館史簡介
館址利用清代建筑護國寺、忠義詞改建,占地面積3950平方米,建筑面積2975平方米,分為三個陳列室。陳列面積800平方米(mi)(mi),展(zhan)線長240米(mi)(mi),陳列內(nei)容(rong)為釣(diao)魚(yu)城抗(kang)戰史(shi)為主線,共分(fen)古(gu)戰史(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)奇跡、“典型的(de)(de)軍事設施”、“文物與文獻(xian)資(zi)料”、“歷史(shi)人物”、“古(gu)今吟詠”五個(ge)部分(fen),展(zhan)品數量(liang)共1300余件(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)釣(diao)魚(yu)城出土文物476件(jian)、歷代碑刻17件(jian)、標本和(he)文獻(xian)547件(jian),輔(fu)助展(zhan)品如模(mo)型、照片、圖表(biao)、沙(sha)盤以(yi)及烘(hong)托主題的(de)(de)繪畫、雕塑等藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)作品有(you)200余件(jian)。在陳列形(xing)式上(shang),力求內(nei)容(rong)和(he)形(xing)式的(de)(de)統一,藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)形(xing)象的(de)(de)鮮明、生動,以(yi)此(ci)再(zai)現(xian)南(nan)宋晚期宋蒙(元(yuan))戰爭的(de)(de)歷史(shi)進程,突出合州(zhou)釣(diao)魚(yu)城軍民(min)抗(kang)戰36年的(de)(de)豐功偉績。與此(ci)同時,陳列還集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)展(zhan)示了(le)我(wo)國宋代冷兵器年代的(de)(de)概況,以(yi)及在火器方面的(de)(de)飛躍發展(zhan)。館(guan)內現(xian)有(you)宋代(dai)刀劍、瓷器、錢幣、金屬(shu)飾(shi)器和(he)當(dang)今名人(ren)書(shu)畫藏品近千件。
歷史沿革
南(nan)(nan)宋(song)以前的(de)(de)(de)(de)釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)山(shan)是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),自南(nan)(nan)宋(song)末 ,蒙(meng)古(gu)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)攻(gong)宋(song),殘破(po)(po)巴蜀(shu),為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)保有(you)上游(you)這塊戰略要地,嘉(jia)熙四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1240年(nian)(nian)(nian)),彭大雅任(ren)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)安撫制置副使,駐守重慶,派部(bu)將甘閏主持重慶門戶合州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)防務,在(zai)釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)山(shan)修(xiu)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寨(zhai)。淳佑(you)(you)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1242年(nian)(nian)(nian)),余介任(ren)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)安撫制置使兼知(zhi)重慶府事,他(ta)針(zhen)對蒙(meng)古(gu)騎兵機動性強的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,采納(na)播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)遵義(yi))人冉進、冉璞兄弟(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議,“守蜀(shu)之(zhi)計在(zai)于(yu)守合州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),守合州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)計在(zai)于(yu)守釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。充分(fen)發揮四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大山(shan)深(shen)谷,激流(liu)險(xian)灘(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi),依(yi)山(shan)為(wei)(wei)壘,修(xiu)筑(zhu)釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、天生、云頂等十余座(zuo)山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),將有(you)關府、州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、縣治(zhi)遷徙其(qi)上。最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有(you)八座(zuo),號(hao)稱“八柱(zhu)”,大小山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)星羅棋布,形(xing)成了(le)(le)以釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)防御體(ti)系。淳佑(you)(you)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1243年(nian)(nian)(nian)),釣(diao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正式(shi)修(xiu)浚,寶(bao)佑(you)(you)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1258年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大汗蒙(meng)哥(ge)分(fen)三路南(nan)(nan)下,欲一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰滅宋(song),以忽(hu)必烈(lie)攻(gong)襄陽、潭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),以另一(yi)(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)攻(gong)淮南(nan)(nan)。蒙(meng)哥(ge)自率軍(jun)4萬,號(hao)稱10萬,由(you)隴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(近陜西千(qian)陽)入(ru)大散關,一(yi)(yi)(yi)路南(nan)(nan)下,勢(shi)如破(po)(po)竹。蒙(meng)軍(jun)從(cong)利州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)廣元),僅僅10個月(yue),攻(gong)陷成都以及川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)西北全(quan)部(bu)府州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。開慶元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1259年(nian)(nian)(nian))二月(yue)初二,蒙(meng)哥(ge)汗親督全(quan)軍(jun)攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)到是(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)夏(xia)七月(yue),竟(jing)然不能入(ru)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步。蒙(meng)軍(jun)大將汪德臣反而戰死,蒙(meng)哥(ge)痛心憤(fen)怒(nu)之(zhi)余,命(ming)人在(zai)新東(dong)門對峙的(de)(de)(de)(de)腦頂坪(ping)筑(zhu)臺樓(lou)以觀虛實,被當時(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)主將王(wang)堅發現炮擊,大汗竟(jing)為(wei)(wei)炮風所中(zhong)。王(wang)堅又命(ming)人以鮮魚(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)餅投擲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下,并致書蒙(meng)哥(ge)“爾北兵可(ke)烹(peng)鮮食餅,再守十年(nian)(nian)(nian),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦(yi)不可(ke)得(de)也(ye)。”蒙(meng)哥(ge)得(de)書后,傷(shang)痛迸(beng)發,憤(fen)激道:“我之(zhi)嬰疾,為(wei)(wei)此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye),不諱之(zhi)后,若克此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),當盡(jin)屠(tu)之(zhi)。” 隨后死于(yu)軍(jun)中(zhong),當他(ta)殞亡消(xiao)息(xi)傳到歐(ou)洲(zhou),歐(ou)洲(zhou)人奔(ben)走(zou)相告(gao):“上帝之(zhi)鞭折斷了(le)(le)!”(周一(yi)(yi)(yi)良、吳(wu)于(yu)廑《世界通史》第三冊(ce))此戰也(ye)使南(nan)(nan)宋(song)延(yan)緩了(le)(le)10余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)。
釣魚(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在元代(dai)被(bei)毀,今天只能從(cong)它的(de)(de)(de)遺址想見(jian)當日情景了(le)。釣魚(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(包括南、北兩道一字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),總長(chang)約8公里,它沿著陡峭(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)巖,用(yong)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)條石(shi)壘砌而成(cheng),許多地段建(jian)在懸崖峭(qiao)(qiao)壁之(zhi)上(shang),易守難攻。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頂部,是(shi)石(shi)頭砌成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)跑馬(ma)道,寬(kuan)3.2米(mi),可(ke)(ke)以同(tong)時(shi)通過(guo)三匹(pi)馬(ma)或(huo)五位戰士(shi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)上(shang),有高約2米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)雉(zhi)堞,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)還(huan)有不(bu)少墩臺(tai)和炮(pao)臺(tai),墩臺(tai)用(yong)來放哨巡邏,長(chang)2米(mi),寬(kuan)0.5米(mi)。炮(pao)臺(tai)用(yong)來發射滾(gun)木擂石(shi)和火藥武器,寬(kuan)達2.8米(mi)。除主(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外,在釣魚(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)部和南部,還(huan)采取(qu)了(le)內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)建(jian),以兩道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)構(gou)成(cheng)了(le)雙層防線(xian)。除主(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外,釣魚(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)還(huan)修筑了(le)兩道一字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),從(cong)主(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)延(yan)伸(shen)到山(shan)腳(jiao)下的(de)(de)(de)嘉陵江(jiang)岸邊(bian)。北一字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)從(cong)出奇門往北伸(shen)入江(jiang),已經湮滅為(wei)良田。南一字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)從(cong)飛檐洞經小東(dong)(dong)門延(yan)伸(shen)。兩道一字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和主(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)聯成(cheng)一體,將魚(yu)山(shan)分為(wei)東(dong)(dong)、西兩半,高峻的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)曾使蒙古(gu)丞相史(shi)天澤仰望(wang)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)哀嘆:“云梯不(bu)可(ke)(ke)接,炮(pao)失(shi)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)至。”
釣(diao)魚(yu)城(cheng)門(men)(men)有八座(zuo),分為:護國(guo)門(men)(men)、始關(guan)門(men)(men)、小東門(men)(men)、新東門(men)(men)、青華(hua)門(men)(men)、出(chu)(chu)奇門(men)(men)、奇勝門(men)(men)、鎮西門(men)(men)。護國(guo)門(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)大的一(yi)座(zuo),兩(liang)面都是(shi)(shi)懸(xuan)崖峭(qiao)壁,當年魚(yu)城(cheng)軍民在(zai)這里是(shi)(shi)以棧道(dao)出(chu)(chu)入(ru),因此相(xiang)當難攻(gong)。現已成為重要景點之(zhi)一(yi)。新東門(men)(men)就是(shi)(shi)炮(pao)打(da)蒙哥的地方(fang),也是(shi)(shi)保存最(zui)完整的城(cheng)門(men)(men)。鎮西門(men)(men)則是(shi)(shi)擊(ji)斃(bi)汪(wang)德臣之(zhi)地。