銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是人類(lei)最早(zao)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)金屬。早(zao)在史前時(shi)代，人們就開(kai)始采掘露天(tian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)，并用(yong)(yong)獲(huo)取的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制造(zao)武器、式具和(he)其(qi)他(ta)器皿，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)對早(zao)期人類(lei)文明的(de)進步(bu)影響(xiang)深(shen)遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是一(yi)種存(cun)在于(yu)地殼(ke)和(he)海(hai)洋中的(de)金屬。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在地殼(ke)中的(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)約為0.01%，在個別銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)床中，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)以達到(dao)3%～5%。自然(ran)界中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，多數(shu)以化(hua)合(he)物(wu)即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)存(cun)在。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)與其(qi)他(ta)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)聚合(he)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)石，開(kai)采出來的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)石，經過選礦(kuang)(kuang)而成(cheng)為含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)位較(jiao)高的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)。是唯一(yi)的(de)能大量(liang)(liang)天(tian)然(ran)產出的(de)金屬，也存(cun)在于(yu)各種礦(kuang)(kuang)石（例如黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)、斑(ban)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)、赤銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)和(he)孔雀石）中，能以單質金屬狀態及(ji)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)合(he)金的(de)形態用(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)業、工(gong)程(cheng)技術和(he)工(gong)藝(yi)上。

銅是(shi)(shi)與人類關系非常密切的有色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，被廣泛地應用(yong)于電氣、輕(qing)工、機械制造、建筑工業、國(guo)防工業等領域，在中國(guo)有色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)材料的消費中僅次于鋁。銅是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)紅色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，同時也是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)綠(lv)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)。說(shuo)它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)綠(lv)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)它(ta)(ta)熔點較低(di)，容易再熔化、再冶煉，因而回(hui)收利用(yong)相(xiang)當地便宜。古代主(zhu)要用(yong)于器(qi)皿、藝(yi)(yi)術品及武器(qi)鑄造，比較有名的器(qi)皿及藝(yi)(yi)術品如司母戊鼎、四羊方尊。

銅密(mi)度的定義：銅的質量(liang)與銅體(ti)積的比值就叫作銅密(mi)度。

銅密(mi)度符號(hao)和單(dan)位(wei)：通常用“ρ”（讀(du)做(zuo)rōu）表示，單(dan)位(wei)為g/cm3，正確讀(du)法(fa)是克每立方(fang)厘(li)米(mi)。還有一種不(bu)常用的單(dan)位(wei)是kg/dm3，讀(du)作(zuo)千(qian)克每立方(fang)分米(mi)。它們之間的換算(suan)關(guan)系：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅(tong)密度的公式：

1.銅密度(du)的(de)公式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表示密度(du)、m表示質(zhi)量、V表示體積)

2.銅(tong)密度公(gong)式變(bian)形：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量(liang)m可以用(yong)(yong)天平(ping)測量(liang)，液體(ti)(ti)和形(xing)狀不規(gui)則的固體(ti)(ti)的體(ti)(ti)積v可以用(yong)(yong)量(liang)筒或(huo)量(liang)杯測量(liang)。

4.物質的(de)(de)密度是一定的(de)(de)，它不隨體(ti)積和質量的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)，不同牌號的(de)(de)銅密度也是不隨體(ti)積變(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。

純銅密度(du)、黃銅密度(du)、青銅密度(du)、白(bai)銅密度(du)：

1.純銅，無氧銅的密度是8.9(g/cm3)，磷脫氧銅的密度是8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加工黃(huang)銅的(de)密(mi)度是8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造黃(huang)銅的(de)密(mi)度是7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工青銅的(de)密度(du)是7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄造(zao)青銅的(de)密度(du)是7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅(tong)的密度是8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純銅：中國(guo)俗稱(cheng)‘紫銅’，日本與臺灣俗稱(cheng)‘紅銅’。

紅銅(tong)(tong)即純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)(tong)，純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)密度(du)為8.96，熔點為1083℃。具(ju)有很好(hao)的(de)導電(dian)性(xing)和導熱(re)性(xing)，塑(su)性(xing)極好(hao)，易于熱(re)壓(ya)和冷壓(ya)力加工，大量用于制造電(dian)線、電(dian)纜、電(dian)刷、電(dian)火花專用電(dian)蝕(shi)銅(tong)(tong)等(deng)要求導電(dian)性(xing)良好(hao)的(de)產品(pin)。

因呈紫紅色而得(de)名。它不一定是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，有(you)時還加(jia)入少量脫(tuo)氧(yang)元素(su)或(huo)其他元素(su),以改善材質和(he)性能(neng),因此也(ye)歸入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。中(zhong)國紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工材按成分(fen)可(ke)分(fen)為：普(pu)通(tong)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高純(chun)、真空無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、脫(tuo)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加(jia)少量合金(jin)元素(su)的(de)特種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（砷銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲(di)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）四類(lei)。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅作主(zhu)要添加元素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金，具(ju)有美觀的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅二元合(he)金稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元以上(shang)的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)復(fu)雜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅低於36％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金由固溶體(ti)組(zu)成，具(ju)有良好的(de)冷加工性能，如含(han)鋅30％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)用來制作彈殼，俗稱(cheng)彈殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)七三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅在36～42％之(zhi)間的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金由和(he)固溶體(ti)組(zu)成，其(qi)中最常(chang)用的(de)是含(han)鋅40％的(de)六四黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白(bai)銅：銅、鈷、鎳(nie)合(he)金(jin)。

以鎳(nie)為主要添加(jia)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)。銅(tong)(tong)鎳(nie)二元(yuan)合(he)(he)金(jin)稱(cheng)普(pu)通白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)；加(jia)有錳(meng)(meng)、鐵、鋅、鋁等(deng)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)稱(cheng)復雜白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)。工業用(yong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)分(fen)為結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)電工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)特點是機(ji)械性(xing)能和(he)耐(nai)蝕性(xing)好，色澤(ze)美觀。這種白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)廣泛(fan)用(yong)於(wu)制造精(jing)密(mi)(mi)機(ji)械、化(hua)工機(ji)械和(he)船舶構(gou)件。電工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)一般(ban)有良好的(de)熱(re)電性(xing)能。錳(meng)(meng)銅(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)是含錳(meng)(meng)量(liang)不同的(de)錳(meng)(meng)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)，是制造精(jing)密(mi)(mi)電工儀器、變阻(zu)器、精(jing)密(mi)(mi)電阻(zu)、應(ying)變片、熱(re)電偶等(deng)用(yong)的(de)材料(liao)。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合金

原指銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錫合(he)金，后除黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)外的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金均(jun)稱青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)常在(zai)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)名字前冠以(yi)(yi)第一(yi)主要添(tian)加元(yuan)(yuan)素的(de)名。錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、減摩(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好和(he)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好，適合(he)於(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)軸承(cheng)、蝸(gua)輪、齒(chi)輪等(deng)。鉛青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是現(xian)代發動機和(he)磨(mo)床廣泛使(shi)用(yong)的(de)軸承(cheng)材料(liao)。鋁(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)強(qiang)度高，耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，用(yong)於(wu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)高載荷的(de)齒(chi)輪、軸套、船(chuan)用(yong)螺旋槳(jiang)等(deng)。鈹青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)磷青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)極限(xian)高，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，適於(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)精密彈簧(huang)和(he)電接觸元(yuan)(yuan)件，鈹青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)還用(yong)來制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)煤礦(kuang)、油(you)庫(ku)等(deng)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)無火花工具。

銅的吸收

一般(ban)情況下，銅的(de)(de)(de)攝入量嬰(ying)幼兒期為0.4~1.0mg/日，成人(ren)為1.5~3.omg/日，吸(xi)收(shou)率30~40%。胃、十二指腸(chang)和小腸(chang)上部是銅的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要吸(xi)收(shou)部位，其腸(chang)吸(xi)收(shou)是主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)過程。膜內(nei)外(wai)銅離子的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)運(yun)體(ti)為ATP酶，依靠天冬(dong)氨酸殘基磷酸化供能，能將主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)銅與門靜脈側枝循環(huan)中的(de)(de)(de)白(bai)蛋白(bai)結合(he)，運(yun)至肝(gan)臟進一步參與代謝(xie)。

在人體的應用

銅(tong)是(shi)人體健康(kang)不可缺(que)少的(de)微量營養素，對于血液、中(zhong)樞神經和免疫系統(tong)，頭(tou)發、皮膚(fu)和骨骼組織以及腦子和肝、心等內臟(zang)的(de)發育和功(gong)能有(you)重(zhong)要影響。銅(tong)主要從日常(chang)飲食中(zhong)攝入(ru)。世界(jie)衛生(sheng)組織建議，為(wei)了維持健康(kang)，成人每(mei)公斤體重(zhong)每(mei)天應攝入(ru)0.03毫克銅(tong)。孕婦和嬰幼兒(er)應加倍(bei)。缺(que)銅(tong)會引起各種疾病(bing)，可以服用含銅(tong)補劑和藥丸來加以補充(chong)。

銅(tong)在人(ren)體(ti)內含(han)量(liang)約(yue)100～150mg，血清銅(tong)正常值100～120μg/dl，是人(ren)體(ti)中含(han)量(liang)位居第二的(de)必需微量(liang)元素。含(han)銅(tong)的(de)酶有(you)酪氨酸酶、單(dan)胺氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)酶、超(chao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)酶、超(chao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物歧化(hua)(hua)(hua)酶、血銅(tong)藍蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)等。銅(tong)對血紅蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)的(de)形成(cheng)起活化(hua)(hua)(hua)作用(yong)，促進鐵(tie)的(de)吸收(shou)和利用(yong)，在傳遞(di)電子、彈性(xing)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)的(de)合成(cheng)、結締組(zu)織的(de)代(dai)謝、嘌(piao)呤代(dai)謝、磷脂(zhi)及神經組(zu)織形成(cheng)方面(mian)有(you)重要意義。

銅(tong)缺乏可引起如下疾(ji)病：

1.貧(pin)血

一(yi)般最常見的臨(lin)床表現為頭暈、乏(fa)力、易(yi)倦、耳鳴(ming)、眼花。皮膚(fu)黏(nian)膜及指甲等顏(yan)色蒼白，體力活動(dong)后感覺氣促、心(xin)悸。嚴(yan)重貧血時，即使在休息時也出現氣短和心(xin)悸，在心(xin)尖和心(xin)底部(bu)可聽到柔和的收(shou)縮期雜音。

2.骨(gu)骼改變

臨床表現為骨(gu)質疏松，易發生(sheng)骨(gu)折。

3.銅與冠心病

4.銅與白(bai)癜風病(bing)

5.女性不孕(yun)癥

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導線(xian)的線(xian)心：用(yong)銅做導線(xian)即(ji)是導體，導體的性質是具有導電性。

2、各(ge)種電器(qi)中的散(san)熱器(qi)：散(san)熱器(qi)的作用(yong)是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)散(san)熱的，所以利(li)用(yong)的是(shi)銅(tong)的導熱性。

3、各種裝飾的銅箔(bo)：能制成各種形狀(zhuang)銅箔(bo)，這(zhe)是利用了銅的延展性。

銅及其合金加工材

板(ban)材(cai)(cai)、帶材(cai)(cai)、箔(bo)材(cai)(cai)、排材(cai)(cai)、管材(cai)(cai)、棒材(cai)(cai)、線材(cai)(cai)和型(xing)材(cai)(cai)

銅工藝品

銅工(gong)藝品(pin)是一種手工(gong)藝的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，即通過手工(gong)將原料或半成(cheng)品(pin)加工(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，是對一組(zu)價(jia)值藝術品(pin)的(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。銅工(gong)藝品(pin)來源與生活，卻又創造了高于(yu)生活的(de)(de)價(jia)值。

銅樂器

銅(tong)管樂(le)器(qi)：是一種將氣流(liu)吹(chui)進(jin)吹(chui)嘴(zui)之后(hou)，造成(cheng)嘴(zui)唇(chun)振動的樂(le)器(qi)。

青(qing)銅樂器：是夏商(shang)周三代音樂文化(hua)中最具代表性(xing)、最重要的歷史遺存。青(qing)銅樂器主要有銅鈴、鉦、鐃(nao)、鎛、編(bian)甬鐘、編(bian)鈕鐘等。

水(shui)洗、除(chu)塵、藥洗、涂層要(yao)得當。銅制品大部分都需要(yao)進行清潔處理，主(zhu)要(yao)是除(chu)掉銅制品上的污垢，如(ru)土(tu)斑、銹斑、油垢、汗漬等(deng)，因(yin)為(wei)這些東西不但損(sun)害銅制品，還可(ke)能(neng)對身體不好(hao)。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。