《乙瑛碑》是刊刻于東(dong)漢永興元年(153年)的一(yi)方碑刻,又(you)稱“百石卒史碑”“孔龢碑”“孔和碑”等,無(wu)撰書人(ren)姓名,屬隸(li)書書法作品(pin),現存(cun)于曲阜漢魏碑刻陳列館。
《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)(bei)》為方首碑(bei)(bei),高(gao)198厘(li)米(mi),寬91.5厘(li)米(mi),厚(hou)22厘(li)米(mi),無(wu)額,碑(bei)(bei)文18行,每行40字,記(ji)錄了魯相乙(yi)瑛上(shang)書請求為孔廟(miao)設置(zhi)百石卒史(shi)一(yi)人來執掌禮器廟(miao)祀之(zhi)事(shi),屬于(yu)紀事(shi)性的祠廟(miao)碑(bei)(bei),與《禮器碑(bei)(bei)》《史(shi)晨碑(bei)(bei)》合稱“孔廟(miao)三碑(bei)(bei)”。書法上(shang),其書體方整,結(jie)構嚴謹,筆勢(shi)剛健,書法雄勁(jing),字取橫勢(shi),粗細(xi)相間,起筆藏鋒,收筆回鋒,長(chang)筆畫呈彎弧,波尾大(da)挑,折角(jiao)圓和(he),波勢(shi)蘊柔,中斂旁肆,瀟灑飛(fei)逸,氣(qi)韻盎(ang)然,被近人推為東(dong)漢綺麗(li)書派的代表(biao),是漢隸成熟的標(biao)志碑(bei)(bei)之(zhi)一(yi)。
司徒臣雄、司空臣戒,稽首言:“魯前相瑛書言:‘詔書崇圣道,〔勉〕〔學〕〔藝〕,孔子作《春秋》,制《孝經》,□□《五經》,演《易·〔系〕┘辭》,經緯天地,幽讃神明,故特立廟。襃成侯四時來祠,事已即去。廟有禮器,無常人掌領。請置百石□□一┘人,典主守廟,春秋饗禮。財出王家錢,給犬酒直。須報。’謹問大常祠曹掾馮牟、史郭玄。辭對:‘〔故事,辟〕□〔禮〕未┘行,祠先圣師。侍祠者,孔子子孫,大宰、大祝令各一人,皆備爵。大常丞監祠,河南尹〔給〕牛〔羊〕彖□□□各一,┘大司農給米祠。’臣愚以為,如瑛言,孔子大圣,則象乾
據碑文(wen)記載(zai),魯相乙(yi)瑛上書請為(wei)魯城孔廟置守廟者及祭祀孔子(zi)費用應由王家承出等,經司徒吳(wu)雄、司空趙戒轉(zhuan)呈皇帝,得(de)以批準(zhun)。后(hou)乙(yi)瑛離任,而由繼(ji)任魯相平(ping)選孔和(he)(孔龢)為(wei)守廟百石(shi)(shi)卒(zu)(zu)史,由魯令鮑疊造(zao)作(zuo)百石(shi)(shi)吏(li)舍等。《乙(yi)瑛碑》即是(shi)為(wei)紀(ji)念中央批準(zhun)設置孔廟百石(shi)(shi)卒(zu)(zu)史一事而立,立于(yu)東漢永興元年(153年)。
《乙瑛碑》的用(yong)筆方圓(yuan)兼備,點畫嚴謹,輕重變化,長(chang)短參差,波(bo)筆彎弧大挑,用(yong)墨有(you)潤燥(zao),行筆流暢生動(dong)。有(you)淹留遲(chi)澀,用(yong)力屈(qu)曲,或(huo)疾徐(xu)頓挫,一波(bo)三折。
一、點法
點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、方(fang)(fang)(fang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、斜點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、撇點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、捺(na)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等變(bian)化。丘形(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“高”字(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)獨點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)如(ru)(ru)山丘狀,寫法(fa)(fa)(fa)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)右(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)左(zuo)撇出(chu)。圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“器”字(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)似圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),寫法(fa)(fa)(fa)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)圓(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)頓(dun)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。左(zuo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“宅”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)撇出(chu)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。右(you)(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“瑛(ying)”字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部的(de)(de)右(you)(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)右(you)(you)(you)斜下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)捺(na)提(ti)筆出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。三(san)角點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“戒(jie)”字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部中(zhong)(zhong)間的(de)(de)三(san)角形(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):隸書上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部或下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橫寫。如(ru)(ru)“主”字(zi)(zi)、“請(qing)”字(zi)(zi)、“言”字(zi)(zi)、“祠”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寫法(fa)(fa)(fa)各不相同(tong),有(you)(you)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)(you)露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)頭橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。曾(ceng)頭點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“首”字(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),都(dou)是(shi)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。左(zuo)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“馮”字(zi)(zi)左(zuo)邊兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)短(duan)(duan)一(yi)長(chang),都(dou)是(shi)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)側(ce)(ce)駐右(you)(you)(you)提(ti)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。左(zuo)三(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“酒”字(zi)(zi)左(zuo)邊的(de)(de)三(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)(you)長(chang)短(duan)(duan)輕(qing)重之(zhi)別,全是(shi)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)起(qi)筆向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輻(fu)射(she)。左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“常”字(zi)(zi)、“米(mi)”字(zi)(zi)、“秋(qiu)”字(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),“崇(chong)”字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。起(qi)筆有(you)(you)藏有(you)(you)露(lu),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、圓(yuan)(yuan)、長(chang)、短(duan)(duan)。“爵”字(zi)(zi)、“年(nian)(nian)”字(zi)(zi)、“平”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)部的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大部是(shi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),唯有(you)(you)“年(nian)(nian)”字(zi)(zi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全右(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“漢”字(zi)(zi)、“赫”字(zi)(zi)、“鮑”字(zi)(zi)、“黨”字(zi)(zi)、“廉”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)三(san)個方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),寫法(fa)(fa)(fa)與形(xing)象(xiang)大小不同(tong)。其腳(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“讃(zan)”字(zi)(zi)、“則”字(zi)(zi)、“侯”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)。撇捺(na)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“察”字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部兩(liang)(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)撇右(you)(you)(you)捺(na)出(chu)。中(zhong)(zhong)三(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“辭”字(zi)(zi)、“經”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)間的(de)(de)三(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均為圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)之(zhi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),但(dan)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)呼應。中(zhong)(zhong)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)(ru)“魯”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),與下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)象(xiang)大體相同(tong),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)相背呼應,各有(you)(you)變(bian)化。
二、橫法
橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)法(fa)(fa)在(zai)《乙(yi)瑛碑》中是(shi)一個(ge)重(zhong)要筆(bi)(bi)(bi)法(fa)(fa)。橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)隸書(shu)(shu)稱(cheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)隸書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主筆(bi)(bi)(bi),大凡(fan)每字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都有波(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。而且(qie)寫(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)一波(bo)(bo)(bo)三折,長而粗(cu)壯。和其(qi)他多(duo)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)疊排,強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢現象,是(shi)《乙(yi)瑛碑》隸書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美特點。這一橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢特點,是(shi)隸書(shu)(shu)同其(qi)他書(shu)(shu)體(ti)根本區別(bie)。特別(bie)是(shi)粗(cu)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)磔(zhe)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),遠大于其(qi)他漢(han)碑,其(qi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、拱(gong)(gong)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、尖(jian)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、方(fang)(fang)(fang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)等。直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“大”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。短直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)也同此(ci)法(fa)(fa)。“三”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)各(ge)有不同。一橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi)中行(xing)(xing)尾(wei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou),二橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)似方(fang)(fang)(fang)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),三橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)起(qi)(qi)(qi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)挑出鋒(feng)。拱(gong)(gong)形橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“宰”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“辭”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),多(duo)有上(shang)(shang)(shang)拱(gong)(gong)勢,且(qie)長短參差。右(you)尖(jian)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“王”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“長”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),均為(wei)(wei)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),露(lu)鋒(feng)收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。左尖(jian)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各(ge)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),多(duo)是(shi)左尖(jian)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),且(qie)長短不一,其(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)法(fa)(fa)則是(shi)露(lu)鋒(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。斷(duan)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“宗”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),中間(jian)提筆(bi)(bi)(bi)斷(duan)書(shu)(shu)與上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)直(zhi)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。方(fang)(fang)(fang)圓橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“三”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)兩橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)圓,下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)。波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)上(shang)(shang)(shang),《乙(yi)瑛碑》的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有許(xu)多(duo)變(bian)化,一般比其(qi)他畫(hua)(hua)(hua)粗(cu)大,為(wei)(wei)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),中鋒(feng)拱(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing),燕(yan)尾(wei)駐(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),側(ce)(ce)挑出鋒(feng):①圓波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)“前(qian)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi),中行(xing)(xing)駐(zhu)(zhu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)挑回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng);②方(fang)(fang)(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“重(zhong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)切(qie)轉中行(xing)(xing),燕(yan)尾(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)駐(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)切(qie)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi);③出鋒(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“卒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi),中鋒(feng)行(xing)(xing),尾(wei)駐(zhu)(zhu)側(ce)(ce)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)出鋒(feng);④回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),如(ru)“古”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),波(bo)(bo)(bo)尾(wei)為(wei)(wei)駐(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng);⑤斜波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“者(zhe)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)長橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),寫(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)斜勢燕(yan)尾(wei)出鋒(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng);⑥短波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“行(xing)(xing)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)右(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),寫(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)短燕(yan)尾(wei)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng);⑦細(xi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),尾(wei)細(xi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)長;⑧直(zhi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)較(jiao)直(zhi),尾(wei)部(bu)也較(jiao)圓。
三、豎法
豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法的收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)有藏、露(lu)、方、圓之(zhi)別。懸(xuan)針豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“師(shi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)長豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)出鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。垂(chui)露(lu)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“侍”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),“所”字(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),起筆(bi)(bi)(bi)有藏有露(lu),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)漸按提(ti)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)空收(shou)。圓腳(jiao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“制”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。方腳(jiao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“米”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)(xing)(xing),至(zhi)腳(jiao)提(ti)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)橫切(qie)向上回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。斜腳(jiao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“下(xia)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)腳(jiao)提(ti)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)斜下(xia)輕(qing)上回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。右(you)(you)(you)孤(gu)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“即(ji)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆起,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)右(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)行(xing)(xing)(xing),回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),把“即(ji)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)寫成上合(he)下(xia)開之(zhi)勢(shi)。直豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“行(xing)(xing)(xing)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的右(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是直行(xing)(xing)(xing)回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。相(xiang)背豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):寫在左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)兩側的豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua),均(jun)不同程度地彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu),而且,左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)較(jiao)(jiao)大,左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)較(jiao)(jiao)小。如(ru)“月”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向右(you)(you)(you)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)平挑至(zhi)腳(jiao)回(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng),右(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向左(zuo)(zuo)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)。細(xi)腰(yao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“和”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)三豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)雖長短(duan)不同,但均(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腰(yao)細(xi)瘦。曲(qu)腳(jiao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“罪”字(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)部兩豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)腳(jiao),均(jun)向左(zuo)(zuo)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)。撇腳(jiao)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“第(di)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),尾部撇筆(bi)(bi)(bi)出鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。重右(you)(you)(you)孤(gu)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“郭”字(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)粗(cu)重。輕(qing)直豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)“令”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的下(xia)部的豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)輕(qing)而直。重豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)變(bian)異:如(ru)“修”字(zi)(zi)(zi)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)多(duo),長短(duan)直曲(qu),各有變(bian)化(hua)。
四、撇法
撇(pie)(pie)(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)是表現(xian)飛動開張之勢一畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。撇(pie)(pie)(pie)尾有(you)出(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)與(yu)(yu)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng),方(fang)腳(jiao)(jiao)與(yu)(yu)挑(tiao)(tiao)腳(jiao)(jiao),從撇(pie)(pie)(pie)形(xing)上看有(you)直(zhi)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)與(yu)(yu)曲撇(pie)(pie)(pie),長撇(pie)(pie)(pie)與(yu)(yu)短撇(pie)(pie)(pie)等。回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“文(wen)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)斜(xie)(xie)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)尾部(bu)挑(tiao)(tiao)腳(jiao)(jiao)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。出(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“吏”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的豎(shu)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),撇(pie)(pie)(pie)尾部(bu)挑(tiao)(tiao)筆(bi)出(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。挑(tiao)(tiao)腳(jiao)(jiao)撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“為”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的長斜(xie)(xie)撇(pie)(pie)(pie),中(zhong)(zhong)腰較(jiao)瘦,起筆(bi)向右橫頓,折筆(bi)向左斜(xie)(xie)下行(xing),到位翻筆(bi)上挑(tiao)(tiao)出(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。方(fang)腳(jiao)(jiao)撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“文(wen)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)向左斜(xie)(xie)下孤行(xing),至腳(jiao)(jiao)上切(qie)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆(bi),使(shi)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)腳(jiao)(jiao)呈(cheng)方(fang)形(xing)。斜(xie)(xie)直(zhi)撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“者”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的撇(pie)(pie)(pie)形(xing)較(jiao)直(zhi),起筆(bi)與(yu)(yu)收筆(bi)全(quan)是藏鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。長中(zhong)(zhong)豐撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“米”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的長撇(pie)(pie)(pie)露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)起筆(bi),行(xing)筆(bi)漸按再提筆(bi)出(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。豎(shu)曲撇(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)(ru)“用”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左豎(shu)撇(pie)(pie)(pie),逆(ni)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)起筆(bi),中(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下行(xing),轉筆(bi)左彎(wan),回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆(bi)。
五、捺法
捺畫是斜勢的(de)波(bo)畫,筆(bi)勢比(bi)其他畫重,是很多字(zi)(zi)的(de)主筆(bi),以(yi)不同斜度、弧曲、輕重、方圓、藏露來表現(xian)。有“人”字(zi)(zi)的(de)回鋒(feng)捺,捺起筆(bi)中鋒(feng)右斜行漸(jian)按,至(zhi)捺腳側鋒(feng)上挑(tiao)回鋒(feng);“人”字(zi)(zi)、“歸”字(zi)(zi)的(de)出鋒(feng)捺;“給(gei)”字(zi)(zi)、“道”字(zi)(zi)的(de)挑(tiao)角捺;“長(chang)”字(zi)(zi)、“之”字(zi)(zi)方腳捺。
六、鉤法
鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)法(fa)變化(hua)較多(duo),有(you)(you)方圓、長短、重輕、彎(wan)平(ping)之別,有(you)(you)的(de)寫成隸書(shu)撇(pie),捺(na)波畫(hua)代(dai)鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),還有(you)(you)魏(wei)碑的(de)楷法(fa)。方鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“孔(kong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“前”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“氏”字(zi)(zi)(zi),圓鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“河(he)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“能”字(zi)(zi)(zi),長鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“辰”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“長”字(zi)(zi)(zi),重鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“藝”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“他”字(zi)(zi)(zi),輕鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“府(fu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“爵”字(zi)(zi)(zi),彎(wan)鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“為”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孝(xiao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi),平(ping)鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“蜀(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“府(fu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi),魏(wei)碑鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“祠”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“事”字(zi)(zi)(zi),以(yi)隸書(shu)撇(pie)捺(na)代(dai)鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)“子”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孔(kong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“元”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“戒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“誠”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“已(yi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“乾(qian)”字(zi)(zi)(zi),減鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(即無鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou))有(you)(you)“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)、“為”字(zi)(zi)(zi)。
七、折法
折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)法(fa)可歸納為(wei)方(fang)(fang)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、圓折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、平肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、聳(song)(song)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、斷筆(bi)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。方(fang)(fang)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有“首”字(zi)(zi);圓折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有“司”字(zi)(zi);方(fang)(fang)圓折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“空”字(zi)(zi)外圓內方(fang)(fang)的(de)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)畫(hua),平肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)如“朔”字(zi)(zi)右邊“月”字(zi)(zi)的(de)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)平的(de),其寫(xie)(xie)(xie)法(fa)是(shi)橫(heng)(heng)端下回折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即在橫(heng)(heng)下寫(xie)(xie)(xie)豎(shu)(shu);聳(song)(song)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“詔”字(zi)(zi)右下方(fang)(fang)“口”字(zi)(zi)的(de)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)聳(song)(song)起的(de),其寫(xie)(xie)(xie)法(fa)是(shi)橫(heng)(heng)至肩(jian)(jian)(jian)提(ti)筆(bi)向上再折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下;豎(shu)(shu)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),如“者(zhe)”下“日”字(zi)(zi)的(de)肩(jian)(jian)(jian),是(shi)橫(heng)(heng)后再寫(xie)(xie)(xie)直豎(shu)(shu),豎(shu)(shu)比橫(heng)(heng)高;斷肩(jian)(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“寅”字(zi)(zi)上下兩肩(jian)(jian)(jian)全斷,其寫(xie)(xie)(xie)法(fa)是(shi)橫(heng)(heng)不連豎(shu)(shu)。
八、提法
提(ti)筆(bi)被橫(heng)所代替,但寸(cun)點(dian)和右(you)短(duan)撇都變(bian)(bian)成提(ti)筆(bi),有提(ti)筆(bi)變(bian)(bian)橫(heng),如“特”字(zi)、“孔”字(zi);短(duan)撇變(bian)(bian)提(ti),如“辰”字(zi);點(dian)變(bian)(bian)提(ti),如“等”字(zi)、“年”字(zi)。
《乙瑛碑》的(de)(de)(de)結體,寓風(feng)流于(yu)嚴謹之(zhi)中,具有(you)“冠裳佩(pei)玉”的(de)(de)(de)韻致和(he)俊逸瀟灑的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)趣(qu)。避免了(le)(le)追求“宗廟(miao)之(zhi)美”所可能帶來的(de)(de)(de)板滯,肅穆而(er)(er)有(you)清新活(huo)潑的(de)(de)(de)氣息(xi)。如(ru)“奉”字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)“奏”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)(zi)頭(tou)寬大,字(zi)(zi)(zi)底(di)窄(zhai)小,兩(liang)者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)強烈的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi)而(er)(er)不(bu)失(shi)(shi)重(zhong)心;兩(liang)個(ge)“府”字(zi)(zi)(zi),趣(qu)味不(bu)同,各有(you)變化,一(yi)個(ge)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)撇低垂,筆(bi)(bi)畫(hua)相連,形(xing)(xing)態緊湊(cou),一(yi)個(ge)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)撇高(gao)抬,形(xing)(xing)斷意(yi)連,松而(er)(er)不(bu)散;“須”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)左偏(pian)旁(pang)(pang)位置甚(shen)高(gao),因(yin)右偏(pian)旁(pang)(pang)波畫(hua)寬展(zhan)(zhan),兩(liang)點撐開,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)穩(wen)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主體,所以高(gao)低錯落(luo)而(er)(er)不(bu)失(shi)(shi)平衡;“試”字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)“乾(qian)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)左偏(pian)旁(pang)(pang)寫(xie)得特別(bie)大卻(que)無喧賓(bin)奪主之(zhi)感(gan),夸張的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態和(he)獨特的(de)(de)(de)結構極富個(ge)性色彩(cai);“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)折(zhe)彎鉤,或(huo)伸(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)端(duan)莊緊湊(cou)的(de)(de)(de)三面包圍,或(huo)收縮構成(cheng)倚側(ce)開放的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)面包圍;“少”字(zi)(zi)(zi)似人斜臥,展(zhan)(zhan)示出(chu)倚側(ce)舒展(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)美;“疊”字(zi)(zi)(zi)筆(bi)(bi)畫(hua)層疊,形(xing)(xing)態高(gao)聳,勢如(ru)山岳;“窮(qiong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)、撤下伸(shen),兩(liang)“口”上抬;“成(cheng)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)扁壓(ya)而(er)(er)右戈逸出(chu)。這些字(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)是(shi)一(yi)腳著地展(zhan)(zhan)現出(chu)“金雞獨立”的(de)(de)(de)動態美,或(huo)是(shi)擴大筆(bi)(bi)畫(hua)間(jian)偏(pian)旁(pang)(pang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)反差,呈現出(chu)新穎獨特的(de)(de)(de)結構形(xing)(xing)式。
《乙瑛碑(bei)》的章法有如(ru)下三個特(te)點(dian):
①縱(zong)有行(xing)(xing),橫(heng)成列(lie),格(ge)局恢宏(hong)。《乙瑛(ying)碑》在排(pai)列(lie)上(shang)縱(zong)看成行(xing)(xing),橫(heng)看成列(lie),整(zheng)體(ti)章(zhang)法次(ci)序井然,步伍整(zheng)齊,自不待言。由于(yu)(yu)《乙瑛(ying)碑》結字上(shang)下(xia)和左右(you)比較(jiao)均衡,線(xian)條的(de)粗(cu)細、輕重(zhong)無較(jiao)大起伏,外形方正,停(ting)頓有度,所以,整(zheng)體(ti)布(bu)局更(geng)加規范,呈(cheng)現出宏(hong)碑巨制、高文典冊、氣格(ge)宏(hong)大、高古(gu)典雅的(de)廟堂(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)氣,適(shi)合置(zhi)身于(yu)(yu)曲阜孔廟這種莊重(zhong)肅穆之(zhi)(zhi)所。
②橫(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)取勢,字(zi)距(ju)大于行(xing)距(ju),波涌之勢強(qiang)烈。同其它成熟期的(de)(de)漢碑(bei)一(yi)樣,《乙瑛(ying)碑(bei)》結字(zi)左(zuo)舒(shu)右(you)展,橫(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)取勢。凡(fan)是(shi)撇畫、鉤畫盡(jin)量左(zuo)掠,凡(fan)是(shi)波畫、捺畫盡(jin)量向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)肆展,因此,碑(bei)中的(de)(de)絕大多數字(zi)屬于扁平結構,只有(you)少數字(zi)比較(jiao)方正,從而整體布局形(xing)(xing)成字(zi)距(ju)大于行(xing)距(ju)的(de)(de)章法形(xing)(xing)式。書寫者(zhe)越(yue)(yue)往后(hou)寫越(yue)(yue)心手雙暢,因而,碑(bei)后(hou)半部分向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)展放之勢越(yue)(yue)加明(ming)顯,越(yue)(yue)加流暢,精(jing)彩紛(fen)呈(cheng)。字(zi)距(ju)大于行(xing)距(ju)的(de)(de)格局產(chan)生橫(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)開張的(de)(de)氣勢,在行(xing)列有(you)序之中,字(zi)里行(xing)間更加流暢自然,氣格更加恢宏。
③呼(hu)應連貫,左(zuo)盼右顧,縱(zong)橫涌(yong)動(dong)。《乙瑛碑》雖然結體(ti)端莊(zhuang),章法上縱(zong)成行(xing),橫有(you)列,但其筆(bi)畫富(fu)有(you)變化,整體(ti)布局毫不呆板。縱(zong)看,字(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的間隔并不是孤孤零(ling)零(ling),而是筆(bi)斷意連,上下呼(hu)應連貫,銜接和諧。由于字(zi)(zi)(zi)的形(xing)態大(da)小(xiao)不一(yi)(yi),間隔有(you)大(da)有(you)小(xiao),其字(zi)(zi)(zi)距(ju)并不是均(jun)衡劃(hua)一(yi)(yi),空(kong)間分割或疏或密,顯(xian)得(de)敞朗透氣。還由于每個字(zi)(zi)(zi)重心取向上的上下左(zuo)右移位,所以(yi),一(yi)(yi)行(xing)行(xing)的中軸(zhou)線左(zuo)右擺動(dong),搖曳生姿(zi)。從橫向看去(qu),行(xing)與(yu)(yu)行(xing)之間靠得(de)很緊密,有(you)的幾乎搭肩(jian)接踵,整體(ti)觀望,像(xiang)一(yi)(yi)排排涌(yong)動(dong)的洪濤巨浪向前推進。
總而言之(zhi),《乙瑛碑》在(zai)其莊重靜肅的(de)主調之(zhi)下,又是(shi)流動的(de)、活脫的(de)。
明代(dai)金石學家(jia)趙崡:此(ci)碑永興(xing)元(yuan)年造。元(yuan)常(chang),獻帝初始為黃門侍郎,距永興(xing)且四十(shi)年,此(ci)非(fei)元(yuan)常(chang)書明甚。未(wei)知張稚圭所(suo)按(an)何圖。其(qi)敘(xu)事(shi)簡(jian)古,隸(li)法(fa)遒勁,令人(ren)想見漢人(ren)風采,政(正)不必附(fu)會元(yuan)常(chang)也。(《石墨鐫(juan)華·卷一(yi)·漢魯相(xiang)置(zhi)孔廟(miao)卒史碑》)
明末(mo)清(qing)初金石書(shu)法家郭宗昌:碑(bei)即今公移,復爾(er)雅簡質(zhi)可讀,書(shu)益高古(gu)超逸。(《金石史(shi)·卷上·漢魯相乙瑛置孔廟(miao)卒史(shi)碑(bei)》)
明末清(qing)初收藏家孫承澤:孔(kong)廟(miao)《卒史碑(bei)》,文既爾雅簡質,書復高(gao)古超逸,漢(han)石中之(zhi)最不易得者。都(dou)玄(xuan)敬(jing)謂此碑(bei)殘(can)闕,予所收本則(ze)完善,當在都(dou)所見本以前。后云“后漢(han)鐘太尉(wei)書”,則(ze)后人附(fu)會(hui)之(zhi)耳。(《庚子銷夏記·卷五·魯相乙(yi)瑛請置百(bai)石卒史孔(kong)龢碑(bei)》)
清代書法家萬(wan)經:字特(te)雄偉,如冠(guan)裳佩玉,令人起(qi)敬;近(jin)人鄭(zheng)簠每(mei)喜臨之。(《分(fen)隸偶(ou)存(cun)·卷上·漢(han)魏(wei)碑考(kao)·漢(han)置孔廟卒史孔龢(he)碑》)
清(qing)(qing)代(dai)書法家王澍:①《乙瑛》雄古(gu),《韓(han)敕》變化,《史(shi)晨》嚴謹,皆(jie)漢隸極則(ze)。(《虛舟(zhou)題跋·原卷一·漢魯相(xiang)為孔(kong)(kong)廟置百(bai)石(shi)卒史(shi)碑》)②吾以(yi)《孔(kong)(kong)和(he)》《韓(han)敕》《史(shi)晨》三碑舉似學者,以(yi)為遒古(gu)莫如《孔(kong)(kong)和(he)》,清(qing)(qing)超莫如《韓(han)敕》,肅括莫如《史(shi)晨》,三碑足(zu)概漢隸。(《虛舟(zhou)題跋·原卷二·漢魯相(xiang)韓(han)敕孔(kong)(kong)廟碑》)
清(qing)代書法(fa)家翁方綱:是(shi)碑骨肉勻適而情文流(liu)暢,漢(han)隸之最可師法(fa)者,不必其定出鐘傅也。(《兩漢(han)金石(shi)記·卷六·孔廟置守廟百石(shi)卒史碑》)
清(qing)代佛教居士彭紹(shao)升:此(ci)碑在(zai)孔(kong)廟中(zhong)最為雄杰,然風神(shen)故自駘(tai)(tai)宕。至魏代諸(zhu)碑,雄杰有(you)余(yu),而駘(tai)(tai)宕不足(zu)。譬之(zhi)《車(che)鄰(lin)》《駟鐵》,伯者之(zhi)風;視雅、頌(song)之(zhi)音,亦(yi)已遠矣。此(ci)碑或(huo)標鐘太尉書。無(wu)論(lun)時分(fen)相縣(懸),即以氣(qi)體論(lun),與《受禪》《勸進》諸(zhu)碑,豈有(you)相似(si)處耶(ye)?(《雪堂所藏金石文字薄錄·漢·孔(kong)廟置百石卒(zu)史碑(潘秋谷藏本(ben))》)
清代書法家何紹基(ji):橫翔(xiang)捷(jie)出,開后來雋利一(yi)門,然肅(su)穆(mu)之氣(qi)自在。(《雪堂所(suo)藏金(jin)石文(wen)字(zi)薄錄·漢·孔廟置百石卒史碑(潘秋谷藏本)》)
清代書(shu)法(fa)家(jia)方(fang)朔:《乙(yi)瑛(ying)》立于永興(xing)元(yuan)年,在三碑(bei)(《乙(yi)瑛(ying)碑(bei)》《禮器碑(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)》)為最先,而字之(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)正沉(chen)厚,亦足(zu)以稱宗廟之(zhi)(zhi)美、百(bai)官之(zhi)(zhi)富。王(wang)蒻林(lin)(王(wang)澍)太史謂為雄古,翁覃溪(翁方(fang)綱(gang))閣學謂為骨肉勻適(shi),情文流(liu)暢,漢隸之(zhi)(zhi)最可師法(fa)者,不(bu)虛也。(《枕經堂金石跋(ba)(ba)·卷二·舊拓漢魯相(xiang)請置孔(kong)廟百(bai)石卒史碑(bei)跋(ba)(ba)》)
近代書法藝術(shu)家楊守(shou)敬:或(huo)稱《孔(kong)和》,或(huo)稱《乙瑛》,皆(jie)即此(ci)碑。有宋張稚圭(gui)按圖(tu)題記,指為(wei)鐘太(tai)尉(wei)書。《隸釋》謂鐘繇(zhou)卒于魏太(tai)和四年,去永興七十八年,圖(tu)經之誤,不待辨矣。然是碑隸法實(shi)佳,翁(weng)(weng)覃溪(翁(weng)(weng)方綱)云:“骨(gu)肉勻適,情文流暢。”誠(cheng)非溢(yi)美。但其波磔已開唐人庸熟一路。史惟則(ze)、梁升卿諸人,未必不從此(ci)出。或(huo)以比(bi)《禮器》,則(ze)過譽矣。(《激素(su)飛清閣評碑記·卷一·漢·孔(kong)廟(miao)置(zhi)百石卒史碑》)
近代書法家(jia)康有(you)(you)為:①于是(shi)《衡方》《乙瑛(ying)(ying)》《華山(shan)》《石(shi)經(jing)》《曹全(quan)》等(deng)碑,體扁已極,波磔分(fen)背(bei),隸(li)體成矣(yi)。(《廣藝(yi)舟(zhou)(zhou)雙(shuang)楫·卷二·體變第四(si)》)②《王(wang)稚子闕》《嵩高銘》《封(feng)龍山(shan)》《乙瑛(ying)(ying)》等(deng)碑已有(you)(you)挑法。(《廣藝(yi)舟(zhou)(zhou)雙(shuang)楫·卷二·分(fen)變第五》)③虛和則有(you)(you)《乙瑛(ying)(ying)》《史(shi)晨》。(《廣藝(yi)舟(zhou)(zhou)雙(shuang)楫·卷二·本漢第七(qi)》)
中(zhong)國書法家協會顧問鐘明(ming)善:左規(gui)右矩,法度森嚴,立漢碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)風范(fan)的(de)(de)。這類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻在漢隸(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻中(zhong)為最多。其代表(biao)作有《熹平石(shi)(shi)經》《禮器(qi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《曹全碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《華(hua)山碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《孔宙碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《朝(chao)侯小子殘(can)石(shi)(shi)》《韓仁銘》《楊叔恭殘(can)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《白石(shi)(shi)神君(jun)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《劉熊碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》等。歷來人們認為這類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻是(shi)漢隸(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻的(de)(de)典范(fan)。這一派在當時(shi)是(shi)開(kai)風習、樹“八分”法則的(de)(de)革(ge)新派,后世則視之為漢隸(li)中(zhong)之“館閣(ge)”。(《中(zhong)國書法簡(jian)史》)
《乙(yi)瑛(ying)碑(bei)》刊刻后收存在(zai)山東(dong)曲阜(fu)孔廟同文門(men)下,1978年移入孔廟東(dong)廡,1998年移存漢魏碑(bei)刻陳列(lie)館。2020年10月30日,上(shang)海圖書館所藏的《乙(yi)瑛(ying)碑(bei)》明末清初拓本(有周大烈(lie)題(ti)簽)被文化和旅(lv)游部公布(bu)為第六批(pi)國(guo)家珍貴古籍(編號(hao):12888)。
著作 著錄名稱
名稱 作者
集古錄(lu)跋尾(wei) 歐陽修 后漢魯(lu)相(xiang)置孔(kong)子廟(miao)卒(zu)史(shi)碑
集古錄目 歐陽棐 孔子廟置卒史碑
金石錄 趙明(ming)誠(cheng) 漢孔子廟置(zhi)卒史碑
隸釋 洪(hong)適 孔廟(miao)置守廟(miao)百石孔龢碑
寶(bao)刻叢(cong)編(bian) 陳思 漢吳(wu)雄孔子廟(miao)置(zhi)卒(zu)史碑(bei)
金薤琳(lin)瑯 都穆 漢魯相(xiang)置孔子廟卒史碑
金石(shi)古文 楊慎 漢魯相置孔(kong)子廟卒史碑
蒼(cang)潤軒元牘記(ji) 盛時泰(tai) 漢孔(kong)廟(miao)置卒史碑
石墨鐫華 趙崡 漢魯相置孔子廟卒史碑
金石(shi)史 郭宗昌 漢魯相乙瑛置孔子(zi)廟卒史碑
庚子銷夏(xia)記 孫(sun)承(cheng)澤 魯相乙瑛(ying)請置(zhi)百(bai)石卒史孔龢碑
金石(shi)文字(zi)記 顧(gu)炎武 魯相乙瑛置(zhi)孔(kong)子廟百石(shi)卒史碑
來齋金石刻考略 林侗 魯相(xiang)置(zhi)孔子廟卒史碑
金(jin)石錄補續(xu)跋;金(jin)石小(xiao)箋 葉(xie)奕苞 漢(han)置孔子(zi)廟卒史碑
曝書(shu)亭金石文字跋(ba)尾 朱彝尊 漢(han)魯相(xiang)乙(yi)瑛請置(zhi)孔廟百石卒(zu)史碑跋(ba)
金石(shi)經眼錄 褚峻(jun) 孔子百石(shi)卒史(shi)碑
分(fen)隸偶(ou)存 萬(wan)經 漢置孔(kong)廟卒(zu)史孔(kong)龢碑
隸辨 顧(gu)藹吉 孔龢碑
觀妙齋金(jin)石文考略 李光(guang)暎(ying) 魯相(xiang)請置孔廟卒史碑
虛舟題跋 王澍 漢(han)魯相為孔廟置(zhi)百石(shi)卒史碑
金石(shi)存 吳玉(yu)搢 漢魯相置孔廟卒史碑
鮚埼亭(ting)集 全祖望 漢孔廟置百石卒史孔龢碑(bei)
金(jin)石(shi)(shi)圖說 牛運震 置(zhi)孔廟百(bai)石(shi)(shi)卒史碑(bei)
孟(meng)亭居士(shi)文稿(gao) 馮浩(hao) 孔廟置守廟百石(shi)孔龢碑
金(jin)石萃編 王昶 孔廟置守廟百石卒史碑
潛(qian)研堂(tang)金石文(wen)跋尾 錢大(da)昕 孔廟(miao)置百石卒史碑
南(nan)澗文集(ji) 李文藻 魯相乙瑛置孔(kong)子(zi)廟(miao)百石卒史(shi)碑
山(shan)左金石志(zhi) 畢沅等 孔廟置百石卒史碑
兩漢(han)金(jin)石記(ji) 翁方綱 孔廟(miao)置守廟(miao)百石卒史碑
札樸 桂馥 孔(kong)龢碑(bei);乙瑛碑(bei)
授堂金(jin)石文字跋 武億 漢魯相乙瑛置(zhi)孔子廟百石卒史碑(bei)
授(shou)堂金石(shi)文(wen)字(zi)續(xu)跋 武億 孔廟置守(shou)廟百石(shi)卒史(shi)碑
紅藕齋(zhai)漢碑匯(hui)鈔(chao)集跋 孟慶云 魯相置(zhi)孔(kong)廟卒史碑
話雨樓碑帖(tie)目(mu)錄 王鯤(kun) 孔廟(miao)置(zhi)守廟(miao)百石(shi)卒史碑
竹(zhu)崦庵金石目錄 趙(zhao)魏 魯相乙瑛置孔子(zi)廟百石卒史碑
古(gu)墨(mo)齋(zhai)金石跋 趙紹祖(zu) 漢魯(lu)相乙瑛請置(zhi)孔子廟卒史(shi)碑(bei)
汪本隸釋刊誤 黃丕烈 孔(kong)廟置守廟百石孔(kong)和碑
平津讀碑記 洪頤煊 孔廟置守廟百石(shi)卒史碑
佛金山館秦漢(han)碑跋(ba) 牟房(fang) 魯相乙(yi)瑛置孔廟百石卒史碑
漢碑錄文 馮邦玉(yu) 孔廟置(zhi)百石(shi)卒史(shi)碑
書畫所(suo)見(jian)錄 謝堃 孔子(zi)廟卒史碑(bei)
宜祿堂(tang)收藏(zang)金石(shi)記 朱士端 漢魯相置孔(kong)廟卒(zu)史碑
枕(zhen)經堂金石題(ti)跋 方(fang)朔 漢(han)魯相請置(zhi)百(bai)石卒史(shi)碑
俞樓(lou)雜(za)纂 俞樾 孔廟置百(bai)石卒史碑
漢(han)石(shi)(shi)經室金石(shi)(shi)跋尾(wei) 沈樹鏞 魯相置孔子廟百(bai)石(shi)(shi)卒史碑
集古求真(zhen)(zhen);集古求真(zhen)(zhen)補正 歐陽(yang)輔 乙瑛碑
金(jin)石續錄 劉(liu)青藜 漢(han)魯相(xiang)置孔子廟卒史(shi)碑
激素飛清閣評碑記 楊守敬 孔廟置百石卒史(shi)碑
山東金(jin)石志 孫葆田 后漢魯相置孔廟卒(zu)史碑
獨笑齋金石文考 鄭業敩 魯(lu)相置孔廟百石卒史碑
漢石存目(mu) 王懿榮 孔廟(miao)置百石卒史碑
漢碑(bei)引經考 皮錫(xi)瑞 孔廟(miao)置(zhi)守(shou)廟(miao)百石卒史碑(bei)
曲阜(fu)碑(bei)碣考 孔祥(xiang)霖(lin) 魯相乙(yi)瑛置百石卒(zu)史碑(bei)
三邕翠墨(mo)簃題跋 李葆恂 孔(kong)廟置百(bai)石卒史碑;乙瑛(ying)碑
金(jin)石鏡 李(li)宗顥 魯相乙瑛置孔廟(miao)百石卒史碑
雪堂(tang)金石文字簿錄 羅(luo)振玉(yu) 孔廟(miao)置百石卒史(shi)碑
九鐘精舍金石跋尾 吳(wu)士鑒 漢孔廟(miao)(miao)置守(shou)廟(miao)(miao)百(bai)石卒史碑
校碑隨筆 方若(ruo) 乙(yi)瑛請置百石卒史(shi)碑
碑帖(tie)跋 梁(liang)啟超 漢乙瑛碑
弗堂類稿 姚華 乙瑛(ying)碑