《史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)碑(bei)》是(shi)刊(kan)刻于東漢(han)建寧二(er)年(nian)(169年(nian))的一方碑(bei)刻,又稱“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)前后碑(bei)”,無撰(zhuan)書人姓名,屬隸書書法作品(pin),現存于漢(han)魏碑(bei)刻陳列館。
《史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)碑(bei)(bei)》為圓首(shou)碑(bei)(bei),有額,額高(gao)34厘(li)(li)米(mi),無字,碑(bei)(bei)身高(gao)173.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬85厘(li)(li)米(mi),厚23.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)。碑(bei)(bei)兩面(mian)刻,面(mian)向(xiang)東為陽面(mian),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)前(qian)碑(bei)(bei)”,又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“魯(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)奏(zou)銘(ming)”等(deng),刊刻魯(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)關(guan)于(yu)祭祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)上(shang)呈(cheng)朝(chao)廷的奏(zou)章,后附四言銘(ming)文12韻24句;面(mian)向(xiang)西為陰(yin)面(mian),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)后碑(bei)(bei)”,又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“魯(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)饗孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)廟碑(bei)(bei)”等(deng),記敘了史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)到(dao)任后謁廟拜孔(kong)(kong)、修墻(qiang)飾屋、疏通(tong)溝渠(qu)、植行道(dao)樹、設立會(hui)市等(deng)事跡,與《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)(bei)》《禮器(qi)碑(bei)(bei)》合(he)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“孔(kong)(kong)廟三碑(bei)(bei)”。其書法(fa)(fa)含蓄蘊藉,健勁遒逸,結(jie)構左(zuo)顧右(you)盼,上(shang)下啟承,疏密(mi)勻稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),提(ti)按得法(fa)(fa),風韻自然跌宕,飛彩凝暉,法(fa)(fa)意(yi)俱全。
碑(bei)(bei)陽(“史晨(chen)前碑(bei)(bei)”)
建(jian)寧二年,三(san)月癸卯朔,七日(ri)(ri)己酉,魯相(xiang)臣(chen)(chen)晨、長(chang)史臣(chen)(chen)謙,頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui),上(shang)(shang)(shang)┘尚(shang)(shang)書:臣(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou),死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)蒙厚(hou)恩,受任符(fu)守,得(de)在(zai)奎婁,周孔(kong)舊寓。不(bu)(bu)能闡弘德(de)政,恢(hui)崇┘壹(yi)變,夙夜憂怖(bu),累息屏(ping)營。臣(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou),死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)建(jian)寧元年到官,行秋(qiu)饗(xiang),飲(yin)酒畔宮。畢,┘復(fu)禮孔(kong)子(zi)宅,拜謁(ye)神坐,仰(yang)瞻榱桷(jue),俯(fu)視幾(ji)筵,靈所馮依(yi),肅肅猶存。而無(wu)公出(chu)酒脯之(zhi)祠(ci),臣(chen)(chen)即自┘以(yi)奉錢,修上(shang)(shang)(shang)案食(shi)醊具,以(yi)敘小節,不(bu)(bu)敢空謁(ye)。臣(chen)(chen)伏念:孔(kong)子(zi)乾坤所挺(ting),西狩(shou)獲(huo)麟,為(wei)漢制(zhi)作,故(gu)《孝┘經·援(yuan)神挈》曰(yue)(yue):“玄(xuan)丘制(zhi)命(ming)帝卯行。”又,《尚(shang)(shang)書·考靈耀》曰(yue)(yue):“丘生(sheng)(sheng)倉(cang)際,觸期稽(ji)度為(wei)赤(chi)制(zhi)。”故(gu)作《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》,以(yi)明(ming)┘文(wen)命(ming)。綴紀撰書,修定禮義。臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)為(wei)素王(wang)(wang)稽(ji)古,德(de)亞皇(huang)代。雖有褒(bao)成世(shi)享之(zhi)封,四時(shi)來祭,畢即歸(gui)┘國(guo)(guo)。臣(chen)(chen)伏見臨璧雍日(ri)(ri),祠(ci)孔(kong)子(zi)以(yi)大(da)牢,長(chang)吏備(bei)爵(jue),所以(yi)尊先師重教化也。夫封土為(wei)社(she),立稷(ji)而祀,┘皆為(wei)百(bai)姓興(xing)利(li)除害,以(yi)祈豐穰。《月令》:“祀百(bai)辟(pi)卿(qing)士有益(yi)于(yu)民。”矧(shen)乃孔(kong)子(zi),玄(xuan)德(de)煥(huan)炳,光于(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下。而┘本國(guo)(guo)舊居(ju),復(fu)禮之(zhi)日(ri)(ri),闕(que)而不(bu)(bu)祀,誠(cheng)┘朝(chao)廷(ting)圣恩所宜特加,臣(chen)(chen)寢息耿耿,情所思惟。臣(chen)(chen)輒依(yi)社(she)稷(ji),出(chu)王(wang)(wang)家谷,春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)行禮,以(yi)共煙祀,余□┘賜先生(sheng)(sheng)執事(shi)。臣(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou),死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)盡力思惟庶政,報稱為(wei)效,增(zeng)異輒上(shang)(shang)(shang)。臣(chen)(chen)晨誠(cheng)惶誠(cheng)恐(kong),┘頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou),死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)┘尚(shang)(shang)書。|時(shi)副言大(da)傅(fu)、大(da)尉(wei)、司徒、司空、大(da)司農府治所部從事(shi)。┘
昔在仲尼,汁光之精。大帝所挺,顏母毓靈。承敝遭衰,黑不代倉。□流應聘,嘆鳳不臻。自衛反魯,┘養徒三千。獲麟趣作,端門見征,血書著紀,黃玉
西漢(han)(han)自漢(han)(han)武帝(di)開(kai)始(shi),經(jing)董(dong)仲舒改造(zao)后(hou)的儒(ru)學(xue)成為(wei)國家宗教,儒(ru)家思(si)想的統治話語權得以確(que)立。東漢(han)(han)自漢(han)(han)光武帝(di)開(kai)始(shi),更是(shi)有幾代君主親赴曲(qu)阜祭(ji)祀孔(kong)子,對孔(kong)子的一(yi)系列祭(ji)祀禮儀逐漸規范(fan)化、日常化;地方(fang)官員更是(shi)爭先立碑(bei)紀事,宣揚祭(ji)孔(kong)、尊孔(kong)事跡(ji),《史(shi)晨碑(bei)》即其中之一(yi)。
對刊(kan)刻(ke)時(shi)(shi)間(jian),因(yin)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陽首(shou)云“建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)”而(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)首(shou)云“建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)”,許(xu)多著(zhu)錄者誤以為是(shi)兩碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),刊(kan)刻(ke)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)也(ye)只是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)文首(shou)句而(er)認為碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陽刻(ke)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian))而(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)刻(ke)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian))。但據(ju)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)記載,史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian))四月(yue)十一日(ri)到(dao)任后,便選擇吉日(ri),拜謁(ye)了孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)舊(jiu)宅(zhai)(zhai),接著(zhu)又向(xiang)尚書(shu)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)請在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)宅(zhai)(zhai)以公費祭(ji)祀(si)的(de)事宜,奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)章中還(huan)引用了符驗之說,這樣才能施(shi)行(xing)(xing)祭(ji)祀(si)。其中,“乃以令日(ri)”的(de)“乃以”兩字說明史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)的(de)到(dao)官時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)拜謁(ye)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)并(bing)(bing)不是(shi)一天;“乃敢承祀(si)”則說明了沒有(you)接著(zhu)拜謁(ye)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi),是(shi)因(yin)為要向(xiang)尚書(shu)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)請和(he)參驗。可知,建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)到(dao)官的(de)日(ri)期而(er)非碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)的(de)刊(kan)刻(ke)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。而(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)又提到(dao):“刊(kan)石勒銘,并(bing)(bing)列(lie)(lie)本奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。”意思(si)是(shi)刻(ke)石記下(xia)史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)的(de)功績,并(bing)(bing)將史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)上奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)章列(lie)(lie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)前面,也(ye)就是(shi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陽的(de)內容,由此可知碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陽和(he)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)的(de)刊(kan)刻(ke)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)應是(shi)一樣的(de)。結合碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)陽記載來看,魯(lu)相史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian))四月(yue)十一日(ri)抵達任所,之后進行(xing)(xing)祭(ji)廟、筑墻、修(xiu)溝、立會市(shi)等活動,于(yu)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)月(yue)七日(ri)上奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)朝廷(ting)。揆(kui)情度理,刊(kan)刻(ke)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)應為東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian))且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)月(yue)七日(ri)上奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)后不久(jiu)。
一、橫法
《史晨碑》的橫(heng)(heng)畫富于變(bian)化(hua),有平(ping)直的,如“臣”字上(shang)橫(heng)(heng);有中間部(bu)位(wei)(wei)凸出(chu)的,如“憂”字的上(shang)橫(heng)(heng);也(ye)有中間部(bu)位(wei)(wei)凹陷的,如“土”字的上(shang)橫(heng)(heng)。
二、波法
《史晨碑》波畫的起(qi)(qi)筆有方、圓之(zhi)分(fen),起(qi)(qi)筆法同橫(heng),只是起(qi)(qi)筆時稍有下探,轉(zhuan)翻筆鋒(feng)右行時逐漸提筆,筆鋒(feng)行至(zhi)中間位置(zhi),再逐漸加力(li)至(zhi)雁尾處(chu)。
三、捺法
《史晨碑(bei)》的捺(na)(na)(na)有長(chang)捺(na)(na)(na)、短(duan)捺(na)(na)(na)之別。長(chang)捺(na)(na)(na)出(chu)現在“教”字、“政”字等中,寫法基(ji)本與“波”法相同。所(suo)不(bu)同的是(shi)波畫是(shi)呈水平橫置(zhi)的,捺(na)(na)(na)是(shi)右斜(xie)下行筆(bi)畫,而且捺(na)(na)(na)多是(shi)處(chu)于(yu)與其他筆(bi)畫的配合、交織之中的,其效(xiao)果反(fan)不(bu)如(ru)波畫更為(wei)伸(shen)展(zhan),短(duan)捺(na)(na)(na)如(ru)“懸”字、“報”字等之中,起筆(bi)處(chu)無明顯頓頭,起筆(bi)后即右斜(xie)下行,至捺(na)(na)(na)腳(jiao)處(chu)加(jia)力,并改變方向(xiang)平出(chu),整個過程,只(zhi)有捺(na)(na)(na)腳(jiao)處(chu)有一折(zhe)筆(bi)。
四、撇法
《史晨碑》的(de)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)法有(you)(you)平(ping)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)、直撇(pie)(pie)(pie)之分。平(ping)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)勢取(qu)橫,有(you)(you)順(shun)寫的(de),也有(you)(you)逆(ni)寫的(de)。直撇(pie)(pie)(pie)的(de)寫法,收筆(bi)(bi)(bi)處多回鋒,形成頓頭,如(ru)“煥”字的(de)“火”旁(pang),這種直撇(pie)(pie)(pie),起(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)逆(ni)行,轉、翻后筆(bi)(bi)(bi)鋒下行,邊(bian)行邊(bian)提,至中部位置,筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫較細,再向左下行筆(bi)(bi)(bi),逐漸加(jia)力,至末端停筆(bi)(bi)(bi),筆(bi)(bi)(bi)鋒上提,呈方形收筆(bi)(bi)(bi),形成中間細、兩端重的(de)直撇(pie)(pie)(pie)特點(dian)。還有(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)撇(pie)(pie)(pie),呈起(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)重、收筆(bi)(bi)(bi)輕的(de)寫法,如(ru)“視”字的(de)“見”和“人”字的(de)短(duan)(duan)撇(pie)(pie)(pie),做出鋒收筆(bi)(bi)(bi),略似(si)楷法。
五、豎法
《史晨碑》的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)除具有力度外,尚有一種(zhong)跌宕(dang)多變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筆意存(cun)在。如“祈(qi)”字中(zhong)(zhong)“斤”的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)、“辟”字中(zhong)(zhong)“辛”旁的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua),其輪廓(kuo)不垂(chui)直,但置其字中(zhong)(zhong),卻中(zhong)(zhong)心穩當(dang),儀態多方(fang)。此外,“德(de)”字、“復”字中(zhong)(zhong)“ㄔ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)與(yu)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)撇的(de)(de)(de)(de)寫法無(wu)異(yi)。
六、點法
《史晨碑》的(de)點多(duo)作三(san)角形,具有方向性;也(ye)有的(de)上點寫作短橫的(de),如“禮”字、“社”字、“主”字的(de)上點均(jun)寫作短橫。
《史(shi)晨碑》結體端(duan)莊典雅,綽約多(duo)姿(zi),主要(yao)有以下特點:
①端莊整飭,肅(su)穆秀(xiu)潤。《史晨碑》隸法純正,線(xian)條以圓(yuan)筆(bi)為主,方圓(yuan)兼得,剛柔相濟,舒展優雅,將端莊、工整、雍容、典(dian)雅、肅(su)穆、秀(xiu)逸集于(yu)一身,儼然(ran)有君子(zi)之風。
②左舒(shu)右(you)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。《史晨碑》在橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)方面,大體有以(yi)下規(gui)律:一收(shou)(shou)縮豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),擴展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。如“上(shang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)收(shou)(shou)縮,波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),結(jie)(jie)體顯(xian)得(de)寬(kuan)博;“千(qian)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)收(shou)(shou)縮,伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)間的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)(jie)體顯(xian)得(de)扁平;“奉”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)下面的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)加(jia)以(yi)收(shou)(shou)縮,奮力舒(shu)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)左邊(bian)的(de)(de)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)和右(you)邊(bian)的(de)(de)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)(jie)體顯(xian)得(de)寬(kuan)綽;“并(bing)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),收(shou)(shou)縮兩個豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)間的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de);“仰”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),由左中(zhong)(zhong)右(you)三部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng),這三部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)都(dou)壓低變(bian)寬(kuan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)到最大限度(du)地展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)放。二(er)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),令字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體變(bian)寬(kuan)。如“百(bai)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“七(qi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頂部(bu)(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi);“赤”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“音(yin)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi);“堂”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“丘”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)底(di)部(bu)(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。三伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)、捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua),展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)寬(kuan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體。如“石(shi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“力”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了(le)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi);“以(yi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“之(zhi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了(le)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi);“戊”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“及(ji)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua),形成(cheng)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi);“右(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孝”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)遂生(sheng);刪”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“倒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通過(guo)(guo)左右(you)兩部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)張(zhang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)加(jia)強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。“門”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),除了(le)左右(you)兩部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)張(zhang)之(zhi)外,還將(jiang)左邊(bian)的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)變(bian)為撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),從(cong)而(er)增強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)(qu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。
③主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)突出,搭配靈巧。如“與”字(zi)(zi),以波畫(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi),波畫(hua)橫貫(guan)字(zi)(zi)中(zhong),上(shang)下兩部分(fen)(fen)高低相差不大(da),大(da)小適中(zhong),旁附(fu)于(yu)波畫(hua)上(shang)下,與作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)的波畫(hua)若即若離,上(shang)面部分(fen)(fen)稍寬,下面部分(fen)(fen)(一撇(pie)(pie)一點)稍微收縮,顯(xian)得緊俏勁挺(ting),全字(zi)(zi)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)次(ci),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)次(ci)分(fen)(fen)明,各司其(qi)(qi)(qi)職,氣(qi)息相通;“式”字(zi)(zi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)鉤(gou)(gou)畫(hua)寫(xie)作捺畫(hua),與頂(ding)端(duan)平(ping)畫(hua)搭起(qi)全字(zi)(zi)骨架(jia),舒展大(da)方,下面的工字(zi)(zi)旁玲瓏可愛(ai),依附(fu)在主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)構成的框(kuang)架(jia)之(zhi)下,“如老翁攜幼孫行”(包世臣語),其(qi)(qi)(qi)親密和諧俱顯(xian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong);“元”字(zi)(zi),兩個平(ping)畫(hua)一短一長,頂(ding)戴在上(shang),下面一撇(pie)(pie)一鉤(gou)(gou),鉤(gou)(gou)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),撇(pie)(pie)為(wei)次(ci),鉤(gou)(gou)放,撇(pie)(pie)收,共同(tong)將頂(ding)端(duan)撐托起(qi)來,全字(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)次(ci)有(you)序,搭配得當。
《史(shi)晨碑》的章法具(ju)有以下特點(dian):
①縱有行,橫(heng)成(cheng)列(lie),布(bu)局嚴整。《史晨碑》章法嚴整,步伍整齊,凜(lin)不(bu)可犯。其字距(ju)與(yu)行距(ju)較大(da),章法布(bu)局疏朗空靈。這一特點(dian),在同(tong)類漢碑中極為突出(chu),充分展示了其恢宏巨(ju)制(zhi)和(he)高古(gu)典(dian)雅(ya)的廟堂之氣。
②分(fen)背取勢(shi),字(zi)(zi)疏行密,橫向(xiang)涌(yong)動。《史晨碑》結體(ti)上(shang)內收外張,突出(chu)主(zhu)筆,其波畫奮(fen)力向(xiang)左右舒展(zhan),撇畫、鉤畫盡(jin)量向(xiang)左伸(shen)展(zhan),捺(na)畫盡(jin)量向(xiang)右伸(shen)展(zhan)。因(yin)而,字(zi)(zi)體(ti)多呈扁平形(xing)狀(zhuang),具有(you)橫向(xiang)張力,分(fen)背之(zhi)勢(shi)十分(fen)明顯(xian),這(zhe)樣,行與(yu)行之(zhi)間的呼(hu)(hu)應顧盼作(zuo)用(yong)比(bi)字(zi)(zi)與(yu)字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間的關聯作(zuo)用(yong)更(geng)為強烈,因(yin)此形(xing)成正文的整(zheng)體(ti)布(bu)局的字(zi)(zi)距(ju)大于行距(ju)的排(pai)列形(xing)式。總覽其整(zheng)體(ti)布(bu)白(bai),最(zui)突出(chu)的特點就是一行行橫向(xiang)之(zhi)間搭肩接踵(zhong),橫看猶如(ru)一排(pai)排(pai)波浪,前呼(hu)(hu)后應,一層一層地向(xiang)前涌(yong)進。
③舒曠疏朗,清新空靈,靜(jing)中寓(yu)動。《史晨碑(bei)》雖然(ran)以端莊典雅著稱(cheng),但它的(de)筆畫是活(huo)(huo)脫的(de),極具偃仰變化,而且搭配靈巧(qiao),所以其字是活(huo)(huo)潑靈動的(de),具有參差錯落的(de)變化,看似靜(jing)態,實(shi)則隱含著流(liu)動之勢,遠離(li)刻板之累。
明末清(qing)初金石(shi)書法家郭宗昌:分法復爾雅超逸(yi),可為百(bai)代模楷,亦非后世可及。(《金石(shi)史·卷上·漢魯相史伯時供祀孔子廟碑》)
明末清初(chu)收藏(zang)家孫承澤:史魯相(xiang)有(you)二(er)碑(bei)(bei),石皆完好,字(zi)復爾雅超逸,可(ke)為百世楷模,漢石之最佳者也(ye)。前(qian)碑(bei)(bei)載史姓(xing)字(zi)爵里,于(yu)建寧元年四月(yue)(yue)十(shi)一日(ri)(ri)戌時到官(guan),乃(nai)以令(ling)日(ri)(ri)拜孔子(zi),即(ji)修禋祀,罷斂民(min)錢。后碑(bei)(bei)史自(zi)出俸錢家谷以供禋祀,于(yu)建寧二(er)年三月(yue)(yue)癸卯朔七日(ri)(ri)上(shang)尚書,時副言大傅、大尉、司徒、司空、大司農(nong),蓋國有(you)大造,司徒、司空通而論(lun)之。史不以案食小(xiao)節自(zi)忽,必上(shang)之尚書、請之天子(zi),亦賢矣哉(zai)。(《庚子(zi)銷夏記·卷五(wu)·魯相(xiang)史晨孔子(zi)廟碑(bei)(bei)(前(qian)碑(bei)(bei)后碑(bei)(bei))》)
清(qing)代書(shu)法(fa)家萬經:兩碑(bei)字修飭緊密(mi),矩度(du)森然,如程不識(shi)之(zhi)師,步伍整齊,凜不可犯(fan),其品(pin)格當在《卒史》(《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)》)、《韓勅》(《禮器碑(bei)》)之(zhi)右。(《分隸(li)偶存·卷上(shang)·漢(han)史晨饗孔廟前后兩碑(bei)》)
清代書法家(jia)王澍:①《乙瑛》雄古,《韓(han)敕》變化,《史(shi)晨(chen)》嚴謹(jin),皆漢(han)(han)隸(li)極(ji)則(ze)。(《虛舟(zhou)題(ti)跋·原卷一·漢(han)(han)魯相為孔(kong)(kong)廟置百石卒史(shi)碑》)②吾以《孔(kong)(kong)和》《韓(han)敕》《史(shi)晨(chen)》三碑舉似(si)學者,以為遒古莫如《孔(kong)(kong)和》,清超莫如《韓(han)敕》,肅括(kuo)莫如《史(shi)晨(chen)》,三碑足概漢(han)(han)隸(li)。其實《孔(kong)(kong)和》《史(shi)晨(chen)》二碑皆各就一偏而(er)詣其極(ji),唯《韓(han)敕》無美不備。(《虛舟(zhou)題(ti)跋·原卷二·漢(han)(han)魯相韓(han)敕孔(kong)(kong)廟碑》)
清代書法家(jia)何紹基:每閱是碑(bei),端謹(jin)淵肅,宛然見(jian)伯時(shi)躬(gong)上醊(chuo)具,仰瞻俯(fu)視光(guang)景。東京分(fen)書碑(bei)尚不乏(fa),凡遇(yu)一碑(bei),則意度各別,可想古人變(bian)化之妙。要知東京各碑(bei),結構方(fang)整中變(bian)化無窮;魏、吳各刻,便形板滯矣。(《雪堂所藏金石(shi)文字薄錄·漢·史晨饗孔(kong)廟奏(zou)銘(朱少河舊(jiu)藏本)》)
清(qing)代書(shu)(shu)法家方朔(shuo):書(shu)(shu)法則肅括宏深,沉(chen)古遒厚,結(jie)構與意度皆備(bei),洵為廟(miao)堂之品(pin),八分正宗(zong)也。(《枕(zhen)經堂金(jin)石跋·卷三·舊拓漢魯相史晨祀孔(kong)廟(miao)前后二碑跋》)
近代書(shu)法藝術家楊守(shou)敬:碑下一(yi)(yi)層字(zi),嵌置趺眼,向來拓本,難于(yu)句讀。自乾隆己酉何夢華將趺眼鑿開,從此(ci)全(quan)文遂顯。昔人謂漢隸不(bu)皆佳,而(er)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)古厚之氣,自不(bu)可及,此(ci)種(zhong)是也。(《激素(su)飛清閣評碑記·卷一(yi)(yi)·漢·史晨奏祀(si)孔子廟碑》)
近(jin)代書法(fa)家康有為:虛和則有《乙瑛》《史晨》。(《廣藝舟雙(shuang)楫(ji)·卷二·本漢第七》)
中國書(shu)法家協會顧問鐘明(ming)善:左規右(you)矩,法度森嚴,立漢碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)風范的。這(zhe)類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)(ke)在漢隸(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)(ke)中為最(zui)多(duo)。其代表作有(you)《熹(xi)平石經(jing)》《禮器碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《曹全碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《華山碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《孔宙碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《朝侯(hou)小子殘石》《韓仁銘》《楊(yang)叔恭殘碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《白(bai)石神君碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《劉熊(xiong)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》等。歷來人們(men)認為這(zhe)類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)(ke)是漢隸(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)(ke)的典范。這(zhe)一派在當(dang)時是開風習、樹“八(ba)分”法則的革新派,后世則視之為漢隸(li)中之“館閣”。(《中國書(shu)法簡史》)
《史(shi)晨碑(bei)》刊刻(ke)(ke)后收存(cun)在山東曲(qu)阜孔廟同(tong)文門下。碑(bei)下端(duan)曾嵌于碑(bei)趺(fu)的(de)卯(mao)眼中,清(qing)代乾隆五(wu)十四年(nian)(1789年(nian)),何(he)元錫將碑(bei)根部(bu)提升上來(lai),碑(bei)全(quan)貌才顯露(lu)。1978年(nian)移(yi)(yi)入孔廟東廡,1998年(nian)移(yi)(yi)存(cun)漢魏碑(bei)刻(ke)(ke)陳列館(guan)。
著作 著錄名稱
名稱 作者
集古錄跋尾 歐陽修(xiu) 后漢魯相晨(chen)孔子(zi)廟(miao)碑(bei)
金石(shi)錄(lu) 趙明誠 漢魯(lu)相史晨孔子廟碑(bei)(碑(bei)陰)
漢史晨(chen)孔子廟碑(碑陽(yang))
隸釋 洪適(shi) 魯相史晨(chen)祠孔廟奏銘(碑陽)
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