一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
海(hai)南島(dao)位于東經(jing)108°37′~111°05',北緯3°30'~20°18',屬于熱(re)帶季(ji)風氣(qi)候,與(yu)世(shi)界(jie)著(zhu)名雪茄產地(di)(di)古(gu)巴緯度(du)(du)相(xiang)近,有(you)著(zhu)非(fei)常相(xiang)似的(de)自然環(huan)境條(tiao)件。海(hai)南島(dao)年平均氣(qi)溫22~26℃,≥10℃的(de)積溫為(wei)(wei)8200℃,年光照為(wei)(wei)1750-2650小(xiao)時,光照率為(wei)(wei)50%-60%,年平均降(jiang)雨量為(wei)(wei)1639mm,有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)多(duo)雨季(ji)和少雨季(ji)。土(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)赤紅壤(rang),土(tu)地(di)(di)肥沃,豐富(fu)(fu)有(you)著(zhu)豐富(fu)(fu)的(de)稀(xi)土(tu)元素,高達9545平方公里的(de)富(fu)(fu)硒土(tu)壤(rang)、耕層深厚,植(zhi)煙土(tu)壤(rang)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)紅色壤(rang)土(tu)至壤(rang)沙土(tu),全(quan)島(dao)94.5%的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)綠色、優(you)質(zhi)和安(an)全(quan)土(tu)地(di)(di)。無論是溫度(du)(du)、降(jiang)雨、日照、濕度(du)(du)還是土(tu)壤(rang)條(tiao)件都(dou)完全(quan)符合(he)煙葉(xie)茄衣、夾套到芯葉(xie)整套原料的(de)全(quan)面種植(zhi)。
二.地域范圍
“海南雪茄煙(yan)葉(xie)”農(nong)產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志地域保護范圍為儋州市、三亞市、東(dong)(dong)方市、五指山市、白(bai)沙縣、昌江縣、瓊中縣、保亭縣、樂東(dong)(dong)縣等9個(ge)市縣,地理(li)坐標(biao)為東(dong)(dong)經(jing)108°65'~110°08',北緯18°37'~19°88',東(dong)(dong)西軸長156km,南北軸長170km,總面(mian)積(ji)16347平方千(qian)米。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官特征:海南雪茄(qie)煙葉(xie)(xie)外觀顏色棕紅(hong)至棕褐,色澤(ze)均勻,葉(xie)(xie)片薄,葉(xie)(xie)組織細(xi)致,葉(xie)(xie)脈細(xi),油(you)份充足,拉(la)力(li)強(qiang),葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)平坦(tan)。
2、內在(zai)品質(zhi)指標:吸味(wei)具有較(jiao)濃郁的雪茄香(xiang)味(wei),香(xiang)氣較(jiao)純正、較(jiao)濃郁,勁頭適中,余味(wei)較(jiao)干凈、較(jiao)舒適;燃燒性較(jiao)好,灰色灰白。還(huan)原糖0.10%-0.50%、總(zong)糖0.30%-1.0%、總(zong)氮3.50%-5.00%、總(zong)植物堿(jian)1.50%-3.00%、鉀4.0%-8.0%。
3、質量安全要求(qiu):海南雪茄(qie)煙(yan)葉農產品符(fu)合煙(yan)草質量安全相關標準(zhun)要求(qiu)。
四.特定生產方式
1、育苗場地選址及建(jian)棚:育苗場所應選擇背風(feng)向陽、地勢平坦、土層深(shen)厚(hou)、疏松(song)肥沃、排水良好、土壤pH值調整控制在(zai)5.5~6.5的(de)地區。苗棚的(de)建(jian)造應符(fu)合GB/T18621、GB/T18622、JB/T10286、JB/T10288的(de)要求。
2、育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用2%的福(fu)爾馬林(lin)溶液(ye)或1%的硫酸銅溶液(ye)浸泡(pao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)10min~15min,取出洗凈后(hou)放入20℃~25℃的水中浸泡(pao)7h~9h。將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)置(zhi)于溫(wen)度(du)為25℃~28℃、濕度(du)為60%~70%的環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)下催芽,待(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)露觜發(fa)芽后(hou)于25℃~28℃的溫(wen)度(du)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)下將細(xi)沙(sha)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按(an)重量比細(xi)沙(sha):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)=1kg:(1.25±0.25)g的比例混勻(yun)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期,按(an)每10㎡的苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2g~3g的標準將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均勻(yun)撒播(bo)(bo)于苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床表面。在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床上鋪(pu)設遮陰度(du)為65%~75%的遮蔭網(wang),待(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)20天揭開遮蔭網(wang),進行(xing)間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、除草、防治病蟲(chong)、煉苗(miao)(miao)(miao)等。注意病蟲(chong)害防治,如果遇(yu)到13℃以下的低溫(wen)天氣,應采(cai)用保溫(wen)材料進行(xing)保溫(wen),防止凍害。
2.1、育苗(miao)期間苗(miao)床持水量(liang):
(1)出(chu)(chu)(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)播種到第一片(pian)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)時,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)土含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)田間持水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的65%~75%。十字期(qi):當第三片(pian)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian),第一、二片(pian)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉與兩片(pian)子葉相互交叉成十字形時,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)十字期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)土含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)田間持水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的75%~85%。伸根期(qi):幼苗(miao)(miao)從(cong)第三片(pian)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)到第七片(pian)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)止,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)根期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)土含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)田間持水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的60%~70%。成苗(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)第七真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)到煙苗(miao)(miao)適(shi)于移栽大田止,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)成苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)土含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)田間持水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的50%~60%。
3、大(da)(da)(da)田(tian)(tian)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai):一般選(xuan)(xuan)擇十二(er)月中旬,陰天(tian)(tian)(tian)或陰雨天(tian)(tian)(tian)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)應避開(kai)強(qiang)烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽光。大(da)(da)(da)田(tian)(tian)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)前30天(tian)(tian)(tian)進行(xing)平(ping)整(zheng)土(tu)地(di)、深耕、細耙等(deng)整(zheng)地(di)工作。以100cm~110cm的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)距(ju)為標(biao)準開(kai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)溝。選(xuan)(xuan)取大(da)(da)(da)小整(zheng)齊一致(zhi),無病蟲,根(gen)(gen)系發(fa)達,有6片~8片真(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)、莖(jing)高(gao)8cm~12cm、葉(xie)(xie)色濃(nong)綠的(de)(de)(de)健壯(zhuang)煙(yan)苗(miao),以每(mei)畝(mu)1500株(zhu)~2100株(zhu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時,煙(yan)莖(jing)要直立,煙(yan)根(gen)(gen)應舒展,根(gen)(gen)與(yu)土(tu)要密(mi)切接觸,栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du),以填土(tu)高(gao)出(chu)原苗(miao)2cm~3cm,用細土(tu)填蓋,手(shou)指將根(gen)(gen)際泥土(tu)稍(shao)壓實,后(hou)(hou)澆足(zu)定(ding)根(gen)(gen)水(shui)(shui)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第13天(tian)(tian)(tian)按25公(gong)斤每(mei)畝(mu)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準追施(shi)三元(yuan)復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第28天(tian)(tian)(tian)按30公(gong)斤每(mei)畝(mu)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準追施(shi)三元(yuan)復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)。還苗(miao)期(qi)(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)(tian)間最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)70%~80%;伸根(gen)(gen)期(qi)(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)(tian)間最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)55%~65%;旺長期(qi)(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)(tian)間最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)75%;成熟(shu)期(qi)(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)(tian)間最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)60%~70%。特別注意防(fang)止水(shui)(shui)淹,遇到(dao)水(shui)(shui)淹情況應立即(ji)排水(shui)(shui)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第16天(tian)(tian)(tian)在大(da)(da)(da)田(tian)(tian)上搭(da)建高(gao)度(du)為2.8m遮陰度(du)為70%的(de)(de)(de)遮蔭(yin)網(wang)。當(dang)煙(yan)苗(miao)長到(dao)花軸出(chu)時進行(xing)打(da)頂,打(da)頂后(hou)(hou)留(liu)葉(xie)(xie)數為22片~24片;芽(ya)長5cm時進行(xing)抹杈。待煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)適熟(shu)后(hou)(hou)按部位(wei)自(zi)下而上逐葉(xie)(xie)采收即(ji)可(ke)獲得高(gao)品質的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)間堅持(chi)中耕除(chu)草(cao)、培土(tu)和病蟲害防(fang)治。
4、煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou):在早上(shang)(shang)露水干(gan)后(hou)(hou),根(gen)據(ju)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)成熟特征,按部位自下而上(shang)(shang)逐(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)或整株(zhu)、或半株(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou),掌握“生(sheng)不(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai),熟不(bu)漏(lou)”的(de)(de)原則,進(jin)行煙(yan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)子要放在鋪有布(bu)的(de)(de)擔架上(shang)(shang)或放在比(bi)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)稍大的(de)(de)筐里,及時送去晾(liang)煙(yan)房穿制,避免(mian)陽光(guang)暴(bao)曬,以免(mian)失水過多,影響調制。腳葉(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou),每(mei)隔7天(tian)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)一次,每(mei)次采(cai)(cai)(cai)2片~4片葉(xie)(xie)。進(jin)入(ru)采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)階段(duan),為(wei)(wei)防止(zhi)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)病害發生(sheng),需(xu)對煙(yan)田進(jin)行藥(yao)物防治。所用(yong)農藥(yao)為(wei)(wei)16%的(de)(de)代森鋅粉劑(ji)加硅燥土(tu),其配比(bi)為(wei)(wei)1:4。每(mei)畝用(yong)量5kg。每(mei)次采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)后(hou)(hou)噴施,直至采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)結束(shu)。
5、穿(chuan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)與掛竿:將晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙竿放(fang)在支架上(shang)(shang)(shang),每條(tiao)(tiao)晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙竿由左至右分成兩(liang)段穿(chuan)制兩(liang)段煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie),用線(xian)的(de)(de)一(yi)頭系在晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙竿上(shang)(shang)(shang),由左向(xiang)右穿(chuan)。讓(rang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)背(bei)面靠晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙竿,在距葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄端 2cm左右的(de)(de)主(zhu)脈(mo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫向(xiang)穿(chuan)過葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄,下上(shang)(shang)(shang)兩(liang)片(pian)交替列在竹竿的(de)(de)兩(liang)旁,以下依次(ci)進行。每條(tiao)(tiao)線(xian)穿(chuan)50片(pian)~60片(pian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(根(gen)據葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)大小適當增(zeng)減)。
6、雪(xue)茄(qie)(qie)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)外包皮煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi):雪(xue)茄(qie)(qie)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)外包皮煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉的(de)整個調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)一般需要25天~30天。調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)可分為凋萎期(qi)(qi)、變(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)、變(bian)裼期(qi)(qi)和干(gan)筋期(qi)(qi)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)結果的(de)優劣與否取(qu)決于空氣溫(wen)度(du)、空氣濕(shi)(shi)度(du)、通風程度(du)三(san)個因(yin)素。其(qi)中濕(shi)(shi)度(du)是(shi)影響晾(liang)制(zhi)質(zhi)量的(de)關(guan)鍵因(yin)素,因(yin)此在煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉晾(liang)制(zhi)的(de)各(ge)階段,以濕(shi)(shi)度(du)調(diao)(diao)(diao)控為主(zhu)。各(ge)階段適宜的(de)相對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)范圍分別為:凋萎期(qi)(qi)70%~80%,變(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)75%~85%,變(bian)褐(he)期(qi)(qi)70%~80%,干(gan)筋期(qi)(qi)60%~70%。可通過掛煙(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)稀密度(du),門窗開關(guan),升降煙(yan)(yan)(yan)桿等措施進(jin)行調(diao)(diao)(diao)控。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉含水(shui)量在16%~17% 時(shi)下竿,按不(bu)同品種,不(bu)同部位,分類暫時(shi)裝箱。妥善放(fang)置保管,保持(chi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉水(shui)分,以備(bei)發酵。調(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)過程中要做好(hao)觀(guan)察記錄。
7、煙葉發酵:
①自(zi)然發酵:自(zi)然發酵條件含水量為(wei)(wei)10%~13%,煙葉溫度為(wei)(wei)20℃~30℃,陳化時期約1年(nian)~3年(nian)左右。注:經(jing)自(zi)然發酵的煙葉色澤鮮亮,顏(yan)色變深,香氣優美,品(pin)質較為(wei)(wei)理(li)想(xiang)。
②人工發酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao):人工發酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的煙葉,色澤,香(xiang)氣(qi)、吸食味、勁頭及(ji)剌激性(xing)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)均有明顯(xian)改善,并且(qie)大(da)幅度(du)縮短發酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)周(zhou)期。
③堆積發酵:通過噴水回潮或(huo)露水回潮兩種(zhong)方式增加(jia)(jia)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水分(fen)(fen)和(he)溫(wen)(wen)度(du),從而使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)柔軟(ruan)、有韌性、易于(yu)松散,減少煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)加(jia)(jia)工過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)損耗。將煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)堆在鋪有草(cao)席(xi)的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)架上,一(yi)般100kg~200kg為一(yi)垛,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把的(de)把頭(tou)向外(wai),由內向外(wai)逐漸堆碼,上一(yi)層的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把的(de)一(yi)半覆蓋在下(xia)一(yi)層的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把上,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垛中(zhong)插入兩根(gen)管子,內置(zhi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)計,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垛外(wai)面(mian)覆蓋棉被或(huo)草(cao)簾。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)一(yi)般經過4天~5天,垛內溫(wen)(wen)度(du)可(ke)上升到(dao)規定的(de)要求,外(wai)包煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)35℃~37℃、芯(xin)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)36℃~40℃,當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)達到(dao)限定溫(wen)(wen)度(du)時,按外(wai)翻(fan)內、內翻(fan)外(wai)、上翻(fan)下(xia)、下(xia)翻(fan)上的(de)原(yuan)則(ze)及(ji)時翻(fan)垛,經過4次~5次翻(fan)垛,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水分(fen)(fen)逐漸降低到(dao)18%~20%,溫(wen)(wen)度(du)超(chao)過室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)5℃而不再(zai)升高時,發酵基本結束。
五.包裝標識相關規定
本規定地域范圍內的海(hai)南(nan)(nan)雪茄農產(chan)品生產(chan)經營者,在產(chan)品或包(bao)裝(zhuang)上(shang)使用農產(chan)品地理標志,需向海(hai)南(nan)(nan)雪茄煙(yan)草種植協會(hui)提出(chu)申請,按(an)照相(xiang)關要(yao)求規范生產(chan)和(he)使用標志,統一采用海(hai)南(nan)(nan)雪茄產(chan)品名稱和(he)農產(chan)品地理標志公共標識相(xiang)結合的標識標注方法(fa)。