《史晨碑(bei)》是刊刻于東漢建寧二年(169年)的(de)一方(fang)碑(bei)刻,又稱“史晨前(qian)后碑(bei)”,無撰書(shu)人姓(xing)名,屬隸書(shu)書(shu)法作品,現(xian)存于漢魏碑(bei)刻陳列(lie)館(guan)。
《史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)碑》為圓首碑,有額(e),額(e)高(gao)34厘(li)米(mi),無字(zi),碑身高(gao)173.5厘(li)米(mi),寬85厘(li)米(mi),厚23.5厘(li)米(mi)。碑兩面(mian)刻,面(mian)向東為陽面(mian),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)前(qian)碑”,又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)“魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)奏(zou)銘”等(deng),刊刻魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)關于祭祀孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)上呈朝廷(ting)的(de)奏(zou)章,后(hou)(hou)附四言銘文12韻(yun)24句;面(mian)向西為陰(yin)面(mian),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)后(hou)(hou)碑”,又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)“魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)饗孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)廟碑”等(deng),記敘(xu)了史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)到任后(hou)(hou)謁(ye)廟拜孔(kong)(kong)、修墻飾屋、疏通(tong)溝渠、植(zhi)行道樹、設(she)立會(hui)市等(deng)事跡,與《乙瑛碑》《禮(li)器碑》合稱(cheng)(cheng)“孔(kong)(kong)廟三碑”。其書法含蓄蘊藉,健(jian)勁(jing)遒逸,結構左顧(gu)右盼,上下啟承,疏密勻稱(cheng)(cheng),提按得法,風韻(yun)自然(ran)跌宕,飛彩凝暉,法意俱全。
碑陽(“史晨前(qian)碑”)
建寧(ning)二年(nian),三月(yue)癸卯朔,七日(ri)己酉,魯相臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)晨、長(chang)史臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)謙,頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou)死罪(zui)(zui),上(shang)┘尚書(shu)(shu)(shu):臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou),死罪(zui)(zui)死罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)蒙厚恩(en),受任(ren)符守,得在奎(kui)婁,周孔舊(jiu)寓。不能闡弘(hong)德(de)(de)政(zheng),恢崇┘壹變,夙夜憂(you)怖,累息屏營(ying)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou),死罪(zui)(zui)死罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)建寧(ning)元年(nian)到官,行(xing)秋(qiu)饗(xiang),飲酒(jiu)畔(pan)宮。畢,┘復禮(li)孔子宅,拜謁神坐(zuo),仰(yang)瞻榱(cui)桷(jue),俯視幾筵,靈所馮(feng)依,肅(su)肅(su)猶存(cun)。而(er)無公出(chu)酒(jiu)脯之祠,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)即自┘以(yi)奉錢,修上(shang)案食醊具,以(yi)敘小節,不敢空(kong)謁。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)伏念:孔子乾坤所挺,西狩獲麟(lin),為(wei)漢制作,故《孝┘經·援神挈》曰:“玄丘制命帝(di)卯行(xing)。”又(you),《尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)·考靈耀》曰:“丘生倉(cang)際,觸期(qi)稽度為(wei)赤(chi)制。”故作《春秋(qiu)》,以(yi)明(ming)┘文命。綴紀(ji)撰書(shu)(shu)(shu),修定禮(li)義。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)為(wei)素王(wang)稽古,德(de)(de)亞皇代。雖有褒成世享之封,四時來(lai)祭(ji),畢即歸┘國(guo)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)伏見臨璧雍日(ri),祠孔子以(yi)大牢,長(chang)吏備爵(jue),所以(yi)尊先(xian)師重教化(hua)也(ye)。夫(fu)封土(tu)為(wei)社,立稷而(er)祀(si),┘皆為(wei)百姓興利除害,以(yi)祈(qi)豐(feng)穰(rang)。《月(yue)令(ling)》:“祀(si)百辟(pi)卿士有益于(yu)民。”矧(shen)乃(nai)孔子,玄德(de)(de)煥炳,光于(yu)上(shang)下(xia)。而(er)┘本(ben)國(guo)舊(jiu)居,復禮(li)之日(ri),闕(que)而(er)不祀(si),誠┘朝廷圣恩(en)所宜特加,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)寢息耿耿,情所思惟。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)輒依社稷,出(chu)王(wang)家谷,春秋(qiu)行(xing)禮(li),以(yi)共煙祀(si),余□┘賜(si)先(xian)生執事。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)晨頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou),死罪(zui)(zui)死罪(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盡力思惟庶政(zheng),報稱為(wei)效(xiao),增異輒上(shang)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)晨誠惶誠恐,┘頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou)頓(dun)(dun)首(shou)(shou)(shou),死罪(zui)(zui)死罪(zui)(zui)。上(shang)┘尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)。|時副言大傅、大尉、司(si)(si)徒(tu)、司(si)(si)空(kong)、大司(si)(si)農府治所部從事。┘
昔在仲尼,汁光之精。大帝所挺,顏母毓靈。承敝遭衰,黑不代倉。□流應聘,嘆鳳不臻。自衛反魯,┘養徒三千。獲麟趣作,端門見征,血書著紀,黃玉
西(xi)漢(han)自(zi)漢(han)武帝開始(shi),經(jing)董(dong)仲舒改(gai)造(zao)后的儒(ru)學(xue)成為(wei)國家宗教,儒(ru)家思(si)想(xiang)的統(tong)治話語(yu)權得以確立。東(dong)漢(han)自(zi)漢(han)光武帝開始(shi),更(geng)是有幾代君主親赴曲阜(fu)祭祀孔(kong)(kong)子,對(dui)孔(kong)(kong)子的一系列(lie)祭祀禮儀(yi)逐(zhu)漸規范化、日常化;地(di)方官員更(geng)是爭先立碑紀事,宣揚(yang)祭孔(kong)(kong)、尊孔(kong)(kong)事跡(ji),《史晨碑》即(ji)其(qi)中之一。
對刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi)間,因碑(bei)陽(yang)首(shou)云“建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”而(er)碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)首(shou)云“建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”,許(xu)多(duo)著錄者誤(wu)以為是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)碑(bei),刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi)間也只是(shi)(shi)根據碑(bei)文首(shou)句而(er)認為碑(bei)陽(yang)刻(ke)(ke)于東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))而(er)碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)刻(ke)(ke)于東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))。但據碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)記(ji)(ji)載,史(shi)晨(chen)在東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))四月(yue)十(shi)一日(ri)到任(ren)后,便選擇吉日(ri),拜(bai)謁(ye)了孔(kong)子(zi)的(de)(de)舊宅,接(jie)著又向(xiang)尚書奏(zou)(zou)請在孔(kong)宅以公費祭(ji)祀(si)的(de)(de)事宜,奏(zou)(zou)章(zhang)中還(huan)引用(yong)了符(fu)驗之說(shuo),這樣才能施行祭(ji)祀(si)。其中,“乃(nai)以令(ling)日(ri)”的(de)(de)“乃(nai)以”兩(liang)字說(shuo)明史(shi)晨(chen)的(de)(de)到官時(shi)間和拜(bai)謁(ye)孔(kong)子(zi)并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)一天;“乃(nai)敢承祀(si)”則說(shuo)明了沒(mei)有(you)接(jie)著拜(bai)謁(ye)孔(kong)子(zi),是(shi)(shi)因為要(yao)向(xiang)尚書奏(zou)(zou)請和參驗。可知,建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)(shi)史(shi)晨(chen)到官的(de)(de)日(ri)期(qi)而(er)非碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi)間。而(er)碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)又提到:“刊(kan)石勒(le)銘,并(bing)列本奏(zou)(zou)。”意思是(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)石記(ji)(ji)下史(shi)晨(chen)的(de)(de)功績,并(bing)將史(shi)晨(chen)上(shang)奏(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)奏(zou)(zou)章(zhang)列在前面(mian),也就是(shi)(shi)碑(bei)陽(yang)的(de)(de)內容,由此(ci)可知碑(bei)陽(yang)和碑(bei)陰(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi)間應(ying)是(shi)(shi)一樣的(de)(de)。結(jie)合碑(bei)陽(yang)記(ji)(ji)載來(lai)看,魯相史(shi)晨(chen)在東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(168年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))四月(yue)十(shi)一日(ri)抵達(da)任(ren)所,之后進行祭(ji)廟、筑墻(qiang)、修溝(gou)、立會市(shi)等活動(dong),于東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)月(yue)七(qi)日(ri)上(shang)奏(zou)(zou)朝廷。揆(kui)情度理,刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi)間應(ying)為東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))且在東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(169年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)月(yue)七(qi)日(ri)上(shang)奏(zou)(zou)后不久。
一、橫法
《史晨碑(bei)》的(de)(de)橫畫(hua)富于變化,有(you)平直的(de)(de),如“臣(chen)”字上橫;有(you)中(zhong)間部位(wei)凸(tu)出的(de)(de),如“憂”字的(de)(de)上橫;也有(you)中(zhong)間部位(wei)凹陷的(de)(de),如“土”字的(de)(de)上橫。
二、波法
《史晨碑》波(bo)畫的起筆(bi)(bi)有方、圓之(zhi)分,起筆(bi)(bi)法(fa)同橫,只(zhi)是起筆(bi)(bi)時稍有下探,轉翻筆(bi)(bi)鋒(feng)右行時逐(zhu)(zhu)漸提筆(bi)(bi),筆(bi)(bi)鋒(feng)行至(zhi)中間位置,再逐(zhu)(zhu)漸加力至(zhi)雁尾處。
三、捺法
《史(shi)晨碑》的捺(na)有(you)長(chang)(chang)捺(na)、短(duan)捺(na)之(zhi)(zhi)別。長(chang)(chang)捺(na)出現在“教”字、“政(zheng)”字等中,寫法基本與“波(bo)(bo)”法相同(tong)。所(suo)不(bu)同(tong)的是波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)是呈水(shui)平橫置的,捺(na)是右(you)斜(xie)(xie)下行筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua),而且捺(na)多是處于(yu)與其他筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)的配合、交織之(zhi)(zhi)中的,其效果反(fan)不(bu)如(ru)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)更(geng)為(wei)伸展,短(duan)捺(na)如(ru)“懸(xuan)”字、“報”字等之(zhi)(zhi)中,起筆(bi)(bi)(bi)處無明顯頓頭,起筆(bi)(bi)(bi)后即右(you)斜(xie)(xie)下行,至捺(na)腳處加力(li),并(bing)改變方向平出,整個過程(cheng),只有(you)捺(na)腳處有(you)一折筆(bi)(bi)(bi)。
四、撇法
《史晨碑》的(de)(de)撇(pie)法(fa)有平(ping)撇(pie)、直撇(pie)之分。平(ping)撇(pie)筆(bi)勢取橫(heng),有順寫(xie)的(de)(de),也有逆寫(xie)的(de)(de)。直撇(pie)的(de)(de)寫(xie)法(fa),收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)處多(duo)回鋒,形成頓頭,如“煥(huan)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)“火”旁,這種(zhong)直撇(pie),起(qi)筆(bi)逆行(xing)(xing),轉、翻后筆(bi)鋒下(xia)行(xing)(xing),邊行(xing)(xing)邊提(ti),至中部位(wei)置,筆(bi)畫較細(xi)(xi),再向左下(xia)行(xing)(xing)筆(bi),逐漸(jian)加力,至末端(duan)停筆(bi),筆(bi)鋒上提(ti),呈方(fang)形收(shou)(shou)筆(bi),形成中間細(xi)(xi)、兩端(duan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)直撇(pie)特點。還有短撇(pie),呈起(qi)筆(bi)重(zhong)、收(shou)(shou)筆(bi)輕的(de)(de)寫(xie)法(fa),如“視(shi)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)“見(jian)”和“人”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)短撇(pie),做(zuo)出鋒收(shou)(shou)筆(bi),略似楷法(fa)。
五、豎法
《史晨碑》的(de)(de)豎(shu)畫(hua)除(chu)具有力(li)度(du)外(wai)(wai),尚有一(yi)種跌宕多變的(de)(de)筆意存在。如“祈”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)“斤”的(de)(de)豎(shu)畫(hua)、“辟”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)“辛”旁的(de)(de)豎(shu)畫(hua),其(qi)輪廓不垂直(zhi),但(dan)置其(qi)字(zi)(zi)中(zhong),卻中(zhong)心(xin)穩當,儀態多方。此外(wai)(wai),“德”字(zi)(zi)、“復”字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)“ㄔ”的(de)(de)豎(shu)畫(hua)與豎(shu)撇的(de)(de)寫法(fa)無(wu)異。
六、點法
《史晨碑》的(de)(de)點多作三(san)角形,具(ju)有方向性(xing);也有的(de)(de)上(shang)點寫(xie)作短橫的(de)(de),如“禮”字、“社(she)”字、“主”字的(de)(de)上(shang)點均(jun)寫(xie)作短橫。
《史晨碑(bei)》結體端(duan)莊典雅,綽約多姿(zi),主要(yao)有以下(xia)特(te)點:
①端莊整(zheng)(zheng)飭,肅穆秀潤。《史晨碑》隸(li)法純正,線條(tiao)以(yi)圓筆(bi)為主,方圓兼得,剛柔相濟,舒展(zhan)優雅,將端莊、工整(zheng)(zheng)、雍(yong)容、典雅、肅穆、秀逸集于一身,儼然有君(jun)子之風。
②左(zuo)舒右(you)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi)。《史晨碑》在橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi)方面,大(da)體(ti)(ti)有以下規律(lv):一收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),擴展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)。如(ru)“上”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)收(shou)(shou)縮(suo),波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),結(jie)體(ti)(ti)顯得(de)寬(kuan)博;“千”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)收(shou)(shou)縮(suo),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)間的(de)(de)(de)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)體(ti)(ti)顯得(de)扁(bian)平;“奉”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將下面的(de)(de)(de)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)加(jia)以收(shou)(shou)縮(suo),奮力(li)舒展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)左(zuo)邊的(de)(de)(de)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和右(you)邊的(de)(de)(de)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)體(ti)(ti)顯得(de)寬(kuan)綽;“并”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)兩(liang)(liang)個豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)間的(de)(de)(de)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de);“仰(yang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),由左(zuo)中(zhong)右(you)三部(bu)分組成,這(zhe)三部(bu)分都壓低(di)變(bian)(bian)寬(kuan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)得(de)到最大(da)限度地(di)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)放(fang)。二伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),令字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)變(bian)(bian)寬(kuan)。如(ru)“百”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“七”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頂部(bu)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi);“赤”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“音”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)部(bu)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi);“堂(tang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“丘”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)底部(bu)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)。三伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)寬(kuan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)。如(ru)“石”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“力(li)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi);“以”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“之”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi);“戊”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“及”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),形(xing)成橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi);“右(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孝”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi)遂生;刪”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“倒(dao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)分張來(lai)加(jia)強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)(shi)。“門”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),除了左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)分張之外(wai),還將左(zuo)邊的(de)(de)(de)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)變(bian)(bian)為撇(pie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),從而增強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)(shi)。
③主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)突出,搭配靈巧。如(ru)(ru)“與(yu)”字,以波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi),波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)橫貫(guan)字中,上下(xia)兩(liang)部分高低相差(cha)不大,大小適中,旁附于波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)上下(xia),與(yu)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)的波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)若即(ji)若離,上面(mian)部分稍(shao)寬,下(xia)面(mian)部分(一(yi)撇一(yi)點)稍(shao)微收(shou)縮,顯(xian)得緊俏勁挺,全(quan)字有主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有次,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)次分明,各(ge)司其職,氣息相通;“式”字,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)鉤畫(hua)(hua)(hua)寫作捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua),與(yu)頂(ding)(ding)端平(ping)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)搭起(qi)全(quan)字骨(gu)架,舒展大方(fang),下(xia)面(mian)的工字旁玲瓏可(ke)愛,依附在主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)筆(bi)構成的框架之下(xia),“如(ru)(ru)老(lao)翁攜幼孫行(xing)”(包(bao)世臣語),其親密和諧(xie)俱顯(xian)其中;“元”字,兩(liang)個平(ping)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)一(yi)短一(yi)長,頂(ding)(ding)戴(dai)在上,下(xia)面(mian)一(yi)撇一(yi)鉤,鉤為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),撇為(wei)次,鉤放,撇收(shou),共(gong)同將頂(ding)(ding)端撐托(tuo)起(qi)來,全(quan)字主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)次有序,搭配得當(dang)。
《史(shi)晨碑》的章(zhang)法(fa)具有以(yi)下特點:
①縱有(you)行(xing),橫成列,布局嚴整(zheng)(zheng)。《史(shi)晨(chen)碑(bei)》章(zhang)法嚴整(zheng)(zheng),步伍整(zheng)(zheng)齊,凜不可犯。其(qi)字距與行(xing)距較大,章(zhang)法布局疏朗空靈。這一特點,在同類(lei)漢碑(bei)中極為突出,充分展示了(le)其(qi)恢宏巨制和高古典(dian)雅的廟(miao)堂之氣。
②分(fen)(fen)背(bei)(bei)取勢(shi),字(zi)疏行(xing)密,橫向(xiang)(xiang)涌動。《史晨碑》結(jie)體(ti)(ti)上內收外張,突出主(zhu)筆(bi),其波(bo)畫(hua)奮力(li)向(xiang)(xiang)左右(you)舒展,撇(pie)畫(hua)、鉤畫(hua)盡量向(xiang)(xiang)左伸展,捺(na)畫(hua)盡量向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸展。因而,字(zi)體(ti)(ti)多(duo)呈扁平形(xing)狀(zhuang),具有橫向(xiang)(xiang)張力(li),分(fen)(fen)背(bei)(bei)之勢(shi)十分(fen)(fen)明顯,這(zhe)樣,行(xing)與行(xing)之間(jian)(jian)的呼應顧(gu)盼作用比(bi)字(zi)與字(zi)之間(jian)(jian)的關聯作用更為強烈,因此形(xing)成正文的整體(ti)(ti)布局(ju)的字(zi)距大(da)于(yu)行(xing)距的排(pai)列形(xing)式。總覽其整體(ti)(ti)布白,最突出的特點就(jiu)是一行(xing)行(xing)橫向(xiang)(xiang)之間(jian)(jian)搭肩(jian)接(jie)踵,橫看(kan)猶如一排(pai)排(pai)波(bo)浪(lang),前(qian)呼后應,一層一層地(di)向(xiang)(xiang)前(qian)涌進。
③舒曠疏(shu)朗,清(qing)新(xin)空靈,靜中寓動(dong)。《史晨碑(bei)》雖(sui)然(ran)以端莊典(dian)雅著稱,但(dan)它的筆(bi)畫是活(huo)脫的,極具偃仰變化,而且搭配靈巧(qiao),所以其(qi)字是活(huo)潑(po)靈動(dong)的,具有參差錯落的變化,看似靜態,實則隱含著流動(dong)之勢(shi),遠離(li)刻板之累。
明末清初金石(shi)(shi)書法(fa)家郭宗(zong)昌:分(fen)法(fa)復(fu)爾雅超(chao)逸,可為百代模楷,亦非(fei)后世(shi)可及(ji)。(《金石(shi)(shi)史·卷上·漢魯相史伯(bo)時供祀孔子廟碑》)
明(ming)末清初(chu)收藏家孫承澤:史魯相有二(er)(er)碑(bei),石(shi)皆(jie)完好,字復爾雅(ya)超(chao)逸,可為百世楷模(mo),漢石(shi)之最佳者(zhe)也。前(qian)碑(bei)載史姓字爵里,于建寧元年(nian)四月(yue)十一(yi)日戌(xu)時到(dao)官(guan),乃以令日拜孔子(zi),即修禋祀(si),罷(ba)斂民錢(qian)。后碑(bei)史自出(chu)俸(feng)錢(qian)家谷(gu)以供(gong)禋祀(si),于建寧二(er)(er)年(nian)三月(yue)癸卯朔七日上尚(shang)書(shu),時副言(yan)大(da)傅、大(da)尉、司(si)徒、司(si)空、大(da)司(si)農,蓋國(guo)有大(da)造,司(si)徒、司(si)空通(tong)而(er)論之。史不以案(an)食(shi)小節自忽,必上之尚(shang)書(shu)、請之天子(zi),亦(yi)賢矣哉。(《庚(geng)子(zi)銷夏記·卷五·魯相史晨孔子(zi)廟碑(bei)(前(qian)碑(bei)后碑(bei))》)
清代(dai)書法(fa)家萬經(jing):兩碑(bei)字修(xiu)飭緊密,矩(ju)度森然,如程不識之師,步伍整(zheng)齊,凜不可犯(fan),其品格(ge)當在《卒(zu)史(shi)(shi)》(《乙瑛碑(bei)》)、《韓勅》(《禮器碑(bei)》)之右(you)。(《分隸偶存·卷上·漢史(shi)(shi)晨饗孔廟前后(hou)兩碑(bei)》)
清(qing)(qing)代書法家王(wang)澍:①《乙瑛》雄古(gu),《韓敕(chi)(chi)》變化(hua),《史(shi)晨(chen)》嚴謹,皆漢隸(li)極則。(《虛舟(zhou)題(ti)跋·原卷(juan)一(yi)·漢魯相為孔(kong)廟(miao)置百石卒史(shi)碑(bei)(bei)》)②吾以《孔(kong)和》《韓敕(chi)(chi)》《史(shi)晨(chen)》三碑(bei)(bei)舉似學者,以為遒古(gu)莫如(ru)《孔(kong)和》,清(qing)(qing)超莫如(ru)《韓敕(chi)(chi)》,肅括莫如(ru)《史(shi)晨(chen)》,三碑(bei)(bei)足概漢隸(li)。其實《孔(kong)和》《史(shi)晨(chen)》二碑(bei)(bei)皆各就一(yi)偏而詣其極,唯《韓敕(chi)(chi)》無美(mei)不備。(《虛舟(zhou)題(ti)跋·原卷(juan)二·漢魯相韓敕(chi)(chi)孔(kong)廟(miao)碑(bei)(bei)》)
清代書法家何紹基(ji):每閱是碑(bei)(bei),端(duan)謹淵肅,宛然(ran)見伯(bo)時躬上(shang)醊具(ju),仰瞻(zhan)俯(fu)視光(guang)景。東京分書碑(bei)(bei)尚不乏,凡遇(yu)一碑(bei)(bei),則意度各(ge)別(bie),可想古人(ren)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)之妙。要知東京各(ge)碑(bei)(bei),結構(gou)方整中(zhong)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)無窮;魏、吳各(ge)刻,便(bian)形板滯矣(yi)。(《雪堂(tang)所藏金石文字(zi)薄錄·漢·史(shi)晨饗孔廟(miao)奏銘(朱少(shao)河舊藏本)》)
清代書法(fa)家方朔:書法(fa)則(ze)肅括宏深(shen),沉(chen)古遒厚(hou),結構與(yu)意度皆備,洵為廟堂之品,八(ba)分(fen)正宗也。(《枕經堂金石(shi)跋·卷三·舊拓(tuo)漢魯相(xiang)史晨祀孔(kong)廟前后二碑跋》)
近代書法(fa)藝術家楊守(shou)敬:碑(bei)下一(yi)(yi)層字,嵌(qian)置趺眼,向來拓本,難于句讀。自(zi)乾隆己酉何夢華將趺眼鑿開,從此全(quan)文遂(sui)顯。昔人謂漢隸(li)不皆(jie)佳,而一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)古厚之氣,自(zi)不可及(ji),此種(zhong)是也(ye)。(《激素飛清(qing)閣評碑(bei)記·卷一(yi)(yi)·漢·史(shi)晨奏祀孔子廟碑(bei)》)
近代書(shu)法家康有為(wei):虛(xu)和則有《乙瑛》《史晨》。(《廣(guang)藝(yi)舟(zhou)雙楫·卷二·本漢第七》)
中(zhong)國書法(fa)(fa)家協(xie)會(hui)顧問鐘明善:左規右矩,法(fa)(fa)度(du)森嚴(yan),立漢(han)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)風范的。這類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)在漢(han)隸碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)中(zhong)為最多(duo)。其代表作(zuo)有《熹平石經》《禮器碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《曹全碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《華山碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《孔宙碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《朝侯小子殘石》《韓(han)仁銘》《楊叔恭(gong)殘碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《白石神君碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》《劉熊碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)》等。歷來人們認為這類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)是漢(han)隸碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)的典范。這一派(pai)在當(dang)時(shi)是開風習、樹“八(ba)分”法(fa)(fa)則(ze)的革新派(pai),后世(shi)則(ze)視之為漢(han)隸中(zhong)之“館閣”。(《中(zhong)國書法(fa)(fa)簡(jian)史》)
《史晨(chen)碑(bei)(bei)》刊刻后收存在山(shan)東曲阜孔廟同文(wen)門(men)下(xia)。碑(bei)(bei)下(xia)端曾嵌于(yu)碑(bei)(bei)趺的卯(mao)眼中(zhong),清代乾隆五十四年(nian)(1789年(nian)),何元錫將碑(bei)(bei)根部提升上來,碑(bei)(bei)全貌才顯(xian)露。1978年(nian)移入(ru)孔廟東廡,1998年(nian)移存漢魏(wei)碑(bei)(bei)刻陳列館。
著作 著錄名稱
名稱 作者
集古錄跋尾 歐陽修(xiu) 后漢(han)魯相晨孔子(zi)廟(miao)碑
金石錄 趙明(ming)誠 漢魯相史晨孔子廟碑(bei)(碑(bei)陰)
漢(han)史晨(chen)孔子廟碑(碑陽)
隸釋 洪(hong)適 魯相史晨(chen)祠孔廟奏(zou)銘(碑陽)
史晨饗孔廟后(hou)碑(碑陰(yin))
寶刻叢(cong)編(bian) 陳思 漢(han)史晨祠孔廟奏銘(碑陽)
漢史晨饗(xiang)孔(kong)廟后碑(bei)(碑(bei)陰)