鋰離子電池是什么？

鋰離子電池具有重量輕、容量大、無記憶效應等優點，因而得到了普遍應用——現在的許多數碼設備都采用了鋰離子電池作電源，盡管其價格相對來說比較昂貴。鋰離子電池的(de)能量密度很(hen)高，它的(de)容量是(shi)同重(zhong)量的(de)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池的(de)1.5~2倍(bei)，而且具(ju)有(you)很(hen)低(di)的(de)自放電(dian)率。此外，鋰離子電(dian)池幾(ji)乎沒(mei)有(you)“記憶效應(ying)”以及不(bu)含有(you)毒(du)物質等(deng)優(you)點也是(shi)它廣泛應(ying)用的(de)重(zhong)要原因。

鋰離子電池工作原理

當對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)上有鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)生成(cheng)，生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液運(yun)(yun)動(dong)到負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。而作為負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)碳呈層狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，它有很多(duo)微孔，達到負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)就嵌(qian)入到碳層的(de)(de)(de)微孔中，嵌(qian)入的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量越(yue)(yue)高。同樣，當對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時（即我們使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)），嵌(qian)在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)碳層中的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)脫出(chu)，又運(yun)(yun)動(dong)回正極(ji)(ji)(ji)。回正極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量越(yue)(yue)高。

一般(ban)鋰電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流設定(ding)在(zai)0.2C至1C之間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)流越大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)越快，同(tong)時電(dian)(dian)池發熱也越大(da)。而(er)且，過(guo)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容量不夠滿，因為電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)(dian)化學反應需(xu)要時間(jian)。就(jiu)跟(gen)倒啤酒(jiu)一樣，倒太(tai)快的(de)話會產(chan)生(sheng)泡沫，反而(er)不滿。對電(dian)(dian)池來說，正常使用就(jiu)是放電(dian)(dian)的(de)過(guo)程。

鋰(li)電池放(fang)電需要注意幾點：

第一，放電電流不能過大，過大的電流導致電池內部發熱，有可能會造成永久性的損害。在手機上，這(zhe)個倒(dao)是沒有(you)問題(ti)的，可(ke)以不(bu)考慮。

第二，絕對(dui)不能過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)！鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)怕過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一旦(dan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于2.7V，將可(ke)能導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池報廢。好(hao)在手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部都已經裝了(le)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)還沒低到(dao)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的程(cheng)度，保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就會起作用，停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從圖上可(ke)以看出(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流越(yue)大(da)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量越(yue)小(xiao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降更(geng)快。

該圖片由注冊用戶"科技數碼行"提供，版權聲明反饋

鋰離子電池優缺點

鋰離子電池優點

鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)（Li-ion，Lithium Ion Battery）：鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)具(ju)有(you)重量輕、容量大、無記憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)等(deng)(deng)優點，因(yin)而(er)得到了普遍應(ying)用——現在的(de)許多數碼設備都采用了鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)作電(dian)源，盡管其價格相對來說(shuo)比較昂貴。鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)的(de)能(neng)量密度很高，它(ta)的(de)容量是同重量的(de)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)的(de)1.5~2倍，而(er)且具(ju)有(you)很低的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)率。此外，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)池(chi)幾(ji)乎沒有(you)“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)”以及不含有(you)毒物質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)優點也是它(ta)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用的(de)重要原因(yin)。

另外請注意鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外部一般標(biao)有英文7.2V lithiumion battery（鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）或(huo)7.2V lithium secondary battery（鋰(li)(li)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）、7.2V lithiumion rechargeable battery（充電(dian)(dian)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)），所(suo)以用戶在購買(mai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)時一定要(yao)看清電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塊外表(biao)的標(biao)志，防(fang)止因為沒有看清電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類型而將(jiang)鎘鎳、氫(qing)鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)誤認為鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

無記憶效應大大方便(bian)了手機(ji)用戶(hu)(hu)，用戶(hu)(hu)不必在每次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時都先放電(dian)(dian)再(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，而可以隨(sui)心所欲(yu)的隨(sui)時對手機(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

鋰離子電池缺點

鋰電(dian)池的缺點(dian)是(shi)價(jia)格昂貴，所以目前(qian)尚不(bu)能普遍應(ying)用(yong)，主(zhu)要應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)掌上(shang)計算機、PDA、通信(xin)設備(bei)、照相機、衛(wei)星、導彈、魚雷、儀(yi)器等。隨(sui)著技術的發展、工藝的改進及(ji)生產(chan)量的增加，鋰電(dian)池的價(jia)格將會(hui)不(bu)斷地下降，應(ying)用(yong)上(shang)也會(hui)更普遍。

鋰離子電池注意事項

鋰離(li)子電(dian)池應用(yong)注意事項除與(yu)上(shang)述不(bu)可充電(dian)的鋰電(dian)池相同(tong)外，在充電(dian)方面還應注意以下幾點(dian)：

1. 鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池有(you)4.1V及4.2V終止(zhi)充電(dian)的(de)(de)不同(tong)品種(zhong)，因此在充電(dian)時注意的(de)(de)是(shi)4.1V的(de)(de)電(dian)池不能用4.2V的(de)(de)充電(dian)器充電(dian)，否則會有(you)過充的(de)(de)危險(4.1V與4.2V的(de)(de)充電(dian)器用的(de)(de)充電(dian)器IC是(shi)不同(tong)的(de)(de)!)。

2. 對電池充(chong)電時(shi)，其環(huan)境溫度不(bu)能超過產品特性表中所列(lie)的溫度范圍。

3. 不(bu)能反向(xiang)充電。

4. 不(bu)能用充(chong)鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(充(chong)三(san)節鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的)來充(chong)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(雖然(ran)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一樣，都是3.6V)，但充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不(bu)同，容易造成過充(chong)。

鋰離子電池保存方法

鋰(li)原電池自放電很(hen)低(di)，可(ke)保存3年之(zhi)久，在冷藏的(de)條件下(xia)保存，效(xiao)果會(hui)更(geng)好。將鋰(li)原電池存放在低(di)溫(wen)的(de)地方(fang)，不(bu)失(shi)是(shi)一個(ge)好方(fang)法。鋰(li)離子電池在20℃下(xia)可(ke)儲(chu)存半年以(yi)上，這是(shi)由于它的(de)自放電率很(hen)低(di)，而且(qie)大(da)部(bu)分容量可(ke)以(yi)恢復。

鋰電池存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)現象，如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)3.6V以(yi)下長時(shi)間保(bao)存(cun)，會(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)而破壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部結構，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命。因此長期保(bao)存(cun)的(de)(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池應當每3~6個月(yue)補(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次(ci)，即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.8~3.9V（鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池最佳(jia)儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.85V左右）為(wei)宜，不宜充滿。

鋰電池的應用溫(wen)度范(fan)圍很(hen)廣，在北方的冬天(tian)室外(wai)，仍然可以(yi)使用，但容(rong)量會降低(di)很(hen)多(duo)，如果回到(dao)室溫(wen)的條(tiao)件下(xia)，容(rong)量又(you)可以(yi)恢復。