病毒(du)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)是由(you)上(shang)呼吸道病毒(du)感染、向(xiang)下蔓(man)延(yan)所致的(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)部炎(yan)(yan)癥。本病一年(nian)四季均可發生,但(dan)大多(duo)見于冬(dong)春(chun)季節,可暴發或散(san)發流行。臨床主要表現(xian)為發熱、頭痛(tong)、全身酸痛(tong)、干咳及肺(fei)(fei)浸(jin)潤等。病毒(du)性(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)發生與病毒(du)的(de)(de)毒(du)力(li)、感染途徑以及宿(su)主的(de)(de)年(nian)齡、免疫功能狀(zhuang)態等有(you)關。一般小兒發病率(lv)高(gao)于成人(ren)。
急(ji)性(xing)呼吸(xi)道(dao)感(gan)染(ran)中(zhong),病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)占90%,而(er)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)則以(yi)上呼吸(xi)道(dao)為(wei)主,有普通感(gan)冒(mao)、咽(yan)炎(yan)、喉-氣(qi)(qi)管-支(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)、細(xi)支(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)、嬰(ying)兒(er)皰疹(zhen)(zhen)性(xing)咽(yan)峽炎(yan)以(yi)及流行性(xing)胸(xiong)痛(tong)等(deng)。引起肺(fei)炎(yan)的(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)不多見,其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)流行性(xing)感(gan)冒(mao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)常(chang)見,其(qi)他為(wei)副流感(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、巨細(xi)胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、腺病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、鼻病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、冠狀(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)某些腸道(dao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du),如柯薩奇、埃可病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng),以(yi)及單純(chun)皰疹(zhen)(zhen)、水痘(dou)-帶狀(zhuang)皰疹(zhen)(zhen)、風疹(zhen)(zhen)、麻(ma)疹(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)。嬰(ying)幼兒(er)還常(chang)由(you)呼吸(xi)道(dao)合胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)產(chan)生(sheng)肺(fei)炎(yan)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)性(xing)肺(fei)炎(yan)多發(fa)生(sheng)于冬春季節,可散發(fa)流行或(huo)暴發(fa)。在非細(xi)菌性(xing)肺(fei)炎(yan)中(zhong),病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)染(ran)占25%~50%,患者多為(wei)兒(er)童,成人相(xiang)對少(shao)見。
近(jin)年來由于(yu)免疫抑制藥物廣泛應用于(yu)腫(zhong)瘤、器(qi)官移植,以及艾滋病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人數逐(zhu)年增多等(deng),單純皰(pao)疹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)、水痘-帶(dai)狀皰(pao)疹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)、巨細胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)等(deng),都可引(yin)起(qi)嚴重的(de)(de)肺(fei)炎。病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)炎為吸(xi)入性(xing)(xing)感(gan)(gan)染(ran),通(tong)過(guo)(guo)人與人的(de)(de)飛沫(mo)傳(chuan)染(ran),主要是由上呼吸(xi)道(dao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)向(xiang)下蔓(man)延所(suo)致(zhi),常伴(ban)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)-支氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)炎,家畜(chu)如(ru)馬、豬等(deng)有時(shi)帶(dai)有某種流(liu)行性(xing)(xing)感(gan)(gan)冒(mao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du),偶見接觸傳(chuan)染(ran)。糞(fen)經口傳(chuan)染(ran)見于(yu)腸道(dao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du),呼吸(xi)道(dao)合(he)胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)塵埃傳(chuan)染(ran)。器(qi)官移植的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)例(li)可以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)多次輸血,甚至供(gong)者(zhe)的(de)(de)器(qi)官引(yin)起(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)。血行播散的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)炎并不伴(ban)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)-支氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)炎。
本病臨床表(biao)現一般較(jiao)輕,與支(zhi)原體肺(fei)炎的(de)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)相似。起病緩(huan)慢,有(you)(you)頭痛、乏(fa)力(li)、發熱(re)、咳(ke)嗽、并咳(ke)少量黏痰。體征往(wang)往(wang)缺如。X線檢查(cha)(cha)肺(fei)部炎癥(zheng)呈斑點狀(zhuang)、片狀(zhuang)或(huo)均勻的(de)陰影。白細胞總數可正常、減少或(huo)略增加。病程一般為1~2周。在免疫(yi)缺損的(de)患者(zhe),病毒性(xing)肺(fei)炎往(wang)往(wang)比(bi)較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong),有(you)(you)持續性(xing)高熱(re)、心悸、氣(qi)急、發紺、極度衰竭,可伴休(xiu)克、心力(li)衰竭和氮質血癥(zheng)。由(you)于(yu)肺(fei)泡間質和肺(fei)泡內(nei)水腫,嚴(yan)重(zhong)者(zhe)可發生呼吸窘(jiong)迫(po)綜合(he)征。體檢可有(you)(you)濕啰(luo)音。X線檢查(cha)(cha)顯示彌漫性(xing)結節性(xing)浸潤,多(duo)見于(yu)兩下2/3肺(fei)野。
1.病原學檢查
病毒培(pei)養(yang)較(jiao)困(kun)難,不易常規開展(zhan),肺炎(yan)(yan)病人(ren)的痰涂片僅發現散(san)在(zai)細菌及大量有核(he)細胞,或(huo)找不到致病菌,應(ying)懷疑病毒性肺炎(yan)(yan)的可能。
2.血清學檢查
急性期和恢復(fu)期的雙份血(xue)清,補體結合(he)試(shi)驗(yan)、中(zhong)和試(shi)驗(yan)或血(xue)清抑制試(shi)驗(yan)抗體滴度增高4倍或以(yi)上有確診(zhen)意義。近年用(yong)血(xue)清監(jian)測病毒的特異性IgM抗體,有助早期診(zhen)斷。免疫熒光,酶聯免疫吸(xi)附試(shi)驗(yan),酶標組化法(fa)(fa),辣(la)根(gen)過氧化物酶-抗辣(la)根(gen)過氧化物酶法(fa)(fa)等,可進行病毒特異性快速診(zhen)斷。
3.白細胞
計數(shu)正常、稍高或(huo)偏低,血沉通(tong)常在正常范圍,痰(tan)涂(tu)片所見的白細(xi)胞(bao)以(yi)單核細(xi)胞(bao)居多(duo),痰(tan)培(pei)養常無致(zhi)病細(xi)菌生長。
4.胸部X線
檢查可見肺(fei)紋理增多,小片狀浸潤(run)(run)或(huo)廣泛浸潤(run)(run),病(bing)情嚴重者顯(xian)示雙肺(fei)彌(mi)漫性(xing)結節性(xing)浸潤(run)(run),但大葉(xie)實(shi)變及胸腔積液者均不(bu)(bu)多見。病(bing)毒性(xing)肺(fei)炎(yan)的致病(bing)原不(bu)(bu)同,其X線征象亦有不(bu)(bu)同的特征。
病(bing)毒(du)性(xing)肺炎的診(zhen)(zhen)斷依(yi)據為臨床癥狀及(ji)x線改變,并(bing)排除(chu)由其他病(bing)原(yuan)體引(yin)起(qi)的肺炎。確診(zhen)(zhen)則有賴于病(bing)原(yuan)學(xue)檢(jian)查,包(bao)(bao)括病(bing)毒(du)分(fen)(fen)離(li)、血(xue)清學(xue)檢(jian)查以(yi)及(ji)病(bing)毒(du)抗原(yuan)的檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)。呼吸道分(fen)(fen)泌物中細胞(bao)核內的包(bao)(bao)涵體可提示病(bing)毒(du)感染(ran),但(dan)并(bing)非一定來自肺部,需進(jin)一步收集下(xia)呼吸道分(fen)(fen)泌物或肺活檢(jian)標(biao)本作(zuo)培(pei)養分(fen)(fen)離(li)病(bing)毒(du)。血(xue)清學(xue)檢(jian)查常用的方(fang)法是檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)特異性(xing)IgG抗體,如補體結合試驗(yan)、血(xue)凝抑制試驗(yan)、中和(he)試驗(yan),但(dan)僅能作(zuo)為回顧性(xing)診(zhen)(zhen)斷,并(bing)無(wu)早(zao)期診(zhen)(zhen)斷價值(zhi)。
以(yi)對癥治療為(wei)主,臥床休(xiu)息,居室保(bao)持空(kong)氣流通(tong),注意隔離消毒,預(yu)防交叉感(gan)染。給(gei)予足量維(wei)生(sheng)素及(ji)(ji)蛋白(bai)質,多飲水及(ji)(ji)少量多次進軟食,酌情靜脈輸液及(ji)(ji)吸氧。保(bao)持呼吸道通(tong)暢,及(ji)(ji)時清除上呼吸道分泌物等。原則上不(bu)宜應用(yong)抗(kang)生(sheng)素預(yu)防繼發性細菌感(gan)染,一旦明確已合(he)并細菌感(gan)染,應及(ji)(ji)時選用(yong)敏感(gan)的(de)抗(kang)生(sheng)素。
目前已(yi)證實較有(you)效的病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)抑制藥物有(you):①利巴(ba)韋林具廣譜抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)功(gong)能(neng),包(bao)括呼(hu)吸道合(he)胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、腺病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、副流(liu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)流(liu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。②阿(a)昔(xi)洛(luo)(luo)韋為一化(hua)學(xue)合(he)成(cheng)的抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)藥,具有(you)廣譜、強效和(he)起效快的特(te)點(dian)。臨床用(yong)(yong)于皰疹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、水(shui)痘病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)。尤(you)其對免(mian)疫(yi)缺陷或應用(yong)(yong)免(mian)疫(yi)抑制劑者應盡早應用(yong)(yong)。③更昔(xi)洛(luo)(luo)韋為無(wu)環(huan)鳥(niao)苷類似物,抑制DNA合(he)成(cheng)。主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于巨細胞(bao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)。④奧司他(ta)韋為神(shen)經氨酸酶抑制劑,對甲、乙型流(liu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)均有(you)很好作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),耐藥發生(sheng)率低。⑤阿(a)糖腺苷為嘌呤核苷類化(hua)合(he)物,具有(you)廣泛(fan)的抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。多用(yong)(yong)于治(zhi)療免(mian)疫(yi)缺陷患(huan)者的皰疹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與水(shui)痘病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)。⑥金剛烷(wan)胺(an)為人(ren)工合(he)成(cheng)胺(an)類藥物,有(you)阻止某(mou)些病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)進入人(ren)體細胞(bao)及退熱作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。臨床用(yong)(yong)于流(liu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)。