嗜(shi)酸性(xing)細(xi)胞性(xing)肺炎是一組(zu)病因明(ming)確(que)或尚(shang)未明(ming)確(que),以嗜(shi)酸性(xing)細(xi)胞浸(jin)潤(run)為(wei)特(te)點(dian),常(chang)伴周圍血嗜(shi)酸細(xi)胞增多的疾病。有時稱為(wei)嗜(shi)酸性(xing)細(xi)胞增多性(xing)肺浸(jin)潤(run)(PIE)綜合(he)征。
嗜(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)胞性(xing)(xing)(xing)肺炎是(shi)一組病(bing)因明確或尚未明確,以(yi)嗜(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)胞浸潤為(wei)特點,常(chang)伴周圍血嗜(shi)酸(suan)細(xi)胞增多的疾病(bing).
有(you)時稱為嗜酸性細胞增多性肺(fei)浸潤(PIE)綜合征。
病(bing)(bing)因(yin)包括寄生蟲(chong)(如(ru)(ru)蛔蟲(chong),弓蛔蚴蟲(chong)和(he)絲(si)蟲(chong)),藥物(wu)(wu)(如(ru)(ru)青(qing)霉(mei)素,對氨基水楊(yang)酸,肼苯噠(da)嗪(qin)(qin),呋(fu)喃妥因(yin),氯丙嗪(qin)(qin),磺胺制劑);化學過敏物(wu)(wu)質(如(ru)(ru)蒸(zheng)氣形式吸入的(de)碳化鎳);和(he)真(zhen)菌(jun)(如(ru)(ru)煙曲(qu)霉(mei),它(ta)引起變應性(xing)(xing)支氣管(guan)肺曲(qu)霉(mei)病(bing)(bing)見后述).盡管(guan)疑有過敏性(xing)(xing)機(ji)制,但大(da)多數嗜酸性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)肺炎病(bing)(bing)因(yin)不明(ming).嗜酸性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)增多提(ti)示(shi)為(wei)第(di)Ⅰ型過敏反應,綜合征(zheng)的(de)其(qi)他特(te)點(dian)(血管(guan)炎,圓(yuan)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)浸(jin)潤)提(ti)示(shi)為(wei)第(di)Ⅲ型亦(yi)可(ke)能為(wei)第(di)Ⅳ型反應.
嗜(shi)酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)肺(fei)炎(表76-3)常(chang)合(he)(he)(he)并有(you)支(zhi)氣管(guan)哮(xiao)(xiao)喘(chuan).合(he)(he)(he)并哮(xiao)(xiao)喘(chuan)及(ji)病(bing)(bing)因不(bu)明的(de)嗜(shi)酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)肺(fei)炎可分為三類:外源性(xing)支(zhi)氣管(guan)哮(xiao)(xiao)喘(chuan)伴(ban)(ban)PIE綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)征(zheng),事實(shi)上,常(chang)為變應性(xing)支(zhi)氣管(guan)肺(fei)曲霉病(bing)(bing);內(nei)源性(xing)支(zhi)氣管(guan)哮(xiao)(xiao)喘(chuan)伴(ban)(ban)PIE綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)征(zheng)(慢性(xing)嗜(shi)酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)肺(fei)炎),胸片上常(chang)出現特征(zheng)性(xing)的(de)肺(fei)周(zhou)圍部浸潤;和變應性(xing)肉芽腫(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(Churg-Strauss綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)征(zheng),一種(zhong)結節性(xing)多關節炎伴(ban)(ban)肺(fei)病(bing)(bing)變).單純性(xing)嗜(shi)酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)肺(fei)炎(LÖffler綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)征(zheng))偶可合(he)(he)(he)并哮(xiao)(xiao)喘(chuan).
不伴哮喘(chuan)的(de)嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎包括(kuo)急性(xing)(xing)嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎,嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)肌(ji)痛綜合征和嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多綜合征.急性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎是一(yi)種原(yuan)因不明的(de)不同(tong)病(bing)種,可(ke)引起(qi)急性(xing)(xing)發熱(re),嚴(yan)重低氧血癥,彌漫(man)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)浸潤(run)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)支(zhi)氣管肺(fei)(fei)泡灌洗液中的(de)嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)比例>25%.經(jing)皮(pi)(pi)質激素治療(liao)可(ke)迅速(su),徹底緩解.嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)肌(ji)痛綜合征與食用大量的(de)作為食物(wu)添加劑的(de)L-色氨酸(suan)有(you)關.肺(fei)(fei)浸潤(run)偶可(ke)伴有(you)肌(ji)痛,肌(ji)無力,皮(pi)(pi)疹和類似于硬(ying)皮(pi)(pi)病(bing)的(de)軟組(zu)織硬(ying)結.嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多綜合征的(de)診斷標準為持(chi)續性(xing)(xing)嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多(>1500/mm3)達(da)6個月以(yi)上,缺乏其他引起(qi)嗜(shi)(shi)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多的(de)病(bing)因,累及(ji)(ji)心,肝,脾,中樞神(shen)經(jing)系統或(huo)肺(fei)(fei),心臟(zang)最常(chang)受累.發熱(re),體重減輕和貧血也常(chang)見,常(chang)可(ke)發生(sheng)動(dong)脈而非靜脈性(xing)(xing)血栓栓塞疾病(bing)。
特征(zheng)性(xing)改變包括嗜酸性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞,大(da)單核(he)細(xi)(xi)胞充滿(man)肺泡,肺泡間隔內嗜酸性(xing)細(xi)(xi)胞,漿細(xi)(xi)胞和大(da),小(xiao)單核(he)細(xi)(xi)胞浸潤(run).也(ye)可(ke)有細(xi)(xi)支(zhi)氣管(guan)內粘(zhan)液填塞和血(xue)管(guan)浸潤(run)。
癥狀和體征可(ke)輕微,也(ye)可(ke)危(wei)及(ji)生命.可(ke)伴低度發熱(re),輕度(如有(you)(you))呼(hu)吸(xi)道癥狀,可(ke)即時(shi)(shi)恢復.其他類(lei)型的(de)PIE綜合(he)征,可(ke)有(you)(you)發熱(re)和支氣管哮(xiao)喘(chuan)癥狀,包括咳嗽,喘(chuan)鳴和靜息時(shi)(shi)呼(hu)吸(xi)困難.如不治療,慢性嗜(shi)酸(suan)性細胞(bao)性肺(fei)炎常(chang)進行性發展(zhan)至(zhi)危(wei)及(ji)生命,類(lei)似(si)急性嗜(shi)酸(suan)性肺(fei)炎.常(chang)有(you)(you)明顯增高的(de)嗜(shi)酸(suan)性細胞(bao)(20%~40%,有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)更高).胸部X線表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)不同(tong)肺(fei)葉內有(you)(you)迅(xun)速出現(xian)(xian)及(ji)迅(xun)速消失的(de)浸潤(run)病灶(游走性浸潤(run))。
根據病(bing)(bing)(bing)人居住的地理區域尋找致病(bing)(bing)(bing)蠕蟲,痰內可(ke)找到寄生(sheng)蟲和(he)煙曲霉,需仔細(xi)詢問用(yong)藥史.鑒別診斷包括結(jie)(jie)核,結(jie)(jie)節(jie)病(bing)(bing)(bing),霍奇金(jin)病(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)其(qi)他淋巴組織增生(sheng)性(xing)疾病(bing)(bing)(bing),肺(fei)嗜酸(suan)性(xing)細(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)肉芽(ya)腫,脫屑性(xing)間質性(xing)肺(fei)炎(yan)和(he)膠原性(xing)血管疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)。過敏性(xing)肺(fei)炎(yan)和(he)Wegener肉芽(ya)腫常不伴嗜酸(suan)性(xing)細(xi)胞(bao)增多。
本病可(ke)為自(zi)限(xian)性(xing),呈良性(xing),可(ke)不需治療(liao).如癥狀(zhuang)嚴重,使用(yong)(yong)皮質類(lei)固醇常有極好效果;對于急性(xing)嗜酸(suan)性(xing)細(xi)胞肺炎和特發性(xing)慢性(xing)嗜酸(suan)性(xing)肺炎者該治療(liao)可(ke)挽救生命(ming)。如出現支氣管哮喘(chuan),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)通(tong)常治療(liao)方(fang)法.有蠕蟲感染的,應使用(yong)(yong)驅(qu)蟲藥。