麥(mai)(mai)稈扇(shan)(shan),清(qing)王廷鼎《杖扇(shan)(shan)新錄(lu)》:“麥(mai)(mai)扇(shan)(shan):以麥(mai)(mai)稈編成扁帶,廣寸余,圈作(zuo)規形,如(ru)盆大,用(yong)竹片兩面夾之為柄,中心貼五(wu)色綾(ling)緞一小(xiao)圓(yuan),繡山(shan)水、人物(wu),極細,麥(mai)(mai)色金(jin)黃而(er)潤,輕(qing)靈(ling)便捷。麥(mai)(mai)稈扇(shan)(shan),風格(ge)獨(du)具,各(ge)顯其(qi)長,相(xiang)映爭輝。現浙江、江蘇等地尚有(you)生產,有(you)的(de)扇(shan)(shan)中間鑲嵌(qian)有(you)精美(mei)剪花,有(you)的(de)中間貼一圓(yuan)形絹綢,上繪彩畫或刺繡。別具一格(ge)。
麥(mai)(mai)稈(gan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan):以(yi)(yi)浙(zhe)江(jiang)浦江(jiang)縣編(bian)織的最為(wei)(wei)(wei)多樣。有的將麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)從(cong)柄向四(si)周輻射狀地展開,然(ran)后編(bian)成(cheng)石榴、孔雀尾羽等形,再用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)繡線將麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)中(zhong)間串聯在一(yi)起(qi),稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“串扇(shan)(shan)(shan)”。有的將麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)一(yi)端緊扎為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓心,然(ran)后用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)線將麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)扎結成(cheng)網孔,中(zhong)間隔一(yi)層(ceng)布,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)襯托網孔圖案,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“扎花扇(shan)(shan)(shan)”。玲瓏輕巧,呈立體狀圖案,過去多為(wei)(wei)(wei)姑(gu)娘(niang)作嫁妝、禮品(pin)之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。此外,還有貼(tie)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)拼貼(tie)而成(cheng))、團扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(以(yi)(yi)麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)辮圍繞(rao)中(zhong)心盤制而成(cheng))、平扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(麥(mai)(mai)秸(jie)(jie)平織)等。能觀賞,又實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
現浙江、江蘇等地尚有(you)生產(chan),有(you)的扇(shan)中(zhong)間(jian)鑲嵌有(you)精(jing)美剪花(hua),有(you)的中(zhong)間(jian)貼(tie)一(yi)圓形絹綢,上(shang)繪彩畫或刺(ci)繡。別具一(yi)格。
麥稈(gan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),風(feng)格獨具,品種很多。從編織方(fang)法(fa)上分,有(you)串扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、扎花扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、貼扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、團扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、平扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。從花型上分則更多,諸如五色扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、孔雀扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、石榴扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、拍扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、粗(cu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、細扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)……等等,各(ge)顯其長,相(xiang)映爭輝。
羽(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)至今已經有三千年的歷(li)史(shi)了(le)。明文震亨《長物志(zhi)》卷七(qi):“扇(shan)(shan),羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)最古。”“扇(shan)(shan)”字從“羽(yu)(yu)”也證明了(le)扇(shan)(shan)子大家族中,以羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)的出現為(wei)最早。晉崔(cui)豹《古今注》:“雉(zhi)尾扇(shan)(shan)起于殷世高(gao)宗(zong)。”據前秦王嘉(jia)《拾遺(yi)記(ji)》記(ji)載,羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)始于周(zhou)昭王時,有盂夏取鵲翅為(wei)扇(shan)(shan)之說,則羽(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)已經有三千年的歷(li)史(shi)了(le)。
絹(juan)宮扇(shan)(shan)又叫紈扇(shan)(shan)、團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan)、羅扇(shan)(shan),它(ta)出現于羽(yu)扇(shan)(shan)之后、摺扇(shan)(shan)以前。西(xi)漢成(cheng)帝的(de)(de)妃(fei)嬪班婕妤寫過一(yi)首有名(ming)的(de)(de)《團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan)歌》:“新制(zhi)齊紈素(su),皎(jiao)潔如霜雪。裁為(wei)合歡扇(shan)(shan),團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)似明月。出入君懷袖,動(dong)搖微風發(fa)。常(chang)恐秋節至(zhi),涼飆奪炎熱。棄捐(juan)篋(qie)笥(si)中,恩(en)情中道絕(jue)。”借詠(yong)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan)表(biao)露受(shou)趙飛燕嫉妒排(pai)擠恐受(shou)君王(wang)冷落的(de)(de)復雜心理。從歷代(dai)散見的(de)(de)詠(yong)扇(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)詩賦散文來看(kan),團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan)盛(sheng)行于西(xi)漢至(zhi)宋代(dai)的(de)(de)一(yi)千多年間,宋代(dai)以后又與摺扇(shan)(shan)并駕齊驅(qu),深受(shou)妃(fei)嬪仕女、文人(ren)雅士的(de)(de)喜(xi)愛。古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)絹(juan)宮扇(shan)(shan)大多制(zhi)作精細,裝(zhuang)飾華美:“團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan):近(jin)世(shi)士民通用,素(su)絹(juan)兩面繃之,或泥金,或瓷青湖色,亦有月圓(yuan)、腰圓(yuan)、六角之形,皆倩名(ming)人(ren)書畫(hua)其上,名(ming)曰(yue)‘團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)(shan)’。柄用梅烙(luo)、湘妃(fei)、棕竹(zhu)居多,亦有洋漆(qi)、象牙之類。”
又叫篾絲扇或竹(zhu)(zhu)絲扇。清王(wang)廷(ting)鼎《杖扇新錄》:“篾絲扇:來自嶺表,削竹(zhu)(zhu)青(qing)細如縷,織成(cheng)如布,光滑無(wu)痕,方(fang)、圓、六(liu)角(jiao)均有(you)之。積(ji)五六(liu)年(nian),色(se)自紅(hong)潤,風來倍涼(liang),雅品也。”這種(zhong)扇四川(chuan)青(qing)神縣也生(sheng)產,又名(ming)“青(qing)竹(zhu)(zhu)扇”或“竹(zhu)(zhu)絲扇”。另有(you)一種(zhong)用(yong)較粗竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)編成(cheng)的低檔竹(zhu)(zhu)扇,浙江北部、安徽(hui)南部都(dou)有(you)出產,經(jing)久耐用(yong),價廉物美,城鄉居(ju)民都(dou)喜(xi)歡用(yong)它。
芭(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)蕉(jiao)(jiao)扇(shan)(shan),又(you)叫蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)、葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)、蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)。清王廷鼎《杖扇(shan)(shan)新錄(lu)》:“古有(you)棕(zong)扇(shan)(shan)、葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)、蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)、蕉(jiao)(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)諸名,實即(ji)今之(zhi)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan),江浙呼為(wei)芭(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)蕉(jiao)(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)也(ye)。棕(zong)櫚一種(zhong)名蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)葵(kui),《研北雜(za)志》稱《唐韻》‘棕(zong)’字注(zhu)云‘蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)葵(kui)也(ye),乃棕(zong)扇(shan)(shan)耳’。以(yi)其(qi)(qi)似(si)蕉(jiao)(jiao),故亦(yi)名芭(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)蕉(jiao)(jiao)扇(shan)(shan),產閩廣者(zhe)多葉圓大(da)而厚,柄(bing)長尺外,色淺碧,乾則白而不枯。土人采下陰干,以(yi)重物(wu)鎮之(zhi)使平,剪成圓形(xing),削(xue)細(xi)篾絲,雜(za)錦線(xian)緣其(qi)(qi)邊(bian),即(ji)仍其(qi)(qi)柄(bing)以(yi)為(wei)柄(bing),曰‘自來柄(bing)’,是為(wei)粗者(zhe)。有(you)截(jie)其(qi)(qi)柄(bing),以(yi)名竹、文木、洋漆、象牙、玳瑁為(wei)之(zhi),飾以(yi)翠(cui)蝶銀花,緣以(yi)錦邊(bian),是為(wei)細(xi)者(zhe)。通稱之(zhi)曰蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan),或(huo)曰芭(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)蕉(jiao)(jiao)扇(shan)(shan),實一物(wu)也(ye)。”這種(zhong)扇(shan)(shan)輕便風大(da),價格低廉,從古到(dao)今人們都喜(xi)歡用它。
輕便扇(shan)又叫(jiao)袖珍扇(shan),它收(shou)折自如(ru)(ru),小巧玲瓏,攜帶方便。一種是(shi)鐵柄的,扇(shan)殼(ke)用鐵皮沖壓而成,涂以各色油(you)漆,彩(cai)紙扇(shan)面,花(hua)樣新異,價格(ge)低廉。另一種是(shi)木柄或竹柄的,用彩(cai)紙或香木做扇(shan)面,同樣收(shou)折自如(ru)(ru)。
綢舞扇(shan)、絹面(mian)(mian)花(hua)邊(bian)折(zhe)扇(shan)多(duo)為戲劇舞蹈用(yong)扇(shan),有半綢全綢之分,扇(shan)骨以竹為主,也有用(yong)檀香木或(huo)(huo)牛骨的(de)。扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)采用(yong)各式絲(si)綢,印上或(huo)(huo)繪上花(hua)草圖案,有的(de)還加上閃光鋁片,舞動時(shi)絢麗多(duo)彩,或(huo)(huo)金(jin)光熠熠。也有在扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)沿邊(bian)外(wai)加絲(si)綢花(hua)邊(bian)作裝飾(shi),做成女用(yong)絹面(mian)(mian)花(hua)邊(bian)折(zhe)扇(shan)。
帽(mao)扇半打開時可用作扇子取(qu)涼,全打開時可當帽(mao)子遮陽蔽日(ri)。它透風(feng)耐(nai)曬,易于折(zhe)疊,規格多樣,形狀各異,是(shi)旅游佳品(pin)。
又叫(jiao)屏風扇(shan),掛(gua)在墻(qiang)上(shang)或擺在大(da)(da)堂之內作裝飾用,扇(shan)骨(gu)長六(liu)七十厘米,實際上(shang)是一種(zhong)特大(da)(da)型的(de)折扇(shan)。杭(hang)州王星記扇(shan)廠曾(ceng)制作過巨型屏風扇(shan)《杭(hang)州西(xi)湖全圖》,扇(shan)邊長2.6米,展(zhan)開面(mian)積約十平方米,重(zhong)16公(gong)斤,扇(shan)骨(gu)用上(shang)等木料(liao)制作,兩根大(da)(da)邊外側,以淺浮雕形式分(fen)組雕出著名(ming)“西(xi)湖十景”圖,扇(shan)面(mian)采用十六(liu)張牛(niu)皮紙(zhi)拼接而(er)成(cheng),灰黃色底上(shang)灑以銀鉑,上(shang)繪巨幅青綠山水(shui)“西(xi)湖全景”,曾(ceng)送香港(gang)展(zhan)覽。這大(da)(da)概是我國古今最大(da)(da)的(de)折扇(shan)了(le)。
象牙(ya)質(zhi)地(di)細(xi)密堅韌,便于雕(diao)刻(ke)(ke),并可染(ran)色,是(shi)名貴(gui)的(de)制(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用料。北(bei)京故官博物院(yuan)珍藏(zang)著一(yi)把(ba)以象牙(ya)篾(mie)絲(si)編綴(zhui)的(de)雕(diao)花團扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),是(shi)清代乾隆年間(jian)廣東官員(yuan)進(jin)獻宮廷(ting)的(de)禮品。此(ci)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)呈蕉葉形,縱57.3cm,橫34.1cm。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)用潔白細(xi)潤、寬不足1mm的(de)極薄的(de)象牙(ya)絲(si)編成,均勻細(xi)密。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)上鑲有(you)淺(qian)刻(ke)(ke)、浮雕(diao)和撥鏤結合的(de)染(ran)色牙(ya)刻(ke)(ke)菊、蘭(lan)、佛(fo)手等花卉,布(bu)局嚴謹,色調穩重。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)邊(bian)包鑲玳(dai)(dai)瑁框(kuang),畫琺(fa)瑯彩繪花果紋(wen)柄(bing)把(ba),上下嵌(qian)金星(xing)玻璃,棕竹柄(bing)梁,垂(chui)如意(yi)形銅鍍金護,頂上鑲有(you)鏨蝙(bian)蝠紋(wen)。柄(bing)梁上、中、下部分嵌(qian)有(you)雕(diao)花玳(dai)(dai)瑁,卷云(yun)勾(gou)蓮琥珀及(ji)雕(diao)夔(kui)龍(long)嵌(qian)玳(dai)(dai)瑁護托。全扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)突(tu)出了(le)象牙(ya)絲(si)細(xi)膩澤潤的(de)質(zhi)感,莊重典雅,古(gu)色古(gu)香。