形態特征
頂(ding)壇青花(hua)椒的特征與識別頂(ding)壇花(hua)椒是竹葉(xie)椒的一(yi)(yi)個變(bian)種。常綠(lv)灌木,高2~2.5m,稀4~5(7)m;莖枝(zhi)多銳 刺(ci),刺(ci)基部寬(kuan)扁,紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se),小(xiao)(xiao)枝(zhi)上(shang)刺(ci)水平抽出,葉(xie)軸無(wu)刺(ci),小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)背(bei)(bei)面(mian)均無(wu)小(xiao)(xiao)刺(ci);小(xiao)(xiao)枝(zhi)、葉(xie)及嫩枝(zhi)均無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)偶有(you)(you)(you)柔毛(mao);羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)復葉(xie)互生(sheng),有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)3~11片(pian)(pian),少數多至5~11片(pian)(pian),翼葉(xie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯,寬(kuan)處約(yue)2—3mm;小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)在(zai)葉(xie)柄上(shang)對生(sheng),通(tong)常披(pi)(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)披(pi)(pi)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4—9em,1.5~2.5Cm,干后(hou)葉(xie)緣向(xiang)(xiang)背(bei)(bei)面(mian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯反卷,頂(ding)端(duan)中央(yang)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)(pian)小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)最(zui)大最(zui)直,基部一(yi)(yi)對小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao);葉(xie)面(mian)稍粗(cu)糙,上(shang)面(mian)深綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),背(bei)(bei)面(mian)青綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),粗(cu)糙,邊(bian)緣有(you)(you)(you)不規則之(zhi)疏(shu)離小(xiao)(xiao)鈍齒,齒凹處常有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)油腺;主(zhu)脈(mo)在(zai)葉(xie)上(shang)面(mian)下凹,側(ce)(ce)脈(mo)不明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯,在(zai)葉(xie)背(bei)(bei)面(mian)中脈(mo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯隆起,側(ce)(ce)脈(mo)纖(xian)細;小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)葉(xie)柄短(duan)約(yue)lmill或(huo)無(wu)。聚傘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)圓(yuan)錐狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)序腋生(sheng)或(huo)同時生(sheng)于側(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)之(zhi)頂(ding),長(chang)(chang)短(duan)差異較(jiao)大,約(yue)2~7cm,多花(hua),有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)20一(yi)(yi)40(60)余朵(duo);花(hua)被片(pian)(pian)6~8片(pian)(pian),卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing),頂(ding)端(duan)鈍尖,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1—1.5mm;雄花(hua)的雄蕊(rui)4—6枚,花(hua)絲細長(chang)(chang),明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯超(chao)出退化雌(ci)蕊(rui),花(hua)藥(yao)圓(yuan)點狀(zhuang)(zhuang),藥(yao)隔(ge)頂(ding)端(duan)過1天(tian)后(hou)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)黑褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)的油點;不育雌(ci)蕊(rui)凸起,頂(ding)端(duan)微(wei)裂成彎曲(qu)的柱狀(zhuang)(zhuang);雌(ci)蕊(rui)有(you)(you)(you)心皮(pi)(pi)(pi)2個,背(bei)(bei)部近頂(ding)側(ce)(ce)各有(you)(you)(you)1個油點,花(hua)柱斜向(xiang)(xiang)背(bei)(bei)面(mian)彎曲(qu),不育雄蕊(rui)短(duan)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang),早(zao)落。果(guo)熟時果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)多為(wei)(wei)橄欖綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),少有(you)(you)(you)紫紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)者,果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯凸起的圓(yuan)點狀(zhuang)(zhuang)油腺數個;單個直徑約(yue)4—5mill,干后(hou)開(kai)裂,內(nei)果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)淡綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se);種子(zi)直徑2—3mm,種皮(pi)(pi)(pi)黑色(se)(se)(se)(se),角(jiao)質,有(you)(you)(you)光澤(ze)。花(hua)期3—4月(yue)(yue),果(guo)期7—8月(yue)(yue)。
頂(ding)(ding)壇(tan)(tan)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹(shu)冬天(tian)不落葉,四季常綠(lv);并且頂(ding)(ding)壇(tan)(tan)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)經(jing)(jing)過長(chang)期自然淘汰(tai)和(he)人為(wei)選擇,形成了一個青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)新變種(zhong)。與竹(zhu)葉椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)原品(pin)種(zhong)相比(bi)較(jiao),葉片(pian)的(de)(de)葉軸及小葉稀刺或(huo)光滑無刺,聚傘狀(zhuang)圓(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)序腋生(sheng)或(huo)同時生(sheng)于側枝之頂(ding)(ding),長(chang)短差異(yi)較(jiao)大(da)(da),約2—7cm,小花(hua)(hua)數(shu)目較(jiao)多,果(guo)(guo)熟時果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)常為(wei)橄欖綠(lv)色,果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)上有(you)明顯凸起的(de)(de)圓(yuan)點(dian)狀(zhuang)油(you)腺,長(chang)有(you)油(you)苞(bao),富含揮發(fa)油(you),香味濃烈,油(you)多味麻,具(ju)(ju)有(you)“吃在口(kou)里(li),麻在嘴(zui)上,熱在身上但不上火卻涼在心頭(tou)”的(de)(de)特點(dian),分布(bu)范(fan)圍頂(ding)(ding)壇(tan)(tan)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)貴州(zhou)、四川、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)、云南、廣西、湖南地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)特有(you)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟植物,受其獨特地(di)(di)形、地(di)(di)貌、土壤等(deng)自然條件的(de)(de)影響具(ju)(ju)有(you)獨特的(de)(de)香味和(he)口(kou)感, 歷來以“香味濃、麻味重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、產(chan)量高“而著(zhu)稱,迄今已有(you)數(shu)百年的(de)(de)栽培(pei)歷史 。由(you)于其具(ju)(ju)有(you)喜鈣、耐旱、水土保持效果(guo)(guo)好(hao)等(deng)特點(dian) , 具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟價值(zhi),目前是(shi)該地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)主要的(de)(de)水土保持經(jing)(jing)濟樹(shu)種(zhong),因(yin)此,科學、合理開發(fa)利(li)用頂(ding)(ding)壇(tan)(tan)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)這(zhe)些特色資源(yuan),將(jiang)生(sheng)態重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建與花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)基(ji)地(di)(di)建設有(you)機(ji)結合,將(jiang)對緩解這(zhe)些地(di)(di)生(sheng)態環境比(bi)較(jiao)脆弱(ruo)、人口(kou)壓力巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)矛盾培(pei)養和(he)壯大(da)(da)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)業和(he)產(chan)業競爭力,改善(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)態、發(fa)展社會(hui)經(jing)(jing)濟具(ju)(ju)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要意義。
主要價值
1.花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)不僅是重要的(de)調味品,而(er)且是一味重要的(de)中(zhong)藥。花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)有強烈的(de)芳香氣味,能(neng)除膻腥、溫(wen)中(zhong)散寒、降溫(wen)止(zhi)痛,可用來治療多(duo)種疾病(bing)。
2.治惡心(xin)嘔吐(tu):花椒(jiao)(jiao)200克(ke),炒研,面糊為丸(wan)如蠶豆大(da),每日1次(ci),每次(ci)10丸(wan),醋湯送服(fu);或花椒(jiao)(jiao)9克(ke)~12克(ke),用(yong)植物油50 克(ke)~80克(ke)將花椒(jiao)(jiao)炸焦,棄椒(jiao)(jiao)留油,待油涼后以(yi)次(ci)服(fu)用(yong)。
3.治痢疾(ji):花椒9克~12克,紅塘15~20克,加水煎服,每日早(zao)晚各一劑。
4.治受寒痛經:花椒9~12 克,生姜18~24克,大棗10~20 枚,加(jia)水300毫升(sheng)煎服,每(mei)日(ri)1 劑,分早晚(wan)兩次溫服。
5.治膽道(dao)蛔(hui)蟲(chong)癥:花椒(jiao)30 克(ke),文火微炒,加烏梅(mei)9克(ke),水煎服,每日(ri)2~3次;或(huo)花椒(jiao) 9~12克(ke)研細(xi)粉,雞(ji)蛋1~2個,用植(zhi)物(wu)油炒熟(shu)后服用,每日(ri) 2~3次。
6.治(zhi)蛔蟲性(xing)腸梗(geng)阻:用麻油(you) 100~200克(ke),置(zhi)鍋(guo)中(zhong)煎(jian)熬,投入花椒15克(ke)~20克(ke),呈微焦即撈出棄(qi)去,待花椒油(you)微溫時(shi)一次服(fu)完。
7.治血吸蟲病(bing):花椒炒(chao)研成(cheng)粉入膠(jiao)囊,成(cheng)人每日5克,分3 次服,20~25天為一療程。
8.治腹痛(tong):花椒3克,干姜(jiang)6 克,香附(fu)12克,水煎(jian)服,每日2次(ci)。
9.治老年(nian)人病(bing)后腰(yao)酸腿軟:干(gan)花椒50克(ke),茴香20克(ke),混合(he)后上(shang)鍋炒,在研(yan)成粉末,每日 2次,每次3克(ke),用(yong)溫水服用(yong)。
10.治蟯蟲病(bing):花椒(jiao)50克,加(jia)水(shui)1000毫升,煎沸40~50分鐘(zhong),過濾,取微溫濾液25~30毫升行保留(liu)灌(guan)腸(chang),每日(ri)1次,連續(xu) 3~4次。
11.治婦女陰癢:花(hua)椒、蛇床各(ge)50克,藜蘆25克,陳茶1 撮,燒鹽100克,水煎熏洗。
12.治牙(ya)痛:花(hua)椒6克,陳醋(cu)100毫升,加水煎煮,再(zai)去掉花(hua)椒,喝(he)入(ru)口中含漱。
栽培技術
花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)應(ying)因(yin)地制宜:一(yi)(yi)般建園要(yao)(yao)(yao)坐北朝南(nan)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)3米(mi)(mi),株(zhu)距(ju)2米(mi)(mi),每公頃(qing)可(ke)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)850多(duo)(duo)株(zhu)。考慮到花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園產量和(he)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)采收期(qi)早晚(wan)搭配,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)各品(pin)種成熟(shu)期(qi)的早晚(wan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)配置(zhi)好(hao)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)前要(yao)(yao)(yao)預先挖好(hao)定植(zhi)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)挖60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)見方(fang),上面表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)(fang)左(zuo)邊,下面生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)(fang)右(you)邊。表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)加(jia)肥(fei)料(liao),回填(tian)到坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底。生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填(tian)到上頭,便于土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤熟(shu)化(hua)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)深度要(yao)(yao)(yao)照苗木(mu)原土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)痕栽(zai)(zai)(zai)。太(tai)淺了不(bu)(bu)抗(kang)旱(han)(han)(han),太(tai)深了不(bu)(bu)發(fa)苗。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)要(yao)(yao)(yao)推廣“三(san)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)二(er)(er)踩一(yi)(yi)提苗”栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。這些細(xi)小(xiao)環節,對花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)以后(hou)生(sheng)長影響很大(da),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)時要(yao)(yao)(yao)特別引起注(zhu)意。頂(ding)壇花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)圖(tu)(tu),頂(ding)壇花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei),建園行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)向(xiang)株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)密(mi)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)合理,株(zhu)距(ju)要(yao)(yao)(yao)小(xiao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)大(da)。每公頃(qing)可(ke)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)九百四(株(zhu)),行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)向(xiang)坐北朝南(nan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)四米(mi)(mi)至五米(mi)(mi),株(zhu)距(ju)二(er)(er)米(mi)(mi)或三(san)米(mi)(mi)。平地要(yao)(yao)(yao)多(duo)(duo)栽(zai)(zai)(zai),山地椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園適當稀。 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)先挖坑(keng)(keng)(keng)—坑(keng)(keng)(keng)深30十(厘(li)米(mi)(mi))分兩層,上層表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)(fang)左(zuo)邊下層生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)放(fang)(fang)右(you)邊,上層表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)加(jia)肥(fei)料(liao),肥(fei)料(liao)拌(ban)(ban)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)拌(ban)(ban)均(jun)勻,肥(fei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)回填(tian)到坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底;生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填(tian)上好(hao)熟(shu)化(hua),墳好(hao)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)(yao)沉實(shi);栽(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)從上挖小(xiao)坑(keng)(keng)(keng).裁后(hou)填(tian)封細(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)深度圖(tu)(tu),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)深度正(zheng)好(hao)2.太(tai)深3.太(tai)淺花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)例,栽(zai)(zai)(zai)得淺了不(bu)(bu)抗(kang)旱(han)(han)(han),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)得深了不(bu)(bu)發(fa)苗,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)深淺原土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)痕,冬季(ji)防寒(han)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆(dui)(dui),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)深淺要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)天旱(han)(han)(han)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)易死。小(xiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)深不(bu)(bu)透(tou)氣。澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)后(hou)培(pei)(pei)細(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。翌春解凍刨土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆(dui)(dui)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)礎出嘗當之圖(tu)(tu)“三(san)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)二(er)(er)踩一(yi)(yi)提苗”栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)例,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)刨好(hao)作丘(qiu)狀,位置(zhi)放(fang)(fang)好(hao)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)上土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),再埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)來再踩實(shi),最后(hou)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)滿(man)作樹(shu)(shu)(shu)盤,栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有講究,再把樹(shu)(shu)(shu)苗放(fang)(fang)丘(qiu)上,埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)提苗用腳踩,三(san)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)二(er)(er)踩一(yi)(yi)提苗:澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)滲后(hou)細(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)封即可(ke),整個過(guo)程注(zhu)意細(xi)節。
屬性經濟效率
頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)屬蕓(yun)香(xiang)科落(luo)葉灌木或小喬木,以其(qi)顆粒碩大(da)(da)、麻味(wei)(wei)純正、清香(xiang)撲(pu)鼻、顏色(se)青(qing)綠、味(wei)(wei)久不衰而獨占各類花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之首(shou)。據(ju)專(zhuan)家分(fen)析,貴州頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)麻味(wei)(wei)成分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)它地區同類品(pin)種的(de)兩倍以上(shang),富含人(ren)體必須的(de)VB1、VB2、VE等(deng)維(wei)生素(su)類黃酮、鎂、鐵、鋅(xin)、硒等(deng)微量元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)及(ji)亞麻酸、亞油酸等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種不飽和(he)(he)脂(zhi)肪酸,具(ju)(ju)有較高的(de)藥用價值,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重要(yao)的(de)調(diao)味(wei)(wei)品(pin)、香(xiang)料及(ji)木本油料樹種之一。具(ju)(ju)有生長(chang)快、易管(guan)理、用途廣、效益(yi)大(da)(da)、適應性強等(deng)特點,深受眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)喜好(hao)(hao)(hao)。 青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)植(zhi)(zhi)株較小,根系分(fen)布(bu)淺,適應性強,可充(chong)(chong)分(fen)利(li)用荒山(shan)、荒地、路旁、地邊、房前屋后(hou)等(deng)空(kong)閑土(tu)(tu)地栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)。山(shan)地建椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)園(yuan),一般(ban)光照充(chong)(chong)足,排水良好(hao)(hao)(hao),產量高,品(pin)質好(hao)(hao)(hao)。在(zai)山(shan)坡地中下(xia)部的(de)陽坡和(he)(he)半陽坡,平緩地、梯田坎邊、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)疏(shu)松(song)、土(tu)(tu)層深厚、肥(fei)沃、排水良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)或石灰質土(tu)(tu)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)好(hao)(hao)(hao)林地。 貴州頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為貴州特產,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)涪陵榨菜等(deng)世界三(san)大(da)(da)名腌(a)菜不可缺少(shao)的(de)主要(yao)配(pei)料,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)等(deng)的(de)調(diao)味(wei)(wei)佳品(pin),可增進食欲。種植(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有很好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)經濟(ji)效益(yi),市場(chang)空(kong)間大(da)(da),需求(qiu)量多(duo)(duo),平常每(mei)市斤可賣到(dao)30——65元(yuan)(yuan)不等(deng),經過(guo)精心(xin)包裝的(de)價值可達到(dao)每(mei)市斤一百多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)(yuan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)農(nong)戶脫貧致富,增加收入(ru)的(de)好(hao)(hao)(hao)項(xiang)目(mu)之一。青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)因而成為貴州頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇農(nong)民(min)群眾(zhong)(zhong)致富聚財(cai)的(de)“搖錢樹”。頂(ding)(ding)(ding)壇花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)貞豐縣(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)第一縣(xian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之鄉(xiang),貞豐縣(xian)的(de)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遠近(jin)聞(wen)名,種植(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)經濟(ji)效益(yi)高,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)脫貧致富的(de)好(hao)(hao)(hao)項(xiang)目(mu)之一
原產地發展史
頂壇(tan)(tan)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)原產(chan)地:貴州省興義市(shi)貞豐北(bei)盤江鎮頂壇(tan)(tan)片(pian)區(qu)叫報功寨(zhai)組29號人(ren)家姓冉(ran)名叫茂材的從(cong)1990年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始培育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子育(yu)苗逐漸改變花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)變種(zhong)(zhong)后來(lai)整個頂壇(tan)(tan)片(pian)區(qu)都種(zhong)(zhong)上了這個品種(zhong)(zhong)的花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)。1991年(nian)(nian)稱貴州貞豐縣為“中國花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)之鄉”,貞豐縣北(bei)盤江鎮頂壇(tan)(tan)片(pian)區(qu)屬生(sheng)(sheng)態系統脆弱的喀斯特地貌區(qu)。1992年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來(lai),貞豐縣委、縣政府決定以(yi)堿(jian)石漠化(hua)嚴重的頂壇(tan)(tan)片(pian)區(qu)為試點發展花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)產(chan)業(ye),從(cong)而引導農民種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)致富,在石旮(ga)旯里求生(sheng)(sheng)存。2007年(nian)(nian),貞豐縣的花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)產(chan)量(liang)達11000噸,產(chan)值達1.2億,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)由原來(lai)老百姓房(fang)前(qian)屋(wu)后零星種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)向基地化(hua)、規(gui)模化(hua)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)發展。目前(qian)全縣已種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)15.3萬(wan)畝,已掛果6萬(wan)多畝,花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)已成(cheng)為推動農業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)結構調整、增加農民收入和(he)石漠化(hua)治(zhi)理的重要舉措。
頂(ding)壇花(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)產于(yu)被譽(yu)為(wei)“中國花(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)鄉” 貞豐縣(xian)北盤江河谷地帶(dai)(dai)。經過長期的(de)(de)積累和發展,小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)不僅帶(dai)(dai)來了顯(xian)著的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)、社會效(xiao)益(yi),還帶(dai)(dai)來了顯(xian)著的(de)(de)生態效(xiao)益(yi)。據(ju)統計,至2008年(nian),全(quan)縣(xian)花(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)種植面積已達(da)15萬畝,產量(liang)1.1萬噸。產值1.5億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。核心產地頂(ding)壇片區單花(hua)椒(jiao)(jiao)一項農民年(nian)人(ren)均純收入(ru)1000多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan),云洞(dong)灣村年(nian)人(ren)均收入(ru)則高達(da)8000多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)。
靠種花(hua)椒(jiao),頂壇片區4個村(cun)實現了水、電(dian)、路(lu)、電(dian)視、電(dian)話“五通”,水土流失防治率(lv)達94%,土地石漠化(hua)治理率(lv)達92%。昔日(ri)巖石裸露的云洞灣村(cun),被(bei)授予“全國(guo)(guo)綠化(hua)千佳村(cun)”榮譽稱號。為此(ci),2007年12月31日(ri),貞(zhen)豐縣被(bei)中國(guo)(guo)經濟林協會授予“中國(guo)(guo)花(hua)椒(jiao)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”稱號。
隨著頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)知(zhi)名度的(de)提高,市場上冒充頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)、頂(ding)椒(jiao)的(de)產品(pin)越來(lai)越多,一(yi)定程度上影響了頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)的(de)聲譽和當地(di)農民的(de)利(li)益,給“頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)”品(pin)牌創建也帶來(lai)不少(shao)威脅。為切(qie)實保(bao)護農民的(de)利(li)益,培育(yu)知(zhi)名品(pin)牌,做大做強頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)產業,促進地(di)方(fang)經濟的(de)發展(zhan),貞豐(feng)縣政府及相關部門在2001年(nian)成功注冊“頂(ding)壇”商標基礎上,繼續深入開展(zhan)調(diao)查研(yan)究,在掌握(wo)大量事實和全(quan)面分(fen)析(xi)的(de)基礎上,積極鼓勵和支持有關部門申請“頂(ding)壇花椒(jiao)”地(di)理標志(zhi)產品(pin)保(bao)護。
通過多年努力(li),日前,國(guo)(guo)家(jia)質(zhi)檢總局正(zheng)式批準對(dui)頂(ding)壇花(hua)椒實施地理標志產(chan)品保(bao)護。這也(ye)是黔西南州首(shou)個列入國(guo)(guo)家(jia)地理標志產(chan)品保(bao)護序(xu)列的名(ming)特(te)優農產(chan)品。