《憲法(fa)學導論》是2004年法(fa)律出版社(she)出版的圖書,作者是張(zhang)千帆。
從(cong)方法論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個體主(zhu)義(yi)出(chu)發(fa),(參見第(di)一(yi)章)本書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作者認為,憲(xian)(xian)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)也是(shi)(shi)唯一(yi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在于保護公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)個人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)嚴(yan)和(he)權利——盡管這(zhe)些權利之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)可會發(fa)生沖突,而國(guo)家權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)實現這(zhe)一(yi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)段。這(zhe)解(jie)釋了本為什么沒有(you)涉及某些傳統(tong)憲(xian)(xian)法教(jiao)科書(shu)所(suo)涉及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong),例如公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)和(he)國(guo)權。如第(di)一(yi)章所(suo)述(shu),現代(dai)憲(xian)(xian)法學一(yi)般只(zhi)談公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)“權利”,而不(bu)談公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)“務(wu)(wu)”;這(zhe)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)說公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)沒有(you)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)遵守憲(xian)(xian)法和(he)法律(lv)——他們當然有(you),而是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)定(ding)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在于突顯下列基本觀(guan)念,即國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保障公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)權利,不(bu)是(shi)(shi)施加義(yi)務(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)憲(xian)(xian)法和(he)普通法律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個基本形式區別o(當然,通法律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)也是(shi)(shi)為了保障權利。)換言之(zhi)(zhi),憲(xian)(xian)法對公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)不(bu)可被實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而只(zhi)能被理解(jie)為對公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)權利本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)與界定(ding)。
本書(shu)也沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)述(shu)及(ji)“國家主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”概念(nian)。憲法(fa)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)國內(nei)法(fa),而主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)則(ze)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)國際法(fa)概念(nian),因(yin)而不是(shi)現(xian)代憲法(fa)學的關注重(zhong)(zhong)點,且過分注重(zhong)(zhong)國家主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)將疑對公民(min)權(quan)(quan)利(li)構(gou)成威脅。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)政府對外代表(biao)著國家的“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”——盡管即使(shi)這個(ge)概念(nian)也因(yin)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列國際組織(zhi)與規則(ze)的發展與深化而變得不越來越不要(yao)(yao),對內(nei)則(ze)恰好相反:人(ren)(ren)民(min)對它具有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)。但即使(shi)是(shi)“人(ren)(ren)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”這個(ge)概念(nian),憲法(fa)學也不宜(yi)多提(ti)——問題(ti)不是(shi)人(ren)(ren)民(min)有(you)(you)(you)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan),他們(men)(men)當然(ran)有(you)(you)(you),而是(shi)這個(ge)“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”究竟意味著如何(he)(he)體(ti)現(xian)并體(ti)現(xian)在哪里?它是(shi)指大多數人(ren)(ren)具有(you)(you)(you)直接制定法(fa)律(lv)的權(quan)(quan)力(li)?直接選舉人(ren)(ren)民(min)代表(biao)的權(quan)(quan)力(li)?間(jian)接選舉并監(jian)督(du)人(ren)(ren)民(min)代表(biao)的權(quan)(quan)力(li)?對于這些(xie)實(shi)際問題(ti),籠統的“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”并不能給我們(men)(men)帶來任何(he)(he)啟示(shi)。最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的是(shi),“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)”是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)抽(chou)象的整體(ti)概念(nian),在實(shi)際中操(cao)作性不強(qiang),且容易被(bei)濫用而失(shi)去意義。因(yin)此,我們(men)(men)更傾向于談論權(quan)(quan)利(li)——個(ge)人(ren)(ren)的具體(ti)的可被(bei)實(shi)施的權(quan)(quan)利(li)。
最(zui)后,本書可能(neng)應(ying)(ying)該(gai)(gai)對“憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(學(xue))的意(yi)義(yi)”之類的題(ti)目說得更(geng)多(duo)(duo)一些。但這(zhe)個(ge)題(ti)目實際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)用多(duo)(duo)說的。事實上,我們以(yi)前(qian)對憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(學(xue))意(yi)義(yi)的肯定不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)少,而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)多(duo)(duo)了(le)(le)——不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的意(yi)義(yi)被抬得太(tai)高了(le)(le),這(zhe)當然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)的,而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指我們說得太(tai)多(duo)(duo),而(er)(er)做(zuo)(zuo)得實在(zai)太(tai)少了(le)(le)。每(mei)個(ge)人(ren)都聽說過(guo)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)家的“根本大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)體(ti)系(xi)的基石,等等。但它(ta)的意(yi)義(yi)最(zui)終體(ti)現在(zai)什么地(di)方(fang)呢?這(zhe)光靠說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)解決問題(ti)的。筆(bi)者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei),我們應(ying)(ying)該(gai)(gai)少說一點(dian)(dian),多(duo)(duo)學(xue)一點(dian)(dian),多(duo)(duo)做(zuo)(zuo)一點(dian)(dian)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)學(xue)的意(yi)義(yi)最(zui)終來自中國(guo)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政制度的實踐(jian),而(er)(er)這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)別憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)學(xue)教授(shou)的使(shi)命(ming),而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全部(bu)中國(guo)人(ren)——包括(kuo)這(zhe)本書的所有讀者(zhe)的使(shi)命(ming)。畢竟,憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(應(ying)(ying)該(gai)(gai))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他們制定的,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)他們而(er)(er)制定的。