形態特征
頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)椒的特征與識別頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)壇花(hua)椒是竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)椒的一個(ge)變(bian)種(zhong)。常綠灌木,高2~2.5m,稀4~5(7)m;莖枝(zhi)多銳 刺(ci),刺(ci)基部寬(kuan)扁,紅(hong)褐(he)(he)色,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)刺(ci)水平抽出,葉(xie)(xie)(xie)軸無刺(ci),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)背(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)均無小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)刺(ci);小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)枝(zhi)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)及嫩枝(zhi)均無毛或偶有(you)(you)柔毛;羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie)(xie)(xie)互生(sheng),有(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)3~11片(pian),少數多至(zhi)5~11片(pian),翼葉(xie)(xie)(xie)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian),寬(kuan)處(chu)約(yue)2—3mm;小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄上(shang)(shang)對(dui)生(sheng),通常披(pi)針形(xing)或披(pi)針狀(zhuang)橢圓形(xing),長4—9em,1.5~2.5Cm,干(gan)(gan)后(hou)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)緣向(xiang)背(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)反卷,頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)端中(zhong)央一片(pian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)最大(da)最直,基部一對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)最小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao);葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍粗糙(cao),上(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)深綠色,背(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)青(qing)綠色,粗糙(cao),邊緣有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)規則之(zhi)疏離(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鈍齒,齒凹處(chu)常有(you)(you)一油腺;主脈在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)下凹,側(ce)脈不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian),在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)背(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)中(zhong)脈明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)隆起,側(ce)脈纖細(xi);小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄短(duan)(duan)約(yue)lmill或無。聚傘狀(zhuang)圓錐狀(zhuang)花(hua)序腋生(sheng)或同時(shi)生(sheng)于側(ce)枝(zhi)之(zhi)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),長短(duan)(duan)差異較大(da),約(yue)2~7cm,多花(hua),有(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)20一40(60)余朵;花(hua)被片(pian)6~8片(pian),卵狀(zhuang)三角(jiao)形(xing),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)端鈍尖,長約(yue)1—1.5mm;雄花(hua)的雄蕊(rui)4—6枚,花(hua)絲細(xi)長,明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)超出退化(hua)雌蕊(rui),花(hua)藥圓點(dian)狀(zhuang),藥隔頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)端過1天后(hou)變(bian)為黑褐(he)(he)色的油點(dian);不(bu)(bu)育(yu)雌蕊(rui)凸(tu)起,頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)端微裂(lie)(lie)成彎曲的柱(zhu)狀(zhuang);雌蕊(rui)有(you)(you)心皮(pi)2個(ge),背(bei)(bei)(bei)部近頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)側(ce)各有(you)(you)1個(ge)油點(dian),花(hua)柱(zhu)斜向(xiang)背(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)彎曲,不(bu)(bu)育(yu)雄蕊(rui)短(duan)(duan)線狀(zhuang),早落。果(guo)熟時(shi)果(guo)皮(pi)多為橄欖綠色,少有(you)(you)紫(zi)紅(hong)色者(zhe),果(guo)皮(pi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)凸(tu)起的圓點(dian)狀(zhuang)油腺數個(ge);單個(ge)直徑約(yue)4—5mill,干(gan)(gan)后(hou)開(kai)裂(lie)(lie),內果(guo)皮(pi)淡綠色;種(zhong)子(zi)直徑2—3mm,種(zhong)皮(pi)黑色,角(jiao)質(zhi),有(you)(you)光澤。花(hua)期3—4月,果(guo)期7—8月。
頂(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)的(de)特(te)(te)(te)點(dian)是花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)冬天不落(luo)葉(xie)(xie),四季常(chang)綠(lv);并(bing)且頂(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)經(jing)過長期自然淘汰和(he)人為選(xuan)擇(ze),形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一個青(qing)葉(xie)(xie)椒(jiao)的(de)新變種。與竹葉(xie)(xie)椒(jiao)原品種相比(bi)較,葉(xie)(xie)片的(de)葉(xie)(xie)軸及小葉(xie)(xie)稀刺(ci)或光滑無刺(ci),聚傘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)序(xu)腋生或同時(shi)生于側(ce)枝之頂(ding),長短差(cha)異較大(da),約2—7cm,小花(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)目較多(duo),果熟時(shi)果皮常(chang)為橄欖綠(lv)色,果皮上(shang)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯凸起的(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)油(you)腺,長有(you)(you)油(you)苞,富含(han)揮發油(you),香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei)濃烈,油(you)多(duo)味(wei)麻,具(ju)有(you)(you)“吃在(zai)(zai)口里,麻在(zai)(zai)嘴上(shang),熱在(zai)(zai)身上(shang)但不上(shang)火卻(que)涼在(zai)(zai)心(xin)頭(tou)”的(de)特(te)(te)(te)點(dian),分布(bu)范圍(wei)頂(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)是貴(gui)州(zhou)、四川、重(zhong)慶、云南、廣西、湖南地(di)區特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)植物,受其獨特(te)(te)(te)地(di)形(xing)、地(di)貌、土壤等(deng)自然條件的(de)影響(xiang)具(ju)有(you)(you)獨特(te)(te)(te)的(de)香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei)和(he)口感, 歷來以“香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei)濃、麻味(wei)重(zhong)、產(chan)量(liang)高“而著(zhu)稱,迄今(jin)已有(you)(you)數(shu)(shu)百年的(de)栽培歷史(shi) 。由于其具(ju)有(you)(you)喜鈣、耐旱、水(shui)土保(bao)持效(xiao)果好等(deng)特(te)(te)(te)點(dian) , 具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)價值(zhi),目前是該地(di)區主要(yao)的(de)水(shui)土保(bao)持經(jing)濟(ji)樹(shu)(shu)種,因此,科(ke)學(xue)、合理開發利用頂(ding)壇青(qing)的(de)這些特(te)(te)(te)色資源(yuan),將生態(tai)重(zhong)建與花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)基地(di)建設有(you)(you)機結(jie)合,將對緩解(jie)這些地(di)生態(tai)環境比(bi)較脆弱、人口壓(ya)力(li)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)矛盾培養和(he)壯(zhuang)大(da)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)產(chan)業(ye)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)競爭力(li),改善(shan)地(di)區生態(tai)、發展社會(hui)經(jing)濟(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)意義。
主要價值
1.花(hua)椒不僅是(shi)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)調味(wei)品,而且是(shi)一味(wei)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)。花(hua)椒有強烈的(de)芳香氣(qi)味(wei),能除膻腥、溫中(zhong)散寒、降(jiang)溫止痛(tong),可用來治(zhi)療多種疾病。
2.治惡心嘔(ou)吐:花椒(jiao)200克,炒(chao)研,面糊為丸如(ru)蠶豆大,每(mei)(mei)日1次(ci),每(mei)(mei)次(ci)10丸,醋(cu)湯送服(fu)(fu);或花椒(jiao)9克~12克,用植物油50 克~80克將花椒(jiao)炸焦,棄(qi)椒(jiao)留(liu)油,待油涼(liang)后以次(ci)服(fu)(fu)用。
3.治痢疾:花椒9克~12克,紅塘15~20克,加水煎服,每日(ri)早晚各一劑(ji)。
4.治(zhi)受寒痛經:花椒9~12 克,生姜18~24克,大(da)棗(zao)10~20 枚,加水300毫升煎(jian)服(fu),每日1 劑,分早晚兩次(ci)溫服(fu)。
5.治膽道蛔蟲癥:花椒(jiao)30 克(ke),文火微炒,加烏梅9克(ke),水煎服,每(mei)日2~3次(ci);或花椒(jiao) 9~12克(ke)研細粉,雞(ji)蛋1~2個,用植物油炒熟后服用,每(mei)日 2~3次(ci)。
6.治蛔蟲(chong)性(xing)腸梗(geng)阻:用麻油 100~200克,置鍋中煎熬,投入花(hua)椒15克~20克,呈微焦即撈(lao)出棄去,待花(hua)椒油微溫時一次服完。
7.治血吸蟲病:花(hua)椒炒研成(cheng)粉入膠(jiao)囊,成(cheng)人每日(ri)5克,分3 次服,20~25天為一療程(cheng)。
8.治腹痛(tong):花椒3克(ke),干姜6 克(ke),香附12克(ke),水煎服(fu),每(mei)日2次。
9.治老年人病后腰酸腿軟:干花椒50克(ke)(ke)(ke),茴香(xiang)20克(ke)(ke)(ke),混合后上鍋炒,在研成粉末(mo),每日 2次(ci),每次(ci)3克(ke)(ke)(ke),用溫水服(fu)用。
10.治蟯蟲病:花椒(jiao)50克,加水1000毫升,煎沸40~50分鐘,過濾,取微溫濾液(ye)25~30毫升行保(bao)留灌腸,每日1次,連續 3~4次。
11.治婦(fu)女(nv)陰癢:花椒、蛇床各50克,藜蘆(lu)25克,陳茶1 撮(cuo),燒鹽100克,水(shui)煎熏洗(xi)。
12.治牙痛:花(hua)椒6克,陳醋100毫升,加水煎煮(zhu),再(zai)去掉花(hua)椒,喝入口中含漱。
栽培技術
花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)應因地(di)制宜:一(yi)般建園要(yao)(yao)(yao)坐北朝南。行(xing)距(ju)3米(mi)(mi)(mi),株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)2米(mi)(mi)(mi),每公頃可(ke)(ke)栽850多株(zhu)(zhu)。考慮到花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園產量和(he)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)采收期(qi)早晚搭配,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)各品種成熟(shu)期(qi)的(de)早晚要(yao)(yao)(yao)配置好(hao)。栽前要(yao)(yao)(yao)預先挖(wa)好(hao)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)坑(keng)(keng)。坑(keng)(keng)挖(wa)60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)見方(fang)(fang)(fang),上(shang)面(mian)表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)左邊(bian)(bian),下面(mian)生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)右邊(bian)(bian)。表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)加(jia)肥料,回(hui)填到坑(keng)(keng)底。生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填到上(shang)頭,便于土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤熟(shu)化(hua)。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)照苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)原(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)痕栽。太(tai)淺(qian)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)抗旱,太(tai)深(shen)(shen)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)發苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)要(yao)(yao)(yao)推廣“三(san)埋(mai)二(er)(er)踩(cai)一(yi)提(ti)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)”栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。這些細小(xiao)環節,對花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹以后(hou)(hou)(hou)生(sheng)長影響很大(da),栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時要(yao)(yao)(yao)特別引起注(zhu)意(yi)。頂壇花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)圖(tu),頂壇花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽培(pei),建園行(xing)向(xiang)株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)合理,株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)要(yao)(yao)(yao)小(xiao)行(xing)距(ju)大(da)。每公頃可(ke)(ke)栽九百四(si)(株(zhu)(zhu)),行(xing)向(xiang)坐北朝南行(xing)。行(xing)距(ju)四(si)米(mi)(mi)(mi)至(zhi)五米(mi)(mi)(mi),株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)二(er)(er)米(mi)(mi)(mi)或(huo)三(san)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。平地(di)要(yao)(yao)(yao)多栽,山地(di)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園適(shi)當(dang)稀。 栽培(pei)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)先挖(wa)坑(keng)(keng)—坑(keng)(keng)深(shen)(shen)30十(厘米(mi)(mi)(mi))分兩層(ceng),上(shang)層(ceng)表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)左邊(bian)(bian)下層(ceng)生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)右邊(bian)(bian),上(shang)層(ceng)表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)加(jia)肥料,肥料拌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)拌均勻,肥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)回(hui)填到坑(keng)(keng)底;生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填上(shang)好(hao)熟(shu)化(hua),墳好(hao)灌水要(yao)(yao)(yao)沉實(shi);栽樹從上(shang)挖(wa)小(xiao)坑(keng)(keng).裁后(hou)(hou)(hou)填封細土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)度圖(tu),栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)度正好(hao)2.太(tai)深(shen)(shen)3.太(tai)淺(qian)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽培(pei)例(li),栽得淺(qian)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)抗旱,栽得深(shen)(shen)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)發苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)埋(mai)深(shen)(shen)淺(qian)原(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)痕,冬(dong)季防寒埋(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆,栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)淺(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)。栽后(hou)(hou)(hou)天旱樹易死。小(xiao)樹埋(mai)深(shen)(shen)不(bu)(bu)透氣。澆(jiao)水過(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)培(pei)細土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。翌春解凍刨(bao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)礎(chu)出(chu)嘗當(dang)之(zhi)圖(tu)“三(san)埋(mai)二(er)(er)踩(cai)一(yi)提(ti)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)”栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽培(pei)例(li),樹坑(keng)(keng)刨(bao)好(hao)作丘狀,位置放(fang)好(hao)埋(mai)上(shang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),再(zai)埋(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)來再(zai)踩(cai)實(shi),最后(hou)(hou)(hou)埋(mai)滿作樹盤,栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)講究,再(zai)把樹苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)放(fang)丘上(shang),埋(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)提(ti)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)用腳踩(cai),三(san)埋(mai)二(er)(er)踩(cai)一(yi)提(ti)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao):澆(jiao)水滲后(hou)(hou)(hou)細土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)封即可(ke)(ke),整個過(guo)程注(zhu)意(yi)細節。
屬性經濟效率
頂壇(tan)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)屬蕓香科(ke)落葉(xie)灌木(mu)或小喬(qiao)木(mu),以(yi)其顆粒碩大(da)、麻味純正、清(qing)香撲(pu)鼻、顏(yan)色(se)青(qing)(qing)綠、味久(jiu)不(bu)衰而獨占各類花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)之首。據專家分(fen)析,貴(gui)(gui)州頂壇(tan)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)麻味成分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其它地(di)區(qu)同(tong)類品種的(de)(de)兩倍以(yi)上(shang),富含人(ren)體必須的(de)(de)VB1、VB2、VE等(deng)維生素類黃酮、鎂、鐵、鋅(xin)、硒等(deng)微量元素及亞麻酸、亞油酸等(deng)多(duo)種不(bu)飽和脂肪酸,具(ju)有較高(gao)的(de)(de)藥用(yong)價(jia)值,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)調(diao)味品、香料(liao)及木(mu)本油料(liao)樹種之一(yi)。具(ju)有生長快、易管(guan)理、用(yong)途(tu)廣(guang)、效益大(da)、適應性強(qiang)等(deng)特點,深(shen)受眾(zhong)人(ren)喜好(hao)。 青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)植株較小,根系分(fen)布淺,適應性強(qiang),可充分(fen)利用(yong)荒(huang)山、荒(huang)地(di)、路(lu)旁、地(di)邊、房前屋后等(deng)空閑土(tu)地(di)栽(zai)植。山地(di)建椒(jiao)(jiao)園,一(yi)般光(guang)照充足,排水(shui)良(liang)好(hao),產(chan)量高(gao),品質好(hao)。在山坡(po)地(di)中(zhong)下部的(de)(de)陽坡(po)和半陽坡(po),平(ping)緩地(di)、梯田坎邊、土(tu)壤(rang)疏松、土(tu)層深(shen)厚、肥(fei)沃(wo)、排水(shui)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)砂壤(rang)土(tu)或石灰質土(tu)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)植花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)好(hao)林地(di)。 貴(gui)(gui)州頂壇(tan)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州特產(chan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)涪(fu)陵(ling)榨菜等(deng)世界三大(da)名(ming)腌菜不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)配料(liao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)等(deng)的(de)(de)調(diao)味佳(jia)品,可增(zeng)進食(shi)欲。種植青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益,市(shi)(shi)場空間大(da),需(xu)求量多(duo),平(ping)常每(mei)市(shi)(shi)斤可賣到(dao)30——65元不(bu)等(deng),經(jing)過精心包裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)價(jia)值可達(da)到(dao)每(mei)市(shi)(shi)斤一(yi)百多(duo)元,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)農戶脫貧(pin)致富,增(zeng)加收(shou)入的(de)(de)好(hao)項目(mu)之一(yi)。青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)因而成為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州頂壇(tan)農民群眾(zhong)致富聚(ju)財的(de)(de)“搖(yao)錢樹”。頂壇(tan)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)在貞豐(feng)縣(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)第一(yi)縣(xian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)之鄉,貞豐(feng)縣(xian)的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)遠近聞(wen)名(ming),種植青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)經(jing)濟(ji)效益高(gao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)人(ren)脫貧(pin)致富的(de)(de)好(hao)項目(mu)之一(yi)
原產地發展史
頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)原產(chan)(chan)地:貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)興義(yi)市貞(zhen)豐(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)北(bei)盤江鎮頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇片區叫(jiao)報功寨組29號(hao)人家姓冉名(ming)叫(jiao)茂材的(de)(de)(de)從1990年(nian)開(kai)始培育種子育苗逐(zhu)漸改變花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)變種后來(lai)整個頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇片區都種上了這個品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)。1991年(nian)稱貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)貞(zhen)豐(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)縣(xian)(xian)為“中(zhong)國(guo)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)之鄉”,貞(zhen)豐(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)盤江鎮頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇片區屬(shu)生態系統脆弱的(de)(de)(de)喀斯特地貌區。1992年(nian)以來(lai),貞(zhen)豐(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府決定以堿石(shi)漠化(hua)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇片區為試(shi)點發展花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)業,從而(er)引導農(nong)(nong)民種植(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)致富,在石(shi)旮(ga)旯里求(qiu)生存。2007年(nian),貞(zhen)豐(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)量達11000噸,產(chan)(chan)值達1.2億,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)生產(chan)(chan)由原來(lai)老百姓房前屋(wu)后零星(xing)種植(zhi)(zhi)向基地化(hua)、規(gui)模化(hua)和產(chan)(chan)業化(hua)發展。目前全縣(xian)(xian)已種植(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)15.3萬畝,已掛果6萬多畝,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)生產(chan)(chan)已成為推動農(nong)(nong)業產(chan)(chan)業結構調整、增加農(nong)(nong)民收入和石(shi)漠化(hua)治理的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)舉措(cuo)。
頂壇(tan)花(hua)椒產(chan)(chan)于被(bei)譽為“中國花(hua)椒之(zhi)鄉” 貞豐縣北盤江河谷(gu)地(di)帶。經(jing)過長期的積累和發展,小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)椒不(bu)僅(jin)帶來了顯著的經(jing)濟效益、社會效益,還(huan)帶來了顯著的生態效益。據統(tong)計,至2008年(nian),全縣花(hua)椒種植面(mian)積已達(da)15萬畝,產(chan)(chan)量1.1萬噸(dun)。產(chan)(chan)值1.5億(yi)元。核(he)心產(chan)(chan)地(di)頂壇(tan)片區單花(hua)椒一(yi)項農民年(nian)人(ren)均(jun)純收入1000多(duo)元,云(yun)洞(dong)灣村年(nian)人(ren)均(jun)收入則高(gao)達(da)8000多(duo)元。
靠種花椒(jiao),頂壇片區4個村(cun)實現了水(shui)、電(dian)、路、電(dian)視、電(dian)話“五(wu)通(tong)”,水(shui)土流(liu)失防治(zhi)率(lv)達(da)94%,土地石漠化(hua)治(zhi)理率(lv)達(da)92%。昔日(ri)巖石裸露的云洞灣村(cun),被授予“全國綠化(hua)千佳村(cun)”榮譽稱(cheng)號。為(wei)此,2007年12月31日(ri),貞(zhen)豐縣(xian)被中(zhong)國經濟林(lin)協會授予“中(zhong)國花椒(jiao)之鄉”稱(cheng)號。
隨著頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)知名(ming)度的提高,市(shi)場上(shang)(shang)冒充頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)、頂(ding)(ding)(ding)椒(jiao)(jiao)的產品(pin)越來(lai)(lai)越多,一定程度上(shang)(shang)影響了頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)的聲譽和當地農民的利益,給“頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)”品(pin)牌創建也(ye)帶來(lai)(lai)不少威脅(xie)。為(wei)切實(shi)保(bao)護(hu)農民的利益,培育知名(ming)品(pin)牌,做(zuo)大做(zuo)強頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)產業,促進地方經(jing)濟(ji)的發(fa)展(zhan),貞豐(feng)縣(xian)政府及相關部門(men)在2001年成功注冊(ce)“頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)”商標(biao)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),繼續深(shen)入開展(zhan)調查研究,在掌握大量事實(shi)和全面分析的基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),積極鼓勵和支持有(you)關部門(men)申請(qing)“頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇(tan)花椒(jiao)(jiao)”地理(li)標(biao)志產品(pin)保(bao)護(hu)。
通過多年(nian)努力,日前(qian),國家質(zhi)檢(jian)總局正式批準對(dui)頂壇花椒實施(shi)地理標志(zhi)產(chan)品保(bao)護(hu)。這也是黔(qian)西南州首個列入國家地理標志(zhi)產(chan)品保(bao)護(hu)序(xu)列的(de)名特優農(nong)產(chan)品。