一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
海(hai)南島(dao)位于(yu)東經108°37′~111°05',北緯3°30'~20°18',屬于(yu)熱帶季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候,與世界著名雪(xue)茄產(chan)地古巴緯度(du)相近,有著非常相似的(de)自(zi)然環(huan)境(jing)條件(jian)。海(hai)南島(dao)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫22~26℃,≥10℃的(de)積溫為(wei)8200℃,年(nian)光照(zhao)(zhao)為(wei)1750-2650小(xiao)時,光照(zhao)(zhao)率為(wei)50%-60%,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降雨(yu)量為(wei)1639mm,有明顯的(de)多(duo)雨(yu)季(ji)和少雨(yu)季(ji)。土壤(rang)(rang)為(wei)赤紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang),土地肥(fei)沃,豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)有著豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)的(de)稀(xi)土元素,高達9545平(ping)(ping)方公里(li)的(de)富(fu)(fu)硒土壤(rang)(rang)、耕層深厚,植煙土壤(rang)(rang)多(duo)為(wei)紅(hong)色壤(rang)(rang)土至壤(rang)(rang)沙土,全島(dao)94.5%的(de)土地為(wei)綠色、優質和安(an)全土地。無論是(shi)溫度(du)、降雨(yu)、日照(zhao)(zhao)、濕(shi)度(du)還(huan)是(shi)土壤(rang)(rang)條件(jian)都完全符合煙葉(xie)茄衣、夾套到(dao)芯葉(xie)整套原料的(de)全面(mian)種植。
二.地域范圍
“海南(nan)雪茄煙葉”農產品地(di)(di)理標志地(di)(di)域保(bao)護范圍為儋州市(shi)(shi)、三亞(ya)市(shi)(shi)、東(dong)方市(shi)(shi)、五指山(shan)市(shi)(shi)、白沙(sha)縣(xian)、昌江縣(xian)、瓊中(zhong)縣(xian)、保(bao)亭縣(xian)、樂東(dong)縣(xian)等9個市(shi)(shi)縣(xian),地(di)(di)理坐標為東(dong)經108°65'~110°08',北(bei)緯18°37'~19°88',東(dong)西軸長(chang)156km,南(nan)北(bei)軸長(chang)170km,總面積16347平方千米(mi)。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官特征:海南雪(xue)茄煙葉(xie)外觀顏色(se)棕(zong)紅至棕(zong)褐,色(se)澤均勻(yun),葉(xie)片(pian)薄,葉(xie)組織細(xi)致(zhi),葉(xie)脈(mo)細(xi),油份(fen)充(chong)足,拉(la)力(li)強,葉(xie)面平坦。
2、內在品質指標:吸味具有較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)濃郁的雪茄香(xiang)味,香(xiang)氣(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)純正、較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)濃郁,勁頭(tou)適中(zhong),余味較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)干凈、較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)舒適;燃燒性較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好,灰色灰白。還原糖(tang)0.10%-0.50%、總糖(tang)0.30%-1.0%、總氮3.50%-5.00%、總植物堿1.50%-3.00%、鉀4.0%-8.0%。
3、質(zhi)量安全要(yao)(yao)求:海南雪茄煙葉(xie)農(nong)產品符合煙草質(zhi)量安全相(xiang)關標準要(yao)(yao)求。
四.特定生產方式
1、育苗(miao)場地(di)(di)選址及(ji)建(jian)棚:育苗(miao)場所應選擇背風向陽、地(di)(di)勢平坦、土(tu)層深厚、疏松(song)肥沃、排水(shui)良好、土(tu)壤pH值(zhi)調(diao)整控制在5.5~6.5的(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)。苗(miao)棚的(de)(de)建(jian)造應符(fu)合GB/T18621、GB/T18622、JB/T10286、JB/T10288的(de)(de)要求。
2、育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子用2%的(de)(de)福(fu)爾馬(ma)林(lin)溶(rong)液或1%的(de)(de)硫酸銅溶(rong)液浸泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子10min~15min,取出(chu)(chu)洗(xi)凈后放入20℃~25℃的(de)(de)水(shui)中(zhong)浸泡7h~9h。將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子置于溫(wen)度為(wei)25℃~28℃、濕度為(wei)60%~70%的(de)(de)環境下催芽(ya),待(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子露(lu)觜發芽(ya)后于25℃~28℃的(de)(de)溫(wen)度環境下將(jiang)細(xi)沙(sha)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子按(an)重量(liang)比(bi)細(xi)沙(sha):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子=1kg:(1.25±0.25)g的(de)(de)比(bi)例混勻。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期,按(an)每10㎡的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2g~3g的(de)(de)標準將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子均勻撒播(bo)于苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)表面。在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)上鋪(pu)設遮陰度為(wei)65%~75%的(de)(de)遮蔭網(wang),待(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后20天揭開遮蔭網(wang),進(jin)行間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、除(chu)草、防(fang)治病蟲、煉苗(miao)(miao)(miao)等。注意病蟲害防(fang)治,如果遇到13℃以下的(de)(de)低溫(wen)天氣,應采用保溫(wen)材料進(jin)行保溫(wen),防(fang)止(zhi)凍(dong)害。
2.1、育苗(miao)期間苗(miao)床持(chi)水量:
(1)出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)播種到(dao)第(di)(di)(di)一片真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)出現(xian)時,稱為出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)土含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)65%~75%。十(shi)字期(qi):當第(di)(di)(di)三片真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)出現(xian),第(di)(di)(di)一、二片真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)與兩片子葉(xie)(xie)(xie)相互交叉成十(shi)字形時,稱為十(shi)字期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)土含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)75%~85%。伸根(gen)期(qi):幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)從(cong)第(di)(di)(di)三片真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)生出到(dao)第(di)(di)(di)七片真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)生出止,稱為生根(gen)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)土含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)60%~70%。成苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)第(di)(di)(di)七真葉(xie)(xie)(xie)生出到(dao)煙苗(miao)(miao)(miao)適于(yu)移(yi)栽大田(tian)止,稱為成苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)土含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)50%~60%。
3、大田(tian)移(yi)栽(zai)(zai):一(yi)(yi)般(ban)選擇十二月中旬,陰(yin)天(tian)或陰(yin)雨天(tian)移(yi)栽(zai)(zai),晴天(tian)移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)應避開強烈的(de)(de)(de)太陽光。大田(tian)移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)前(qian)30天(tian)進行平整(zheng)土地、深(shen)耕、細耙等整(zheng)地工(gong)作。以(yi)100cm~110cm的(de)(de)(de)行距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)開種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)溝。選取大小整(zheng)齊一(yi)(yi)致,無病蟲(chong)(chong),根(gen)系發(fa)達,有6片(pian)~8片(pian)真葉、莖高8cm~12cm、葉色濃(nong)綠的(de)(de)(de)健壯煙(yan)(yan)苗,以(yi)每(mei)畝1500株~2100株種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時,煙(yan)(yan)莖要直立,煙(yan)(yan)根(gen)應舒展,根(gen)與土要密切接觸,栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度,以(yi)填(tian)土高出原苗2cm~3cm,用(yong)細土填(tian)蓋,手指將根(gen)際泥土稍壓(ya)實,后(hou)(hou)澆足(zu)定(ding)根(gen)水(shui)。栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)13天(tian)按25公(gong)斤每(mei)畝的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)追施(shi)(shi)三元復合肥(fei)。栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)28天(tian)按30公(gong)斤每(mei)畝的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)追施(shi)(shi)三元復合肥(fei)。還(huan)苗期(qi)煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)含水(shui)量保持田(tian)間最(zui)大持水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)70%~80%;伸根(gen)期(qi)煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)保持田(tian)間最(zui)大持水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)55%~65%;旺長(chang)期(qi)煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)保持田(tian)間最(zui)大持水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)75%;成熟(shu)期(qi)煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)保持田(tian)間最(zui)大持水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)60%~70%。特別注意防(fang)止水(shui)淹,遇到水(shui)淹情況(kuang)應立即排水(shui)。栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)16天(tian)在(zai)大田(tian)上搭建高度為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.8m遮陰(yin)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)70%的(de)(de)(de)遮蔭網。當煙(yan)(yan)苗長(chang)到花軸出時進行打頂,打頂后(hou)(hou)留葉數為(wei)(wei)(wei)22片(pian)~24片(pian);芽長(chang)5cm時進行抹杈。待煙(yan)(yan)葉適熟(shu)后(hou)(hou)按部位自下(xia)而上逐葉采收即可獲得(de)高品質的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)葉。栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)間堅持中耕除草、培土和病蟲(chong)(chong)害防(fang)治。
4、煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou):在(zai)早上(shang)(shang)露水干后,根(gen)據煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)成熟特(te)征,按部位自下(xia)而上(shang)(shang)逐葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)或整株、或半株采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou),掌握“生(sheng)不采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),熟不漏”的(de)原則(ze),進(jin)行(xing)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)后的(de)葉(xie)(xie)子要(yao)放(fang)在(zai)鋪有布(bu)的(de)擔架上(shang)(shang)或放(fang)在(zai)比煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)稍(shao)大的(de)筐里,及時(shi)送(song)去晾(liang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)房(fang)穿(chuan)制,避免陽光(guang)暴曬(shai),以免失水過多,影(ying)響調制。腳葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)后,每(mei)(mei)隔7天采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)一次,每(mei)(mei)次采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)2片~4片葉(xie)(xie)。進(jin)入(ru)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)階段,為(wei)防止煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)病害發生(sheng),需對煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田進(jin)行(xing)藥(yao)物防治。所用(yong)農藥(yao)為(wei)16%的(de)代(dai)森鋅粉劑加硅(gui)燥土,其配比為(wei)1:4。每(mei)(mei)畝用(yong)量5kg。每(mei)(mei)次采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)后噴施(shi),直至采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)結束(shu)。
5、穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)葉(xie)(xie)與(yu)掛竿:將晾煙(yan)竿放在(zai)支(zhi)架上(shang),每(mei)條晾煙(yan)竿由(you)左至右分成兩段穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)制兩段煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie),用線(xian)的一頭(tou)系在(zai)晾煙(yan)竿上(shang),由(you)左向右穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。讓葉(xie)(xie)片背面靠晾煙(yan)竿,在(zai)距葉(xie)(xie)柄端 2cm左右的主脈上(shang)橫向穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)過葉(xie)(xie)柄,下上(shang)兩片交(jiao)替列在(zai)竹竿的兩旁,以下依次進行。每(mei)條線(xian)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)50片~60片葉(xie)(xie)(根據(ju)葉(xie)(xie)片大小適當增減)。
6、雪茄煙(yan)外(wai)包皮煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)調制:雪茄煙(yan)外(wai)包皮煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)整個調制時(shi)期(qi)(qi)一般需要25天(tian)~30天(tian)。調制時(shi)期(qi)(qi)可分為(wei)(wei)凋(diao)萎期(qi)(qi)、變(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)、變(bian)裼期(qi)(qi)和干筋(jin)期(qi)(qi)。調制結(jie)果的(de)(de)優劣與(yu)否取決于空氣溫度(du)、空氣濕(shi)度(du)、通風程(cheng)度(du)三個因(yin)素。其(qi)中濕(shi)度(du)是影響晾制質量的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因(yin)素,因(yin)此在煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)晾制的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)階段(duan),以濕(shi)度(du)調控為(wei)(wei)主。各(ge)(ge)階段(duan)適宜的(de)(de)相對濕(shi)度(du)范圍(wei)分別為(wei)(wei):凋(diao)萎期(qi)(qi)70%~80%,變(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)75%~85%,變(bian)褐期(qi)(qi)70%~80%,干筋(jin)期(qi)(qi)60%~70%。可通過掛煙(yan)的(de)(de)稀密度(du),門窗開關(guan),升降煙(yan)桿(gan)等措(cuo)施(shi)進行調控。煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)含水量在16%~17% 時(shi)下竿,按不(bu)同品種,不(bu)同部(bu)位(wei),分類暫時(shi)裝箱。妥善(shan)放置保管,保持煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)水分,以備發酵。調制過程(cheng)中要做好觀(guan)察記(ji)錄。
7、煙葉發酵:
①自然(ran)發酵(jiao):自然(ran)發酵(jiao)條件含水量(liang)為(wei)10%~13%,煙(yan)葉溫度為(wei)20℃~30℃,陳化時(shi)期(qi)約1年~3年左右。注(zhu):經自然(ran)發酵(jiao)的煙(yan)葉色澤鮮亮,顏色變深,香氣優美,品質較為(wei)理想。
②人(ren)工發酵:人(ren)工發酵的煙葉,色澤,香氣、吸食味、勁頭及剌激性等方面均有明顯改善(shan),并(bing)且大(da)幅度縮(suo)短發酵周期。
③堆(dui)積(ji)發酵:通過噴水(shui)回潮(chao)(chao)或露水(shui)回潮(chao)(chao)兩種方式(shi)增加煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉水(shui)分和溫(wen)度,從而(er)使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉柔軟、有韌性、易于松散,減(jian)少煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉加工過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗。將煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉堆(dui)在鋪有草席(xi)的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)架(jia)上(shang),一(yi)(yi)般100kg~200kg為一(yi)(yi)垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba)頭向外(wai),由(you)內(nei)向外(wai)逐(zhu)漸(jian)堆(dui)碼,上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半覆蓋(gai)在下(xia)一(yi)(yi)層的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)中(zhong)插入(ru)兩根管子(zi),內(nei)置溫(wen)度計,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)外(wai)面(mian)覆蓋(gai)棉被或草簾。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉一(yi)(yi)般經過4天~5天,垛(duo)(duo)內(nei)溫(wen)度可上(shang)升到規定(ding)的(de)(de)要(yao)求,外(wai)包(bao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)35℃~37℃、芯煙(yan)(yan)(yan)36℃~40℃,當溫(wen)度達到限定(ding)溫(wen)度時(shi),按外(wai)翻(fan)內(nei)、內(nei)翻(fan)外(wai)、上(shang)翻(fan)下(xia)、下(xia)翻(fan)上(shang)的(de)(de)原則及時(shi)翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),經過4次~5次翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉水(shui)分逐(zhu)漸(jian)降(jiang)低到18%~20%,溫(wen)度超過室(shi)溫(wen)5℃而(er)不再升高時(shi),發酵基本結束(shu)。
五.包裝標識相關規定
本規定地域(yu)范圍內(nei)的(de)海南(nan)(nan)雪茄(qie)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)生產(chan)(chan)經營者(zhe),在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或包裝上使用農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi),需向海南(nan)(nan)雪茄(qie)煙(yan)草種植(zhi)協(xie)會提(ti)出申請(qing),按照相關要求(qiu)規范生產(chan)(chan)和使用標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi),統一采用海南(nan)(nan)雪茄(qie)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱和農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)公共標(biao)(biao)(biao)識相結合的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)識標(biao)(biao)(biao)注方法。