《史晨(chen)碑》是刊(kan)刻于東(dong)漢(han)建(jian)寧(ning)二年(169年)的一方(fang)碑刻,又稱“史晨(chen)前后(hou)碑”,無(wu)撰書人姓名,屬隸書書法作品,現(xian)存(cun)于漢(han)魏碑刻陳列館。
《史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)碑(bei)》為(wei)圓首(shou)碑(bei),有額,額高34厘米,無字,碑(bei)身高173.5厘米,寬(kuan)85厘米,厚(hou)23.5厘米。碑(bei)兩面刻,面向東為(wei)陽面,俗稱(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)前碑(bei)”,又稱(cheng)“魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)祀(si)孔子奏銘”等(deng),刊刻魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)關于祭祀(si)孔子上(shang)呈朝廷的奏章,后附四言銘文12韻24句;面向西為(wei)陰(yin)面,俗稱(cheng)“史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)后碑(bei)”,又稱(cheng)“魯相史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)饗孔子廟碑(bei)”等(deng),記敘(xu)了史(shi)(shi)晨(chen)到任后謁(ye)廟拜孔、修(xiu)墻飾屋、疏(shu)通溝渠、植行道(dao)樹、設立會市等(deng)事跡(ji),與(yu)《乙瑛碑(bei)》《禮(li)器碑(bei)》合稱(cheng)“孔廟三碑(bei)”。其書法含蓄蘊藉(jie),健勁遒(qiu)逸(yi),結構(gou)左顧右盼,上(shang)下啟承,疏(shu)密勻稱(cheng),提按(an)得(de)法,風韻自然跌(die)宕,飛彩凝暉,法意俱全(quan)。
碑陽(“史晨前(qian)碑”)
建(jian)寧(ning)二(er)年,三月(yue)癸(gui)卯朔,七日己酉,魯相臣(chen)(chen)晨(chen)(chen)、長(chang)史臣(chen)(chen)謙,頓(dun)首(shou)(shou)死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui),上(shang)(shang)┘尚書(shu)(shu)(shu):臣(chen)(chen)晨(chen)(chen)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou),死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)蒙厚恩,受任符守,得在奎(kui)婁,周孔舊寓(yu)。不能闡弘(hong)德政(zheng),恢崇┘壹變,夙夜憂怖,累息(xi)屏(ping)營。臣(chen)(chen)晨(chen)(chen)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou),死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)建(jian)寧(ning)元年到官,行秋饗,飲酒畔宮。畢,┘復禮孔子(zi)(zi)宅(zhai),拜謁神坐(zuo),仰瞻榱桷,俯視幾(ji)筵,靈(ling)所馮依(yi),肅肅猶存。而(er)無(wu)公出酒脯之祠(ci),臣(chen)(chen)即(ji)自┘以(yi)(yi)奉錢,修(xiu)上(shang)(shang)案食(shi)醊具,以(yi)(yi)敘小節,不敢空謁。臣(chen)(chen)伏念:孔子(zi)(zi)乾坤所挺(ting),西(xi)狩獲(huo)麟,為(wei)(wei)漢制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),故《孝(xiao)┘經·援神挈》曰(yue):“玄丘(qiu)制(zhi)(zhi)命帝卯行。”又,《尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)·考靈(ling)耀》曰(yue):“丘(qiu)生倉際(ji),觸期稽度為(wei)(wei)赤制(zhi)(zhi)。”故作(zuo)《春秋》,以(yi)(yi)明┘文命。綴(zhui)紀(ji)撰書(shu)(shu)(shu),修(xiu)定禮義。臣(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)素(su)王稽古(gu),德亞皇代。雖有褒成世享之封,四(si)時來祭,畢即(ji)歸┘國。臣(chen)(chen)伏見臨璧雍日,祠(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)大牢(lao),長(chang)吏(li)備爵,所以(yi)(yi)尊(zun)先師重教化也(ye)。夫封土為(wei)(wei)社(she),立稷(ji)而(er)祀(si),┘皆為(wei)(wei)百姓興利除害,以(yi)(yi)祈豐穰。《月(yue)令》:“祀(si)百辟卿士有益于(yu)民(min)。”矧乃孔子(zi)(zi),玄德煥(huan)炳,光于(yu)上(shang)(shang)下。而(er)┘本國舊居(ju),復禮之日,闕而(er)不祀(si),誠(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)┘朝廷圣恩所宜特(te)加,臣(chen)(chen)寢息(xi)耿耿,情所思惟。臣(chen)(chen)輒(zhe)依(yi)社(she)稷(ji),出王家谷,春秋行禮,以(yi)(yi)共煙祀(si),余□┘賜先生執事。臣(chen)(chen)晨(chen)(chen)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou),死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)。臣(chen)(chen)盡力思惟庶政(zheng),報稱為(wei)(wei)效(xiao),增異輒(zhe)上(shang)(shang)。臣(chen)(chen)晨(chen)(chen)誠(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)惶誠(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)恐,┘頓(dun)首(shou)(shou)頓(dun)首(shou)(shou),死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)。上(shang)(shang)┘尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)。|時副(fu)言大傅、大尉、司徒、司空、大司農(nong)府治所部從(cong)事。┘
昔在仲尼,汁光之精。大帝所挺,顏母毓靈。承敝遭衰,黑不代倉。□流應聘,嘆鳳不臻。自衛反魯,┘養徒三千。獲麟趣作,端門見征,血書著紀,黃玉
西漢自(zi)漢武帝開始(shi),經董仲舒(shu)改造(zao)后的儒學成為國家宗教,儒家思想(xiang)的統治話語(yu)權得以確立(li)。東(dong)漢自(zi)漢光武帝開始(shi),更(geng)是(shi)有幾代君(jun)主親赴曲阜祭(ji)祀孔子,對孔子的一(yi)系列祭(ji)祀禮儀逐漸規范化、日常化;地方官員更(geng)是(shi)爭先立(li)碑(bei)紀(ji)事,宣揚(yang)祭(ji)孔、尊孔事跡,《史(shi)晨碑(bei)》即其中(zhong)之一(yi)。
對(dui)刊(kan)(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),因碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)首云(yun)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)二年(nian)”而(er)(er)(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)首云(yun)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)”,許(xu)多(duo)著錄者(zhe)誤以為(wei)(wei)是(shi)兩碑(bei)(bei)(bei),刊(kan)(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)也只是(shi)根據碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文首句而(er)(er)(er)認為(wei)(wei)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)于東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)二年(nian)(169年(nian))而(er)(er)(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)于東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(168年(nian))。但(dan)據碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)記載,史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)在(zai)東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(168年(nian))四(si)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)日(ri)到任后,便選擇吉日(ri),拜(bai)謁了孔(kong)子的(de)(de)舊宅(zhai),接著又(you)向(xiang)尚書奏(zou)請在(zai)孔(kong)宅(zhai)以公費(fei)祭(ji)祀的(de)(de)事宜,奏(zou)章中(zhong)還引用了符驗(yan)之說,這(zhe)樣才能(neng)施行祭(ji)祀。其中(zhong),“乃(nai)以令(ling)日(ri)”的(de)(de)“乃(nai)以”兩字說明(ming)史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)到官(guan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)拜(bai)謁孔(kong)子并(bing)不是(shi)一(yi)天;“乃(nai)敢承祀”則說明(ming)了沒(mei)有接著拜(bai)謁孔(kong)子,是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)要向(xiang)尚書奏(zou)請和(he)(he)參驗(yan)。可知,建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)是(shi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)到官(guan)的(de)(de)日(ri)期而(er)(er)(er)非碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)刊(kan)(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。而(er)(er)(er)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)又(you)提到:“刊(kan)(kan)石(shi)勒銘(ming),并(bing)列本(ben)奏(zou)。”意思是(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)石(shi)記下史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)功績(ji),并(bing)將史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)上奏(zou)的(de)(de)奏(zou)章列在(zai)前面,也就是(shi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)內容(rong),由此可知碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陰(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)刊(kan)(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)應(ying)是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)。結合碑(bei)(bei)(bei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)記載來看,魯相(xiang)史(shi)(shi)(shi)晨(chen)(chen)(chen)在(zai)東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(168年(nian))四(si)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)日(ri)抵達(da)任所,之后進(jin)行祭(ji)廟(miao)、筑(zhu)墻(qiang)、修溝、立會市等活動,于東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)二年(nian)(169年(nian))三(san)月(yue)七日(ri)上奏(zou)朝廷。揆情(qing)度(du)理,刊(kan)(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)二年(nian)(169年(nian))且在(zai)東(dong)漢(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)二年(nian)(169年(nian))三(san)月(yue)七日(ri)上奏(zou)后不久。
一、橫法
《史晨碑》的(de)(de)橫畫富于變化,有平直(zhi)的(de)(de),如“臣(chen)”字(zi)上橫;有中(zhong)間(jian)部(bu)位凸出的(de)(de),如“憂”字(zi)的(de)(de)上橫;也有中(zhong)間(jian)部(bu)位凹陷(xian)的(de)(de),如“土”字(zi)的(de)(de)上橫。
二、波法
《史晨碑》波畫的起筆有方、圓之分,起筆法同橫,只(zhi)是起筆時稍有下探,轉翻(fan)筆鋒右行(xing)時逐(zhu)漸提筆,筆鋒行(xing)至中(zhong)間(jian)位置,再逐(zhu)漸加力(li)至雁尾(wei)處(chu)。
三、捺法
《史(shi)晨碑》的捺有長捺、短捺之別。長捺出現(xian)在“教(jiao)”字、“政(zheng)”字等中(zhong),寫法基本(ben)與“波”法相同(tong)。所不同(tong)的是(shi)波畫(hua)(hua)是(shi)呈水(shui)平橫置的,捺是(shi)右斜下(xia)行筆(bi)畫(hua)(hua),而且捺多是(shi)處(chu)(chu)于與其(qi)他筆(bi)畫(hua)(hua)的配合、交織(zhi)之中(zhong)的,其(qi)效果(guo)反(fan)不如波畫(hua)(hua)更為伸展,短捺如“懸(xuan)”字、“報”字等之中(zhong),起筆(bi)處(chu)(chu)無明顯頓(dun)頭(tou),起筆(bi)后(hou)即右斜下(xia)行,至捺腳處(chu)(chu)加力,并改(gai)變方向平出,整個過程,只(zhi)有捺腳處(chu)(chu)有一折(zhe)筆(bi)。
四、撇法
《史晨碑》的(de)撇(pie)法(fa)有平(ping)撇(pie)、直(zhi)撇(pie)之分(fen)。平(ping)撇(pie)筆(bi)勢取橫(heng),有順寫(xie)的(de),也有逆寫(xie)的(de)。直(zhi)撇(pie)的(de)寫(xie)法(fa),收筆(bi)處多回鋒(feng),形(xing)(xing)成頓頭,如“煥”字(zi)的(de)“火”旁,這(zhe)種直(zhi)撇(pie),起筆(bi)逆行,轉、翻(fan)后(hou)筆(bi)鋒(feng)下行,邊行邊提(ti),至(zhi)中(zhong)部(bu)位置(zhi),筆(bi)畫較細(xi),再向左下行筆(bi),逐(zhu)漸加力,至(zhi)末端停筆(bi),筆(bi)鋒(feng)上提(ti),呈(cheng)方形(xing)(xing)收筆(bi),形(xing)(xing)成中(zhong)間細(xi)、兩端重(zhong)的(de)直(zhi)撇(pie)特點。還(huan)有短(duan)撇(pie),呈(cheng)起筆(bi)重(zhong)、收筆(bi)輕的(de)寫(xie)法(fa),如“視”字(zi)的(de)“見”和“人”字(zi)的(de)短(duan)撇(pie),做出鋒(feng)收筆(bi),略似楷法(fa)。
五、豎法
《史晨碑(bei)》的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)除具有力度外,尚有一種跌宕(dang)多(duo)(duo)變的(de)(de)筆意存在(zai)。如(ru)“祈”字(zi)中(zhong)“斤”的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)、“辟”字(zi)中(zhong)“辛”旁的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua),其輪廓不垂直(zhi),但置其字(zi)中(zhong),卻中(zhong)心穩(wen)當,儀態多(duo)(duo)方(fang)。此外,“德(de)”字(zi)、“復”字(zi)中(zhong)“ㄔ”的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)畫(hua)與豎(shu)(shu)撇的(de)(de)寫法無異。
六、點法
《史(shi)晨碑》的點多作三角形,具(ju)有方向性;也有的上點寫(xie)(xie)作短橫的,如“禮”字(zi)、“社”字(zi)、“主(zhu)”字(zi)的上點均(jun)寫(xie)(xie)作短橫。
《史晨(chen)碑》結體端(duan)莊典雅(ya),綽約(yue)多姿,主要有以(yi)下特點:
①端莊(zhuang)整飭,肅穆秀潤。《史晨碑》隸法純正,線條以圓(yuan)筆(bi)為主(zhu),方圓(yuan)兼(jian)得,剛(gang)柔相濟,舒(shu)展(zhan)優雅(ya),將端莊(zhuang)、工整、雍容、典(dian)雅(ya)、肅穆、秀逸集于一身,儼然有君子之(zhi)風。
②左(zuo)舒(shu)(shu)右(you)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)。《史晨碑》在橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)方面,大(da)體(ti)有以下(xia)規律:一(yi)收縮(suo)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),擴展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)。如(ru)“上”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)收縮(suo),波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),結(jie)體(ti)顯得寬(kuan)博;“千”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)收縮(suo),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)體(ti)顯得扁平;“奉”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)下(xia)面的(de)(de)(de)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)加(jia)以收縮(suo),奮(fen)力(li)舒(shu)(shu)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)右(you)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),結(jie)體(ti)顯得寬(kuan)綽;“并”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),收縮(suo)兩(liang)個豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de);“仰”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),由左(zuo)中(zhong)右(you)三(san)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成,這(zhe)三(san)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)都壓低變(bian)寬(kuan),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)得到最大(da)限度(du)地展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)放。二伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),令字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)變(bian)寬(kuan)。如(ru)“百”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“七”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頂部(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi);“赤”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“音”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)部(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi);“堂”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“丘”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)底(di)部(bu)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)。三(san)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)寬(kuan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)。如(ru)“石(shi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“力(li)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi);“以”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“之”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),加(jia)強(qiang)了橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi);“戊(wu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“及”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)捺畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),形成橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi);“右(you)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孝(xiao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)(bo)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)遂生;刪(shan)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“倒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)張來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)加(jia)強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)。“門(men)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),除了左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)張之外,還將(jiang)左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)豎畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)變(bian)為撇畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),從而增強(qiang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)勢(shi)。
③主(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)突(tu)出,搭配靈巧。如“與”字(zi)(zi)(zi),以波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)為主(zhu)筆(bi)(bi),波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)橫貫字(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong),上(shang)下(xia)兩(liang)部(bu)分高低相差(cha)不大(da)(da),大(da)(da)小適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),旁附于波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)上(shang)下(xia),與作(zuo)主(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)的(de)波(bo)畫(hua)(hua)若即若離,上(shang)面部(bu)分稍(shao)寬,下(xia)面部(bu)分(一(yi)(yi)撇(pie)一(yi)(yi)點)稍(shao)微(wei)收縮,顯得(de)緊俏勁挺,全字(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)主(zhu)有(you)次(ci),主(zhu)次(ci)分明,各司其(qi)(qi)職,氣息相通;“式”字(zi)(zi)(zi),主(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)鉤畫(hua)(hua)寫(xie)作(zuo)捺畫(hua)(hua),與頂端平(ping)畫(hua)(hua)搭起(qi)全字(zi)(zi)(zi)骨架(jia)(jia),舒展大(da)(da)方,下(xia)面的(de)工(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)旁玲瓏可愛(ai),依附在主(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)構成的(de)框(kuang)架(jia)(jia)之下(xia),“如老翁攜幼孫行(xing)”(包(bao)世(shi)臣語),其(qi)(qi)親密和(he)諧俱顯其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong);“元”字(zi)(zi)(zi),兩(liang)個平(ping)畫(hua)(hua)一(yi)(yi)短一(yi)(yi)長,頂戴在上(shang),下(xia)面一(yi)(yi)撇(pie)一(yi)(yi)鉤,鉤為主(zhu),撇(pie)為次(ci),鉤放,撇(pie)收,共(gong)同將(jiang)頂端撐(cheng)托起(qi)來,全字(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)次(ci)有(you)序,搭配得(de)當(dang)。
《史晨碑》的章法具有以下(xia)特點:
①縱有行,橫成列,布(bu)局(ju)嚴整(zheng)(zheng)。《史晨碑》章(zhang)法嚴整(zheng)(zheng),步(bu)伍整(zheng)(zheng)齊,凜不可犯。其字距與行距較大(da),章(zhang)法布(bu)局(ju)疏朗空靈。這(zhe)一特點(dian),在同類漢碑中極為突(tu)出,充分展示了其恢宏巨制(zhi)和高古(gu)典雅的廟堂之(zhi)氣。
②分(fen)背取勢,字(zi)(zi)疏行(xing)密,橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)涌動。《史晨碑》結體上內(nei)收外張,突(tu)出主筆(bi),其波(bo)畫奮力向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左右舒展(zhan),撇畫、鉤畫盡量(liang)(liang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左伸展(zhan),捺畫盡量(liang)(liang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右伸展(zhan)。因而(er),字(zi)(zi)體多(duo)呈扁平形狀,具有橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)張力,分(fen)背之(zhi)勢十分(fen)明顯,這(zhe)樣(yang),行(xing)與行(xing)之(zhi)間的呼應顧盼作用比字(zi)(zi)與字(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間的關聯作用更為強烈,因此形成正(zheng)文的整體布(bu)局的字(zi)(zi)距大于(yu)行(xing)距的排列(lie)形式。總覽其整體布(bu)白(bai),最突(tu)出的特點就(jiu)是一(yi)行(xing)行(xing)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)間搭肩接踵(zhong),橫(heng)(heng)(heng)看(kan)猶如一(yi)排排波(bo)浪(lang),前呼后(hou)應,一(yi)層一(yi)層地(di)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)前涌進(jin)。
③舒(shu)曠疏朗,清(qing)新空靈(ling),靜中(zhong)寓動(dong)。《史晨碑》雖然以端莊典(dian)雅著稱(cheng),但它的(de)筆畫是(shi)活脫(tuo)的(de),極具偃仰(yang)變(bian)化,而且搭配靈(ling)巧,所(suo)以其字是(shi)活潑(po)靈(ling)動(dong)的(de),具有參差錯(cuo)落的(de)變(bian)化,看似靜態(tai),實則(ze)隱含著流動(dong)之(zhi)勢(shi),遠離刻板(ban)之(zhi)累。
明末清初(chu)金石(shi)書法(fa)家郭宗(zong)昌:分法(fa)復(fu)爾雅超逸,可為百代模楷(kai),亦非后世可及。(《金石(shi)史(shi)·卷上·漢魯(lu)相史(shi)伯時(shi)供祀孔子廟碑(bei)》)
明(ming)末清初(chu)收藏家孫承澤(ze):史(shi)魯相有(you)二碑(bei)(bei),石(shi)皆(jie)完好,字復爾雅超逸,可為百世(shi)楷(kai)模,漢石(shi)之(zhi)最佳(jia)者也。前(qian)碑(bei)(bei)載史(shi)姓字爵里,于(yu)建寧(ning)元年四月(yue)十一日(ri)戌時到官(guan),乃以(yi)令日(ri)拜孔(kong)子(zi)(zi),即修(xiu)禋祀(si),罷斂民(min)錢。后(hou)碑(bei)(bei)史(shi)自出俸錢家谷以(yi)供禋祀(si),于(yu)建寧(ning)二年三月(yue)癸卯朔七日(ri)上(shang)尚書,時副言大傅(fu)、大尉、司(si)徒(tu)、司(si)空、大司(si)農(nong),蓋國有(you)大造,司(si)徒(tu)、司(si)空通(tong)而論之(zhi)。史(shi)不(bu)以(yi)案食小(xiao)節(jie)自忽,必上(shang)之(zhi)尚書、請(qing)之(zhi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi),亦賢矣哉。(《庚子(zi)(zi)銷夏記·卷五·魯相史(shi)晨孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)廟碑(bei)(bei)(前(qian)碑(bei)(bei)后(hou)碑(bei)(bei))》)
清(qing)代(dai)書法家萬經:兩(liang)碑字修(xiu)飭緊密,矩度森然,如程不(bu)識(shi)之師,步伍整齊,凜不(bu)可犯(fan),其品格當在《卒史》(《乙(yi)瑛碑》)、《韓勅》(《禮器碑》)之右。(《分隸(li)偶存·卷上·漢(han)史晨(chen)饗孔(kong)廟前后兩(liang)碑》)
清代書法(fa)家王澍:①《乙瑛》雄古,《韓(han)(han)敕(chi)》變化,《史晨(chen)》嚴謹,皆(jie)漢(han)隸極則。(《虛(xu)舟題(ti)跋(ba)·原卷一(yi)·漢(han)魯(lu)相為孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)置百石(shi)卒史碑》)②吾以(yi)《孔(kong)(kong)和》《韓(han)(han)敕(chi)》《史晨(chen)》三(san)碑舉似學者,以(yi)為遒古莫如(ru)《孔(kong)(kong)和》,清超(chao)莫如(ru)《韓(han)(han)敕(chi)》,肅(su)括莫如(ru)《史晨(chen)》,三(san)碑足概(gai)漢(han)隸。其實《孔(kong)(kong)和》《史晨(chen)》二(er)碑皆(jie)各就一(yi)偏而詣其極,唯《韓(han)(han)敕(chi)》無美不(bu)備。(《虛(xu)舟題(ti)跋(ba)·原卷二(er)·漢(han)魯(lu)相韓(han)(han)敕(chi)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)碑》)
清代書(shu)(shu)法家何(he)紹基(ji):每閱(yue)是碑(bei)(bei),端謹(jin)淵(yuan)肅,宛然見伯時(shi)躬(gong)上醊具(ju),仰瞻俯(fu)視光景(jing)。東京分書(shu)(shu)碑(bei)(bei)尚不乏,凡遇一(yi)碑(bei)(bei),則意度各(ge)別,可想古人變(bian)化之妙。要(yao)知東京各(ge)碑(bei)(bei),結構方整中變(bian)化無窮(qiong);魏、吳各(ge)刻,便形(xing)板滯矣。(《雪堂所藏金石文字薄錄·漢·史晨(chen)饗孔廟奏銘(朱少河舊(jiu)藏本)》)
清代書法家方朔:書法則肅(su)括宏深,沉古遒(qiu)厚,結構與意度皆備,洵為廟堂(tang)之品(pin),八分正(zheng)宗也(ye)。(《枕經堂(tang)金(jin)石跋·卷三·舊拓漢魯相史(shi)晨祀孔廟前后二(er)碑跋》)
近代書法藝術家楊(yang)守敬(jing):碑下一層字(zi),嵌置(zhi)趺(fu)眼,向來(lai)拓(tuo)本,難于句(ju)讀。自乾(qian)隆己酉(you)何夢華將趺(fu)眼鑿開,從(cong)此全(quan)文遂顯。昔人謂漢隸不(bu)(bu)皆佳,而一種古厚(hou)之氣,自不(bu)(bu)可及,此種是(shi)也。(《激(ji)素飛清閣評碑記(ji)·卷(juan)一·漢·史晨奏祀孔子廟碑》)
近(jin)代書法家康有(you)(you)為(wei):虛和則有(you)(you)《乙瑛》《史晨》。(《廣藝舟雙楫(ji)·卷二·本漢第七》)
中(zhong)國書(shu)法(fa)家協(xie)會顧(gu)問鐘明善:左規(gui)右矩,法(fa)度(du)森嚴,立漢碑風范(fan)的。這類碑刻在漢隸碑刻中(zhong)為(wei)最多。其(qi)代表作有《熹平石經(jing)》《禮器(qi)碑》《曹全碑》《乙瑛(ying)碑》《史(shi)晨碑》《華山(shan)碑》《孔宙(zhou)碑》《朝侯小子殘石》《韓仁銘》《楊叔恭殘碑》《白石神君碑》《劉熊碑》等。歷來人們認為(wei)這類碑刻是(shi)漢隸碑刻的典范(fan)。這一派(pai)在當時(shi)是(shi)開(kai)風習、樹(shu)“八分”法(fa)則(ze)的革(ge)新派(pai),后(hou)世(shi)則(ze)視(shi)之為(wei)漢隸中(zhong)之“館閣”。(《中(zhong)國書(shu)法(fa)簡(jian)史(shi)》)
《史(shi)晨(chen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》刊刻(ke)后(hou)收存在山(shan)東曲阜孔廟(miao)同文(wen)門(men)下(xia)。碑(bei)(bei)(bei)下(xia)端(duan)曾嵌于(yu)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)趺的卯(mao)眼中,清代乾隆五十四年(1789年),何(he)元錫將碑(bei)(bei)(bei)根部提升上來(lai),碑(bei)(bei)(bei)全貌才(cai)顯(xian)露。1978年移入(ru)孔廟(miao)東廡,1998年移存漢魏碑(bei)(bei)(bei)刻(ke)陳列(lie)館(guan)。
著作 著錄名稱
名稱 作者
集古錄跋尾 歐陽修 后漢魯相晨孔(kong)子廟碑
金石錄 趙(zhao)明誠 漢魯相(xiang)史晨(chen)孔(kong)子(zi)廟碑(碑陰)
漢史晨孔(kong)子(zi)廟碑(bei)(碑(bei)陽)
隸(li)釋 洪適 魯相史晨祠孔廟奏銘(碑陽)
史晨饗孔廟后碑(bei)(碑(bei)陰)
寶刻叢編 陳(chen)思 漢史晨祠孔廟(miao)奏銘(ming)(碑陽(yang))
漢史晨饗孔廟后(hou)碑(bei)(碑(bei)陰(yin))