旱(han)(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),南(nan)部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2800米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)濕(shi)潤(run)(run),森林(lin)茂密。北部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)寒(han)干(gan)旱(han)(han),自然災害較多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo);南(nan)部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)濕(shi)潤(run)(run),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)清新(xin),生(sheng)(sheng)產條件良好。亞(ya)東因地(di)(di)(di)(di)理位置的(de)(de)(de)差異,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)也(ye)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣,主(zhu)要有(you)(you)以(yi)下(xia)六(liu)種(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。下(xia)亞(ya)東鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)切瑪村至亞(ya)東林(lin)場,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2700米(mi)(mi),其(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)特(te)征是(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)暖濕(shi)潤(run)(run),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超過10℃,夏季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)20-16℃,冬季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)10-5℃。無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)約(yue)(yue)在(zai)300天(tian)(tian)以(yi)上(shang),這里(li)冬季溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he),基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)無霜(shuang)(shuang)、雪(xue),很(hen)少(shao)(shao)結(jie)冰(bing),土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)沒有(you)(you)凍(dong)(dong)層。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)29℃左右(you),7-9月(yue)(yue)份雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)在(zai)1500-2000毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。是(shi)針闊葉混交林(lin)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)區(qu),林(lin)下(xia)有(you)(you)箭(jian)竹(zhu),伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)藤(teng)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)十分(fen)(fen)發育;二是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)暖溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)半濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。亞(ya)東林(lin)場至上(shang)亞(ya)東鄉(xiang),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2700-3200米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)約(yue)(yue)7-10℃,夏季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)14-16℃,冬季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)0-5℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)11月(yue)(yue)至次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)2月(yue)(yue)下(xia)雪(xue),積(ji)雪(xue)可達30-100厘(li)米(mi)(mi),但(dan)融(rong)化(hua)較快(kuai);年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)雨日(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)105天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)937毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),4月(yue)(yue)份開始(shi)就(jiu)有(you)(you)較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang);三是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涼帶(dai)半濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。上(shang)亞(ya)東至多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)達,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)3100-3900米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)約(yue)(yue)2-7℃,夏季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)10-14℃,冬季月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)0-5℃左右(you)。無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)大(da)(da)(da)于150天(tian)(tian), 每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)冬季有(you)(you)降雪(xue),積(ji)雪(xue)達60-80厘(li)米(mi)(mi),多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)時(shi)可達150-200厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)里(li)有(you)(you)季節(jie)性凍(dong)(dong)層出現(xian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)凍(dong)(dong)土(tu)深度(du)(du)可達40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)左右(you),降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)750毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)4月(yue)(yue)份降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da);夜間(jian)(jian)(jian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)(yue)占五分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)四以(yi)上(shang)。主(zhu)要是(shi)冷(leng)杉、云(yun)杉、高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)松等林(lin)木(mu)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)區(qu);四是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)亞(ya)寒(han)帶(dai)半濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)達至塘拉(la)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)3900-5200米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)寒(han)冷(leng)、年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)于0℃,日(ri)(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)小于或等于5℃,無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)不(bu)足(zu)90天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)18℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)30.1℃。結(jie)冰(bing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達318天(tian)(tian)。雨季為(wei)(wei)6-9月(yue)(yue),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)450毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右(you)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di),除(chu)6月(yue)(yue)至8月(yue)(yue)外,其(qi)(qi)余時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)可降雪(xue),降雪(xue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)約(yue)(yue)占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)三分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。帕(pa)里(li)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai),降雹日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(shu)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可達10天(tian)(tian)左右(you),但(dan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)在(zai)作物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季節(jie)出現(xian),加上(shang)霜(shuang)(shuang)凍(dong)(dong)嚴重,不(bu)利于農業生(sheng)(sheng)產。植(zhi)被以(yi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)寒(han)草旬與低(di)(di)矮灌叢(cong)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu);五是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)寒(han)凍(dong)(dong)帶(dai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。卓(zhuo)木(mu)拉(la)日(ri)(ri)(ri)雪(xue)山(shan)以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4200-5500米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)-2℃-6℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)6-2℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-10℃-16℃,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7-8月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)于0℃。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份處(chu)于晝夜融(rong)凍(dong)(dong)交替之(zhi)中(zhong),形成本(ben)(ben)帶(dai)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)融(rong)凍(dong)(dong)現(xian)象,帶(dai)內只能生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)一(yi)(yi)些耐(nai)寒(han)的(de)(de)(de)矮小草甸,墊(dian)(dian)狀植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)衣。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)在(zai)400毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang),因云(yun)霧較多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),因而(er)比較濕(shi)潤(run)(run)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)5500米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)則為(wei)(wei)終年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)凍(dong)(dong)結(jie)的(de)(de)(de)冰(bing)雪(xue)帶(dai),本(ben)(ben)區(qu)主(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)稀疏墊(dian)(dian)狀植(zhi)被分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)區(qu);六(liu)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原寒(han)冷(leng)帶(dai)、半干(gan)旱(han)(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)。堆納鄉(xiang)和(he)吉汝鄉(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)寬谷盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)周圍,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4400-5000米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)3-4℃左右(you),最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)13-6℃,6-9月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)12--15℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-5℃-16℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4-7個月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)于0℃。無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)約(yue)(yue)80---100天(tian)(tian)。本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)顯著特(te)點,降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)較少(shao)(shao),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)300毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右(you),是(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)旱(han)(han)生(sheng)(sheng)草叢(cong)植(zhi)被分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。
三.地域范圍
“亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳”產業范圍(wei)為(wei)西(xi)藏自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)日喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)地(di)區(qu)(qu)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)縣(xian)(xian)所轄的康布(bu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、上亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、下(xia)司(si)馬鎮(zhen)、下(xia)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的林區(qu)(qu)。 亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處西(xi)藏日喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)地(di)區(qu)(qu)西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)、喜馬拉雅山脈中段南(nan)麓,為(wei)西(xi)藏自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)邊(bian)境(jing)縣(xian)(xian)之一。是(shi)突出的邊(bian)境(jing)三(san)(san)角地(di)帶,地(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為(wei)北緯27°13′—27°56′,東(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)88°46′—89°10′,亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳區(qu)(qu)域生長面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)1684.24平方公(gong)里(li)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)、南(nan)、西(xi)三(san)(san)面(mian)(mian)分別(bie)與不丹、印度(du)接壤,且通外山口(kou)43處,邊(bian)境(jing)線長290公(gong)里(li)。在西(xi)藏境(jing)內,北與康馬、白朗、崗巴相鄰(lin)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)最大寬度(du)45公(gong)里(li),南(nan)北最大長度(du)為(wei)123公(gong)里(li)。北部(bu)(bu)四(si)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)海拔(ba)均在4300米以(yi)上,高寒缺氧、干旱少雨,植被(bei)稀疏(shu),以(yi)高山草甸場放牧為(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)濟(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)落后。南(nan)部(bu)(bu)三(san)(san)個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)海拔(ba)在2500米至3500米,以(yi)農業、牧業為(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)濟(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)發(fa)達(da),是(shi)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木耳生長的主(zhu)要地(di)帶。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)4212平方公(gong)里(li)。縣(xian)(xian)城駐(zhu)地(di)下(xia)司(si)馬鎮(zhen)海拔(ba)2900m,是(shi)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟(ji)、文化(hua)交流中心,距日喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)市300km、拉薩市580km。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)在感官特(te)征:亞東黑(hei)木耳(er)形態為(wei)盤子(zi)均勻顯圓形,顏色(se)(se)深(shen)黑(hei)色(se)(se),滑有光感,平(ping);。背(bei)面絨毛短而少,暗灰色(se)(se);耳(er)面黑(hei)褐色(se)(se),色(se)(se)鮮、肉厚(耳(er)片厚1.7mm左(zuo)右)、朵(duo)較小(xiao)(直徑一般為(wei)3-5mm)。
(2)內在(zai)品質指標(biao):亞(ya)東黑(hei)木耳彈性好、口感細(xi)膩(ni)、滑潤(run),營養(yang)豐(feng)富,風味獨特。蛋白質含量(liang)10%-13%,鋅26-28mg/kg,鐵(tie)70-75mg/kg,氨基酸總量(liang)在(zai)8-10%。
(3)安全(quan)要求:亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)生產過程執行《無公害食品黑木(mu)耳(er)》NY5098-2002標(biao)準(zhun)。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)地選擇(ze)與特(te)殊內(nei)(nei)容(rong)規定:野生(sheng)條(tiao)件下亞(ya)東(dong)黑(hei)木耳生(sheng)長在(zai)西藏亞(ya)東(dong)縣境內(nei)(nei)特(te)定山林中(zhong),北緯(wei)27o13′—27o56′,東(dong)經(jing)88o46′—89o10′,南(nan)北長79.5km,東(dong)西寬44 km。在(zai)全(quan)區(甚(shen)至(zhi)全(quan)國)同(tong)海撥地區均未發現(xian)該生(sheng)物(wu)品種(zhong)。且亞(ya)東(dong)木耳只(zhi)生(sheng)長在(zai)一種(zhong)開黃花的(de) 薔(qiang)(qiang)薇科薔(qiang)(qiang)薇屬的(de)植物(wu)枯(ku)枝上。亞(ya)東(dong)黑(hei)木耳基地位于亞(ya)東(dong)縣康布鄉(xiang)、上亞(ya)東(dong)鄉(xiang)、下司(si)馬鎮(zhen)、下亞(ya)東(dong)鄉(xiang)4個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)。產(chan)地環(huan)境質量必(bi)須(xu)符合(he)《綠色食品 產(chan)地環(huan)境技術條(tiao)件》(NT/T391-2000)的(de)要求。
(2)品種(zhong)(zhong)選擇(ze)與特(te)定要(yao)求(qiu): 亞東(dong)黑木(mu)耳作為亞東(dong)縣(xian)境(jing)內特(te)有的野(ye)生菌種(zhong)(zhong),在人工栽培(pei)時菌種(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)是(shi)用(yong)野(ye)生黑耳,通過組(zu)織(zhi)分離法和(he)孢子分離法獲(huo)得純種(zhong)(zhong),在此基礎制作二級(ji)菌種(zhong)(zhong)(原種(zhong)(zhong))和(he)三級(ji)菌種(zhong)(zhong)(栽培(pei)種(zhong)(zhong))
(3)生產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)管理規(gui)定:亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)生產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)必須執行《亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)生產技術規(gui)程(cheng)》。為了保證亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er)(er)的品(pin)質特色,尤其要(yao)注重(zhong)以(yi)下(xia)環節(jie):
①黑耳菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)制(zhi)取。亞東黑木(mu)耳的(de)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要是用(yong)野生黑耳,通過組織分(fen)離法和孢子分(fen)離法獲(huo)得(de)純種(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎制(zhi)作二級菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(原種(zhong)(zhong))和三級菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(栽培種(zhong)(zhong))。菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)取的(de)全過程應(ying)在(zai)(zai)無菌(jun)條件下,培養環(huan)境應(ying)嚴格按照以(yi)下條件:
(1)菌種(zhong)培養室要求干燥、潔(jie)凈、黑暗(an)。
(2)溫度:菌(jun)絲生長最適溫度一般在22—25℃。
(3)濕(shi)度:保(bao)持(chi)在65%左右。
(4)空氣(qi):在菌絲生長(chang)階段注意環境的通風換氣(qi)。
(5)光(guang)線(xian):菌絲(si)生長階段在避光(guang)條件下進(jin)行。
(6)要經常性地檢查培養的菌(jun)種是否感(gan)染雜菌(jun),如有感(gan)染則應(ying)及(ji)時剔除、清理。
②代(dai)料的制備。亞東黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳人工栽培主(zhu)要是采用(yong)代(dai)料栽培的方式,因(yin)此在代(dai)料的選擇(ze)及其消毒滅(mie)菌等(deng)環(huan)節應(ying)嚴格按照(zhao)亞東黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳生 產技術規程的有關要求,以保(bao)證亞東黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳的品(pin)質(zhi)。代(dai)料應(ying)選用(yong)當地木(mu)屑、玉米稈(gan)、樹(shu)枝等(deng)農副(fu)產品(pin)。
(4)產品收(shou)獲及產后處理的規(gui)定(ding):亞(ya)(ya)東黑木(mu)耳收(shou)獲及產后處理必須執行《亞(ya)(ya)東黑木(mu)耳加工技術規(gui)程》。
①采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。長大成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的黑木耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),做到勤采(cai)(cai)(cai)細(xi)采(cai)(cai)(cai),不使(shi)(shi)流失(shi),確保高產優質(zhi)。成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的黑木耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片充(chong)分展開(kai),開(kai)始收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)邊,顏(yan)色(se)變(bian)為(wei)褐(he)色(se),肉質(zhi)肥厚,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮、變(bian)細(xi),觸動耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時(shi)(shi)(shi),可看出耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片顫動。只要具備這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)特征,說明(ming)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu),要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。亞東黑木耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)一年出耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)2次,采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的要求有(you)所不同。5月份前(qian)生產的黑木耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱(cheng)為(wei)春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),產量(liang)較低,其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色(se)深,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)肉厚;11月采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入的耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱(cheng)為(wei)冬耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色(se)淺(qian),肉厚,質(zhi)量(liang)最好。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)和秋耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時(shi)(shi)(shi),要求采(cai)(cai)(cai)大留小。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間最好選在天晴(qing)的早晨,或(huo)者(zhe)晴(qing)天早晨露水未(wei)干時(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片潮軟(ruan),不會(hui)因耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片干燥而弄碎(sui)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi),抓住(zhu)整(zheng)朵子(zi)實體,連耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根一起(qi)摘下來。要求勤采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),不使(shi)(shi)流耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi),要注(zhu)意(yi)保護耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)芽。每(mei)次采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou),需(xu)將(jiang)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)木翻個面,促使(shi)(shi)結耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。
②篩選。首先要清除樹皮、木塞、草葉等雜物(wu),修剪耳(er)根,如有(you)泥沙應放在(zai)清水中漂(piao)洗干凈,再進(jin)行干制.
③干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)制。方法有2種:一種是將鮮耳(er)(er)攤放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地面(mian)的曬席或竹簾(lian)上,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)烈日下涼曬1~2天即(ji)可(ke)曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)耳(er)(er)片未干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)以前(qian),不宜多(duo)翻(fan)動,影響質量。另一種方法是烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)法,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)箱或在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)簡易烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)房內烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan),溫度不要超出45℃。烘(hong)烤過程中翻(fan)動,以防變(bian)成“拳耳(er)(er)”。烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)后的黑耳(er)(er)含水量<13%。
(5)生產記錄要求:亞東(dong)黑木(mu)耳生產的全過程,要建立生產記錄檔案(an),必(bi)須(xu)準確、清晰、工整(zheng)、完(wan)全。全面記載并妥善保存(cun),以備查閱。
六.包裝標識相關規定
(1)分(fen)級(ji):根據中華(hua)人民(min)共(gong)和國國家標(biao)準(zhun)GB6192-86規(gui)定,將段木干制黑耳(er)按質量指標(biao)分(fen)為一級(ji)、二級(ji)、三級(ji)。
(2)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝:包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝材料必須(xu)符合《農產品包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝和標識管理辦法》等相關規定,包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝袋(dai)上注明產品批號并加注“亞東(dong)黑(hei)木耳”字樣。
(3)標(biao)識(shi)(shi):銷(xiao)售的亞東(dong)黑木(mu)(mu)耳,應(ying)當(dang)在包(bao)裝物(wu)上(shang)標(biao)注或(huo)者(zhe)附加標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)明品名、產地、生(sheng)產者(zhe)或(huo)者(zhe)銷(xiao)售者(zhe)名稱、生(sheng)產日期、產品質(zhi)量等級(ji)、保(bao)期質(zhi)。亞東(dong)黑木(mu)(mu)耳標(biao)識(shi)(shi)所用文(wen)字應(ying)當(dang)使(shi)用規范的中文(wen)和藏文(wen)(出口另外(wai))。標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)注的內容應(ying)當(dang)準確、清晰(xi)、顯著、完整、持久。
(4)貯藏:包裝(zhuang)好的產品在專(zhuan)用倉(cang)庫中貯藏,注意防霉(mei)、防蟲。
(5)運(yun)(yun)輸:黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳(er)在運(yun)(yun)輸過(guo)程中,要(yao)(yao)注意防曝曬(shai),防潮濕,防雨淋。用車運(yun)(yun)載黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳(er)時(shi),要(yao)(yao)加蓋防雨布(bu)。嚴禁(jin)與(yu)有(you)毒物(wu)品混裝,嚴禁(jin)用含殘毒、有(you)污染的運(yun)(yun)輸工具運(yun)(yun)載黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)耳(er)。