孔(kong)廟三碑(bei)(bei)”是指位于山東曲阜孔(kong)廟大成殿東廡內的三塊古碑(bei)(bei),分別為《乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)》、《禮器碑(bei)(bei)》、《史晨(chen)碑(bei)(bei)》,它們是享譽中(zhong)外的歷史人(ren)文(wen)遺跡,為歷代金石(shi)家、書法家奉為漢隸圭臬。
《乙瑛(ying)碑》全稱(cheng)《漢(han)(han)魯(lu)相乙瑛(ying)請置(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)石卒史(shi)碑》,又稱(cheng)“孔和碑”,刻(ke)立于東漢(han)(han)永興元年(nian)(153),無額,通高260、寬128、厚23厘米,18行(xing),滿行(xing)40字(zi)。碑文記(ji)述司(si)徒吳雄、司(si)空(kong)趙戒將(jiang)前魯(lu)相乙瑛(ying)代(dai)孔子后(hou)(hou)(hou)人之言上書,奏請在孔廟設置(zhi)(zhi)掌管祭祀和禮器的專職官員“百(bai)石卒史(shi)”,桓帝準允(yun),因乙瑛(ying)時已去職,后(hou)(hou)(hou)以孔和補任。碑末刻(ke)有“后(hou)(hou)(hou)漢(han)(han)鐘太尉書,嘉祐七年(nian)張(zhang)稚圭按圖題(ti)記(ji)”,但據稽考,所謂鐘繇書丹,乃后(hou)(hou)(hou)人偽托之辭。
乙瑛碑法度謹(jin)嚴,骨氣凝重,兼具豪肆(si)與(yu)秀(xiu)(xiu)潤、沉厚與(yu)雄(xiong)(xiong)強之致,方整中(zhong)有頓挫之勢(shi),平(ping)正中(zhong)顯秀(xiu)(xiu)逸之態,古樸渾厚,氣象森然。其章法規矩合度,布局平(ping)實,橫(heng)成行,豎(shu)成列,字距略大于(yu)行距。結體端(duan)莊勻適,字勢(shi)開張,左右(you)拓展,俯仰有致,向背(bei)分(fen)明(ming)。字形方圓(yuan)(yuan)兼顧,沉著厚重,波磔(zhe)分(fen)明(ming),剛(gang)健雄(xiong)(xiong)勁,注重筆(bi)(bi)畫(hua)的曲直平(ping)斜、粗細剛(gang)柔、輕重徐疾的變化,講究筆(bi)(bi)勢(shi)的穿插避讓、高(gao)低疏密的關系。方筆(bi)(bi)峻利端(duan)勁,圓(yuan)(yuan)筆(bi)(bi)含(han)蓄婉轉;橫(heng)筆(bi)(bi)稍(shao)稍(shao)向下,形態微斜;豎(shu)筆(bi)(bi)收展俊逸,筋力豐(feng)足;捺(na)筆(bi)(bi)沉穩有力,凝練穩健;點(dian)畫(hua)典雅秀(xiu)(xiu)美,頓筆(bi)(bi)圓(yuan)(yuan)轉出(chu)(chu)鋒,燕尾方形挑出(chu)(chu),整體雄(xiong)(xiong)渾爽秀(xiu)(xiu),意態典重。
《禮(li)器碑(bei)》全稱(cheng)《漢魯(lu)相韓(han)敕造孔(kong)廟禮(li)器碑(bei)》,刻立于東漢永(yong)壽二年(156)。碑(bei)無額,通(tong)高227.2、寬102.4厘米,四面環(huan)刻文字(zi)。碑(bei)陽16行(xing),滿行(xing)36字(zi),記述魯(lu)相韓(han)敕倡議修飾孔(kong)廟、增置禮(li)器之盛(sheng)事,碑(bei)末有韓(han)敕等(deng)9人(ren)題名。碑(bei)陰(yin)3列(lie),每(mei)(mei)(mei)列(lie)17行(xing);左側3列(lie),每(mei)(mei)(mei)列(lie)4行(xing);右側4列(lie),每(mei)(mei)(mei)列(lie)4行(xing),皆刻捐資立石者的(de)姓名和(he)數額。
《禮(li)器碑(bei)》莊重嚴謹(jin),體(ti)(ti)態優美(mei),質樸遒(qiu)勁(jing),高古逸(yi)趣(qu)。其(qi)行距(ju)緊湊,字距(ju)疏朗,結體(ti)(ti)上(shang)下精(jing)密,呈梯(ti)形(xing)狀(zhuang),左右伸展,橫(heng)勢寬(kuan)(kuan)綽,粗(cu)(cu)細有致,寓(yu)欹側于平(ping)(ping)正中(zhong)(zhong),寄疏秀(xiu)在嚴密內。筆(bi)畫(hua)(hua)以(yi)方為(wei)主,略(lve)帶圓(yuan)意,行筆(bi)如鋒(feng),力注筆(bi)端。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),平(ping)(ping)畫(hua)(hua)瘦勁(jing)剛(gang)(gang)健,但(dan)瘦不露(lu)骨,勁(jing)不纖弱,端嚴峻(jun)逸(yi);波磔稍粗(cu)(cu),尖(jian)鋒(feng)入筆(bi),逆入平(ping)(ping)出,蠶頭燕尾,因字立形(xing);豎畫(hua)(hua)外柔(rou)內剛(gang)(gang),筋骨雄強;折畫(hua)(hua)形(xing)斷(duan)勢連,渾圓(yuan)飽滿;撇畫(hua)(hua)略(lve)取側勢,秀(xiu)雅(ya)清勁(jing);捺法(fa)圓(yuan)潤勁(jing)險(xian),平(ping)(ping)中(zhong)(zhong)寓(yu)奇(qi);收筆(bi)流暢穩健,氣勢沉(chen)雄。碑(bei)陽部分,縱(zong)(zong)有序,橫(heng)有列(lie)(lie),字距(ju)寬(kuan)(kuan)行距(ju)密,結字秀(xiu)美(mei)和諧,自然成(cheng)趣(qu);碑(bei)陰則縱(zong)(zong)有序,橫(heng)無列(lie)(lie),行距(ju)適度(du),字距(ju)參差;碑(bei)側鋒(feng)芒如新,縱(zong)(zong)橫(heng)跌(die)宕(dang)。
《禮器碑碑陰》
《史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)碑(bei)》亦無(wu)額(e),通高231、寬112、厚22.5厘(li)米,因一(yi)石雙面(mian),兩碑(bei)同(tong)刻(ke),又名“史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)前(qian)(qian)后碑(bei)”。前(qian)(qian)碑(bei)全稱《魯(lu)(lu)(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)奏祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)廟(miao)碑(bei)》,刻(ke)于(yu)東漢建寧二年(169)三月,17行(xing)(xing)(xing),行(xing)(xing)(xing)36字(zi)(因每行(xing)(xing)(xing)末字(zi)掩埋于(yu)原石座中,舊拓(tuo)多為35字(zi)),字(zi)徑(jing)3.5厘(li)米,記載時任魯(lu)(lu)(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)和(he)長史(shi)李謙祭(ji)祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)的奏章。后碑(bei)全稱《魯(lu)(lu)(lu)相(xiang)史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)饗(xiang)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)廟(miao)碑(bei)》,刻(ke)于(yu)建寧元年(168)四月,14行(xing)(xing)(xing),行(xing)(xing)(xing)35至(zhi)36字(zi)不等,記載祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)和(he)饗(xiang)禮盛況,文后有武周正書題(ti)記4行(xing)(xing)(xing)。“史(shi)晨(chen)(chen)前(qian)(qian)后碑(bei)”迄(qi)今(jin)磨(mo)損極少,完整可(ke)誦,書風相(xiang)類,筆致如出(chu)一(yi)人,傳為蔡邕所書。
《史晨碑(bei)》碑(bei)文(wen)幾及千(qian)字,筆(bi)法(fa)樸厚(hou),方(fang)圓(yuan)兼(jian)備,筆(bi)意(yi)遒勁(jing),氣象(xiang)和穆。其起(qi)筆(bi)露而(er)能藏,尖而(er)寓圓(yuan)。方(fang)筆(bi)峻削,切(qie)鋒(feng)重入(ru)后衄(nv)鋒(feng)而(er)行(xing),寓外方(fang)內圓(yuan)之趣,圓(yuan)筆(bi)婉麗,筆(bi)鋒(feng)輕逆(ni)后精妙運行(xing),得(de)圓(yuan)中有(you)(you)(you)方(fang)之韻;波(bo)磔分明,雉(zhi)尾開拓,后碑(bei)比(bi)前(qian)碑(bei)尤甚,頓挫抑揚,輕重徐(xu)疾,靈動活潑。橫筆(bi)取勢(shi)平穩(wen),豎(shu)筆(bi)勁(jing)挺穩(wen)健,肉(rou)中有(you)(you)(you)骨,直中有(you)(you)(you)曲,柔中有(you)(you)(you)剛;斜向撇(pie)捺,極(ji)意(yi)伸展;左(zuo)撇(pie)收(shou)縮,右捺舒展,或(huo)弛或(huo)張(zhang),斂舒自如(ru)。結字扁平方(fang)正,呈方(fang)棱形,外松內緊,四方(fang)飽滿,穩(wen)如(ru)磐(pan)石,上(shang)下啟承(cheng),提(ti)按得(de)法(fa),應規(gui)入(ru)矩。章法(fa)布局,橫平豎(shu)直,縱橫有(you)(you)(you)列,行(xing)距充分,井然(ran)有(you)(you)(you)序,體現(xian)出(chu)儒家崇尚“中和為美(mei)”的審美(mei)情趣。
“孔(kong)廟三(san)碑(bei)”作為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢代(dai)中后(hou)期(qi)隸書(shu)(shu)鼎盛時期(qi)的(de)典范之(zhi)作,堪稱(cheng)漢碑(bei)隸書(shu)(shu)的(de)極則、逸(yi)品(pin),久負盛名。唐宋以(yi)降,歷(li)代(dai)金(jin)(jin)石(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)家多有(you)(you)著錄,推崇(chong)備(bei)至。清(qing)(qing)翁方(fang)綱《兩漢金(jin)(jin)石(shi)(shi)記》稱(cheng)“乙瑛碑(bei)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)“漢隸之(zhi)最(zui)可師法(fa)者(zhe)”;方(fang)朔(shuo)(shuo)《枕經(jing)堂金(jin)(jin)石(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)畫題跋》贊(zan)之(zhi)“足以(yi)稱(cheng)宗(zong)廟之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、百宮之(zhi)富”。明郭宗(zong)昌《金(jin)(jin)石(shi)(shi)史》贊(zan)“禮器碑(bei)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)“漢隸當(dang)以(yi)孔(kong)廟禮器碑(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)一(yi)”;清(qing)(qing)王(wang)澍《虛舟題跋》譽之(zhi)“惟《韓敕》無美(mei)(mei)不(bu)備(bei)……自(zi)有(you)(you)漢隸以(yi)來(lai),莫有(you)(you)超妙如(ru)此(ci)碑(bei)者(zhe)”。清(qing)(qing)方(fang)朔(shuo)(shuo)《枕經(jing)堂金(jin)(jin)石(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)畫題跋》認為(wei)(wei)(wei)“史晨碑(bei)”“洵為(wei)(wei)(wei)廟堂之(zhi)品(pin),八分(fen)正宗(zong)也”;孫承澤《庚子(zi)消夏(xia)記》則說“可為(wei)(wei)(wei)百世楷模,漢石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)最(zui)佳者(zhe)也”。凡此(ci)種種,無不(bu)極盡贊(zan)譽。
“孔廟三碑(bei)(bei)”對我國書(shu)法發展(zhan)影響深遠。古今書(shu)家幾乎眾口(kou)一詞,指出(chu)乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)、禮器(qi)碑(bei)(bei)、史(shi)晨碑(bei)(bei)是后人學習隸書(shu)的(de)入門范本。唐代史(shi)惟則、梁升卿(qing),清代鄭簠以及現代馬公(gong)愚、來楚(chu)生等,于乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)都(dou)喜而臨之(zhi);“草圣”林散之(zhi)臨寫禮器(qi)碑(bei)(bei),亦出(chu)神入化,一字千金,備受矚(zhu)目。