一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
海(hai)南島(dao)位(wei)于東經108°37′~111°05',北緯(wei)(wei)3°30'~20°18',屬(shu)于熱帶(dai)季(ji)風氣(qi)候,與世(shi)界著(zhu)(zhu)名雪(xue)茄產地(di)(di)古巴(ba)緯(wei)(wei)度相近,有著(zhu)(zhu)非常相似的(de)(de)(de)自然環境條(tiao)件。海(hai)南島(dao)年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)22~26℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)為(wei)8200℃,年光照(zhao)(zhao)為(wei)1750-2650小時,光照(zhao)(zhao)率(lv)為(wei)50%-60%,年平(ping)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)為(wei)1639mm,有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)雨(yu)季(ji)和少雨(yu)季(ji)。土壤(rang)為(wei)赤(chi)紅壤(rang),土地(di)(di)肥沃,豐富(fu)有著(zhu)(zhu)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)稀土元素(su),高達(da)9545平(ping)方公(gong)里的(de)(de)(de)富(fu)硒土壤(rang)、耕層深厚,植(zhi)煙(yan)土壤(rang)多(duo)為(wei)紅色(se)壤(rang)土至(zhi)壤(rang)沙(sha)土,全島(dao)94.5%的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)為(wei)綠色(se)、優質和安全土地(di)(di)。無論是溫(wen)度、降雨(yu)、日照(zhao)(zhao)、濕度還(huan)是土壤(rang)條(tiao)件都完全符合(he)煙(yan)葉茄衣、夾(jia)套到芯葉整套原料的(de)(de)(de)全面種植(zhi)。
二.地域范圍
“海南雪(xue)茄煙葉”農產品地理標(biao)志地域保護范圍(wei)為儋州市、三亞市、東(dong)方(fang)市、五指山(shan)市、白沙縣、昌(chang)江縣、瓊(qiong)中縣、保亭縣、樂東(dong)縣等9個市縣,地理坐標(biao)為東(dong)經108°65'~110°08',北緯(wei)18°37'~19°88',東(dong)西軸長156km,南北軸長170km,總面積16347平方(fang)千米。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外(wai)在(zai)感官特征:海(hai)南(nan)雪茄煙葉(xie)外(wai)觀顏(yan)色棕(zong)(zong)紅至棕(zong)(zong)褐,色澤均勻(yun),葉(xie)片(pian)薄,葉(xie)組(zu)織(zhi)細致,葉(xie)脈細,油份充足,拉力強,葉(xie)面(mian)平坦。
2、內(nei)在品質指(zhi)標(biao):吸味具有較(jiao)濃郁的雪(xue)茄香味,香氣較(jiao)純正、較(jiao)濃郁,勁頭適中,余味較(jiao)干凈(jing)、較(jiao)舒(shu)適;燃(ran)燒(shao)性較(jiao)好,灰(hui)色灰(hui)白(bai)。還原(yuan)糖(tang)0.10%-0.50%、總糖(tang)0.30%-1.0%、總氮3.50%-5.00%、總植物(wu)堿(jian)1.50%-3.00%、鉀(jia)4.0%-8.0%。
3、質量安全(quan)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu):海南雪茄煙葉農(nong)產品符合煙草質量安全(quan)相關標準要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。
四.特定生產方式
1、育(yu)苗(miao)場地(di)(di)選址及建棚(peng):育(yu)苗(miao)場所應(ying)選擇背風(feng)向陽、地(di)(di)勢(shi)平坦、土(tu)層深厚、疏松肥沃、排水良好、土(tu)壤pH值調(diao)整控制在5.5~6.5的地(di)(di)區。苗(miao)棚(peng)的建造應(ying)符(fu)合GB/T18621、GB/T18622、JB/T10286、JB/T10288的要求。
2、育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)用2%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福爾馬林溶(rong)(rong)液或(huo)1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸銅(tong)溶(rong)(rong)液浸泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)10min~15min,取出洗凈后放入20℃~25℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水中浸泡7h~9h。將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)置(zhi)于(yu)溫(wen)(wen)度為25℃~28℃、濕度為60%~70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境下催芽,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)露觜發芽后于(yu)25℃~28℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度環(huan)境下將細(xi)沙和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)按重量比細(xi)沙:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)=1kg:(1.25±0.25)g的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例混勻(yun)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期,按每10㎡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2g~3g的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均勻(yun)撒播于(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)表(biao)面。在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)上鋪設遮陰度為65%~75%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮蔭網,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后20天揭開遮蔭網,進行間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、除草(cao)、防治(zhi)(zhi)病蟲、煉苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)等。注意病蟲害防治(zhi)(zhi),如果遇到13℃以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫(wen)(wen)天氣(qi),應采(cai)用保溫(wen)(wen)材料(liao)進行保溫(wen)(wen),防止凍害。
2.1、育苗期(qi)間苗床持水量:
(1)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):從(cong)播種到第(di)一(yi)片(pian)真(zhen)葉出(chu)現時,稱為(wei)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持在田(tian)(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的65%~75%。十(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):當(dang)第(di)三(san)片(pian)真(zhen)葉出(chu)現,第(di)一(yi)、二片(pian)真(zhen)葉與兩片(pian)子葉相互(hu)交(jiao)叉成(cheng)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)形時,稱為(wei)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持在田(tian)(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的75%~85%。伸根期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):幼苗(miao)(miao)從(cong)第(di)三(san)片(pian)真(zhen)葉生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)到第(di)七片(pian)真(zhen)葉生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)止(zhi)(zhi),稱為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)根期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持在田(tian)(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的60%~70%。成(cheng)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):從(cong)第(di)七真(zhen)葉生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)到煙苗(miao)(miao)適于移栽(zai)大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)止(zhi)(zhi),稱為(wei)成(cheng)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持在田(tian)(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的50%~60%。
3、大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)移栽(zai):一般(ban)選(xuan)擇十二月中旬,陰天(tian)(tian)(tian)或陰雨天(tian)(tian)(tian)移栽(zai),晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)移栽(zai)應避開強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)光。大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)移栽(zai)前30天(tian)(tian)(tian)進行(xing)(xing)平整土地、深(shen)耕、細耙(pa)等整地工(gong)作。以100cm~110cm的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)距(ju)為(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)開種(zhong)植溝。選(xuan)取大(da)小整齊一致,無病蟲,根(gen)系發達,有6片(pian)(pian)~8片(pian)(pian)真葉、莖高(gao)(gao)8cm~12cm、葉色濃綠的(de)(de)(de)(de)健壯煙(yan)苗,以每(mei)畝(mu)1500株(zhu)~2100株(zhu)種(zhong)植,栽(zai)種(zhong)時,煙(yan)莖要直立(li),煙(yan)根(gen)應舒(shu)展(zhan),根(gen)與土要密切接觸,栽(zai)種(zhong)深(shen)度(du),以填土高(gao)(gao)出原(yuan)苗2cm~3cm,用(yong)細土填蓋,手指(zhi)將根(gen)際泥(ni)土稍(shao)壓實,后(hou)(hou)澆足定(ding)根(gen)水。栽(zai)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第13天(tian)(tian)(tian)按(an)25公(gong)斤每(mei)畝(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)追(zhui)施三元(yuan)復合(he)肥。栽(zai)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第28天(tian)(tian)(tian)按(an)30公(gong)斤每(mei)畝(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)追(zhui)施三元(yuan)復合(he)肥。還(huan)苗期(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)含水量(liang)保(bao)持田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)最(zui)(zui)大(da)持水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)70%~80%;伸根(gen)期(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)保(bao)持田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)最(zui)(zui)大(da)持水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)55%~65%;旺長(chang)期(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)保(bao)持田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)最(zui)(zui)大(da)持水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)75%;成熟期(qi)煙(yan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)保(bao)持田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)最(zui)(zui)大(da)持水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60%~70%。特別(bie)注意防止水淹(yan),遇到水淹(yan)情況應立(li)即(ji)排水。栽(zai)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou),第16天(tian)(tian)(tian)在大(da)田(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)搭建高(gao)(gao)度(du)為(wei)2.8m遮陰度(du)為(wei)70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮蔭網(wang)。當(dang)煙(yan)苗長(chang)到花(hua)軸出時進行(xing)(xing)打頂,打頂后(hou)(hou)留(liu)葉數為(wei)22片(pian)(pian)~24片(pian)(pian);芽長(chang)5cm時進行(xing)(xing)抹(mo)杈。待煙(yan)葉適熟后(hou)(hou)按(an)部位自(zi)下而上(shang)逐葉采收即(ji)可獲(huo)得高(gao)(gao)品質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)葉。栽(zai)種(zhong)期(qi)間(jian)堅持中耕除草、培土和病蟲害防治。
4、煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou):在早(zao)上露(lu)水(shui)干后(hou)(hou),根(gen)據煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)成熟特征,按部位自下(xia)而上逐葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)或整株、或半株采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou),掌握“生不(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai),熟不(bu)漏”的原則(ze),進(jin)(jin)行(xing)煙采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)的葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)子要放在鋪有(you)布的擔架上或放在比(bi)煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)稍大(da)的筐里,及時送去晾煙房穿制,避免陽(yang)光暴(bao)曬,以(yi)免失水(shui)過多,影響調制。腳(jiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou),每(mei)隔7天采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)一次(ci)(ci),每(mei)次(ci)(ci)采(cai)(cai)(cai)2片~4片葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)。進(jin)(jin)入采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)階段(duan),為防止煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)病(bing)害發生,需對煙田進(jin)(jin)行(xing)藥(yao)(yao)物防治(zhi)。所(suo)用(yong)農藥(yao)(yao)為16%的代森鋅粉(fen)劑加(jia)硅燥土,其配比(bi)為1:4。每(mei)畝(mu)用(yong)量5kg。每(mei)次(ci)(ci)采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)煙葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)后(hou)(hou)噴(pen)施,直(zhi)至(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)結束。
5、穿(chuan)葉(xie)(xie)與掛竿:將晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙(yan)竿放在(zai)支(zhi)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang),每(mei)(mei)條晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙(yan)竿由左(zuo)至右(you)(you)分成兩段(duan)穿(chuan)制(zhi)兩段(duan)煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie),用線(xian)的(de)(de)一(yi)頭系在(zai)晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙(yan)竿上(shang)(shang)(shang),由左(zuo)向(xiang)右(you)(you)穿(chuan)。讓葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)背(bei)面靠晾(liang)(liang)(liang)煙(yan)竿,在(zai)距葉(xie)(xie)柄端 2cm左(zuo)右(you)(you)的(de)(de)主脈上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫(heng)向(xiang)穿(chuan)過葉(xie)(xie)柄,下(xia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)兩片(pian)(pian)交(jiao)替(ti)列在(zai)竹竿的(de)(de)兩旁,以下(xia)依次(ci)進行。每(mei)(mei)條線(xian)穿(chuan)50片(pian)(pian)~60片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)(根據(ju)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)大小適當(dang)增減)。
6、雪茄(qie)煙(yan)(yan)外包(bao)皮煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)的(de)調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):雪茄(qie)煙(yan)(yan)外包(bao)皮煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)的(de)整個(ge)調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)一般需要25天(tian)(tian)~30天(tian)(tian)。調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)分(fen)為凋(diao)萎(wei)期(qi)(qi)(qi)、變(bian)(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)(qi)、變(bian)(bian)裼期(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)干筋期(qi)(qi)(qi)。調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結果的(de)優劣與否取(qu)決于空氣溫度(du)(du)、空氣濕度(du)(du)、通風(feng)程度(du)(du)三個(ge)因素。其中濕度(du)(du)是影響晾(liang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)質量的(de)關鍵(jian)因素,因此在(zai)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)晾(liang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)各(ge)階段,以濕度(du)(du)調(diao)(diao)控為主。各(ge)階段適宜(yi)的(de)相對濕度(du)(du)范(fan)圍分(fen)別(bie)為:凋(diao)萎(wei)期(qi)(qi)(qi)70%~80%,變(bian)(bian)黃期(qi)(qi)(qi)75%~85%,變(bian)(bian)褐期(qi)(qi)(qi)70%~80%,干筋期(qi)(qi)(qi)60%~70%。可(ke)通過掛煙(yan)(yan)的(de)稀密度(du)(du),門窗開(kai)關,升降煙(yan)(yan)桿(gan)等措施進行(xing)調(diao)(diao)控。煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)含水量在(zai)16%~17% 時下竿,按不(bu)同品種,不(bu)同部(bu)位,分(fen)類暫時裝箱。妥善放置保(bao)管,保(bao)持煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水分(fen),以備發酵(jiao)。調(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程中要做(zuo)好觀(guan)察記錄。
7、煙葉發酵:
①自(zi)然(ran)(ran)發酵(jiao):自(zi)然(ran)(ran)發酵(jiao)條件含水量(liang)為(wei)10%~13%,煙(yan)葉溫度為(wei)20℃~30℃,陳化時期約1年(nian)~3年(nian)左右(you)。注:經自(zi)然(ran)(ran)發酵(jiao)的(de)煙(yan)葉色澤鮮(xian)亮,顏色變深,香氣優美,品質較為(wei)理想。
②人(ren)工(gong)發酵:人(ren)工(gong)發酵的煙葉,色澤(ze),香(xiang)氣、吸食(shi)味、勁頭(tou)及(ji)剌激性等方面均(jun)有明顯改善,并且大幅度(du)縮短(duan)發酵周期(qi)。
③堆(dui)積發酵:通過噴(pen)水回潮或露(lu)水回潮兩種方式增加(jia)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水分(fen)和溫度(du)(du)(du),從而使煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)柔軟、有韌(ren)性、易于(yu)松散,減(jian)少煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)加(jia)工(gong)過程中的(de)(de)損耗。將(jiang)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)堆(dui)在鋪有草(cao)席的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)架上(shang),一般(ban)(ban)100kg~200kg為一垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba)頭向(xiang)外(wai),由內(nei)(nei)向(xiang)外(wai)逐漸堆(dui)碼,上(shang)一層(ceng)的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)一半(ban)覆蓋(gai)在下(xia)一層(ceng)的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)把(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang),煙(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)中插入兩根(gen)管子,內(nei)(nei)置溫度(du)(du)(du)計(ji),煙(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)外(wai)面覆蓋(gai)棉被或草(cao)簾。煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)一般(ban)(ban)經過4天~5天,垛(duo)(duo)內(nei)(nei)溫度(du)(du)(du)可上(shang)升到(dao)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)要求,外(wai)包煙(yan)(yan)35℃~37℃、芯煙(yan)(yan)36℃~40℃,當溫度(du)(du)(du)達(da)到(dao)限定(ding)溫度(du)(du)(du)時,按外(wai)翻(fan)內(nei)(nei)、內(nei)(nei)翻(fan)外(wai)、上(shang)翻(fan)下(xia)、下(xia)翻(fan)上(shang)的(de)(de)原則(ze)及時翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),經過4次~5次翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水分(fen)逐漸降低到(dao)18%~20%,溫度(du)(du)(du)超過室溫5℃而不再升高(gao)時,發酵基本結束。
五.包裝標識相關規定
本規(gui)定地域范(fan)圍(wei)內的海(hai)南雪茄(qie)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)生產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe),在(zai)產(chan)品(pin)或(huo)包裝(zhuang)上使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志,需向(xiang)海(hai)南雪茄(qie)煙草種植協會提(ti)出(chu)申(shen)請,按照相(xiang)關要求規(gui)范(fan)生產(chan)和使(shi)用(yong)標(biao)志,統(tong)一采用(yong)海(hai)南雪茄(qie)產(chan)品(pin)名(ming)稱和農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志公共標(biao)識相(xiang)結合的標(biao)識標(biao)注方法(fa)。