銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是人類(lei)最早使用的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)。早在(zai)(zai)(zai)史前時代，人們就開始采(cai)(cai)掘露天銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，并用獲取的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制造武器、式具(ju)和其他(ta)器皿，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)使用對早期(qi)人類(lei)文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)進步影(ying)響深遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是一種存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)地殼和海洋(yang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地殼中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)0.01%，在(zai)(zai)(zai)個別銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)可以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)3%～5%。自然界中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，多(duo)數(shu)以(yi)(yi)化(hua)合物即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物與其他(ta)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物聚合成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，開采(cai)(cai)出來的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，經過選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)而成為(wei)(wei)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品位較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。是唯一的(de)(de)(de)能大量(liang)天然產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)，也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)各種礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石（例(li)如黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、斑銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、赤銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和孔雀石）中(zhong)，能以(yi)(yi)單質金屬(shu)狀態(tai)及黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和其他(ta)合金的(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)用于(yu)工業、工程技術和工藝上(shang)。

銅是與人類關系非常密切的(de)有色(se)金屬(shu)，被廣泛地應用于(yu)(yu)(yu)電氣、輕工、機械制造(zao)、建(jian)筑工業、國防工業等領域，在中國有色(se)金屬(shu)材料的(de)消費中僅次于(yu)(yu)(yu)鋁。銅是一(yi)種紅色(se)金屬(shu)，同時也是一(yi)種綠(lv)色(se)金屬(shu)。說它是綠(lv)色(se)金屬(shu)，主要是因為它熔點較低，容易再熔化、再冶煉，因而(er)回收利用相當(dang)地便宜。古代主要用于(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)皿(min)、藝術品及武器(qi)鑄造(zao)，比較有名的(de)器(qi)皿(min)及藝術品如司母戊(wu)鼎、四羊(yang)方尊。

銅(tong)(tong)密度(du)的定義：銅(tong)(tong)的質量與銅(tong)(tong)體積的比(bi)值就叫作銅(tong)(tong)密度(du)。

銅密度符號和單位(wei)：通常(chang)用“ρ”（讀做rōu）表(biao)示，單位(wei)為g/cm3，正確讀法是克每立方(fang)厘米(mi)。還有一種(zhong)不常(chang)用的單位(wei)是kg/dm3，讀作千(qian)克每立方(fang)分(fen)米(mi)。它們(men)之間(jian)的換算(suan)關系：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅(tong)密度的公式：

1.銅密度的公(gong)式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表(biao)(biao)示(shi)密度、m表(biao)(biao)示(shi)質量、V表(biao)(biao)示(shi)體(ti)積)

2.銅密度(du)公(gong)式變形：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量(liang)m可以用天平測量(liang)，液(ye)體和形狀不規則(ze)的固體的體積(ji)v可以用量(liang)筒或量(liang)杯測量(liang)。

4.物(wu)質的(de)(de)密(mi)度是一定的(de)(de)，它(ta)不(bu)隨體積(ji)和質量的(de)(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化，不(bu)同(tong)牌(pai)號(hao)的(de)(de)銅密(mi)度也是不(bu)隨體積(ji)變(bian)化而變(bian)化的(de)(de)。

純(chun)銅密(mi)度、黃銅密(mi)度、青(qing)銅密(mi)度、白銅密(mi)度：

1.純銅，無氧銅的密度是8.9(g/cm3)，磷脫氧銅的密度是8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加工黃銅的密度是8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造黃銅的密度是7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工青銅(tong)的密(mi)度(du)是7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄造青銅(tong)的密(mi)度(du)是7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅(tong)的密度是8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純(chun)銅(tong)：中(zhong)國俗稱(cheng)‘紫銅(tong)’，日本(ben)與臺灣俗稱(cheng)‘紅銅(tong)’。

紅銅即純銅，又名紫銅，純銅密(mi)度為(wei)(wei)8.96，熔點(dian)為(wei)(wei)1083℃。具有很(hen)好(hao)(hao)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)性和導(dao)熱性，塑性極好(hao)(hao)，易(yi)于熱壓和冷壓力加工，大量用于制(zhi)造電(dian)線、電(dian)纜、電(dian)刷、電(dian)火花(hua)專用電(dian)蝕銅等要求(qiu)導(dao)電(dian)性良好(hao)(hao)的(de)產品。

因呈紫紅色而(er)得名。它不一定(ding)是(shi)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，有(you)時還加入少量脫氧元素(su)或其他元素(su),以改善材質和(he)性能,因此(ci)也歸(gui)入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。中國(guo)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材按成分(fen)可分(fen)為：普通紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高純、真空無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)）、脫氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加少量合金(jin)元素(su)的特種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（砷(shen)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)）四類。

黃銅

黃銅(tong)：銅(tong)鋅合金(jin)。

以鋅(xin)作主要添加元素(su)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)，具(ju)有美(mei)觀的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色，統稱黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二(er)元合金(jin)稱普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元以上的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱特殊(shu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱復雜(za)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)低(di)於(wu)36％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)由固溶體組(zu)成，具(ju)有良好的(de)冷(leng)加工性能，如(ru)含(han)鋅(xin)30％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制作彈殼，俗(su)稱彈殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或七三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)在36～42％之間的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)由和固溶體組(zu)成，其中最常用的(de)是含(han)鋅(xin)40％的(de)六四黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅(tong)：銅(tong)、鈷(gu)、鎳(nie)合金。

以(yi)鎳為(wei)主要(yao)添加元素(su)(su)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二元合金(jin)稱(cheng)普通白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加有錳(meng)、鐵、鋅、鋁等(deng)(deng)元素(su)(su)的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)稱(cheng)復(fu)雜(za)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工業用(yong)(yong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為(wei)結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的特點是機(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和耐蝕性(xing)(xing)好，色澤美(mei)觀。這種(zhong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用(yong)(yong)於制(zhi)造(zao)精密機(ji)械(xie)、化工機(ji)械(xie)和船舶構(gou)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一般有良好的熱(re)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是含(han)錳(meng)量不(bu)同的錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是制(zhi)造(zao)精密電(dian)(dian)工儀(yi)器、變(bian)(bian)阻器、精密電(dian)(dian)阻、應變(bian)(bian)片、熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)的材料。

青銅

青銅(tong)：銅(tong)錫合(he)金(jin)

原指銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合(he)金，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以外的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金均稱青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，并常在青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)名字前冠以第(di)一主要添(tian)加元素的(de)名。錫(xi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能、減摩(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好和(he)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，適合(he)於制造(zao)(zao)軸(zhou)承、蝸輪、齒(chi)輪等。鉛青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是現代發(fa)動機和(he)磨床(chuang)廣(guang)泛使用的(de)軸(zhou)承材料。鋁青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)強度高(gao)，耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，用於鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)高(gao)載荷(he)的(de)齒(chi)輪、軸(zhou)套、船用螺旋槳等。鈹(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)磷青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)極限高(gao)，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，適於制造(zao)(zao)精密彈簧和(he)電接觸元件，鈹(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)用來制造(zao)(zao)煤(mei)礦(kuang)、油庫等使用的(de)無火花工(gong)具。

銅的吸收

一(yi)般情況下(xia)，銅(tong)的(de)攝入量嬰(ying)幼兒期為(wei)0.4~1.0mg/日(ri)，成人為(wei)1.5~3.omg/日(ri)，吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)率30~40%。胃、十二指腸和小腸上部是銅(tong)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)部位，其腸吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)是主(zhu)(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)過程。膜(mo)內(nei)外銅(tong)離子的(de)轉運體為(wei)ATP酶(mei)，依靠天冬氨酸殘基磷(lin)酸化供能(neng)(neng)，能(neng)(neng)將主(zhu)(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)的(de)銅(tong)與(yu)門靜脈側枝(zhi)循環中(zhong)的(de)白(bai)蛋白(bai)結合，運至肝(gan)臟進一(yi)步參與(yu)代謝。

在人體的應用

銅是人體(ti)健康(kang)不可缺少的微(wei)量營(ying)養素，對于血液、中樞(shu)神經和(he)免(mian)疫系統，頭發、皮膚和(he)骨骼組(zu)織以(yi)及腦子和(he)肝、心等內臟的發育和(he)功能有重要影(ying)響。銅主(zhu)要從日常飲(yin)食中攝入(ru)。世界衛生組(zu)織建議，為了維持健康(kang)，成(cheng)人每(mei)公斤體(ti)重每(mei)天應攝入(ru)0.03毫克銅。孕婦(fu)和(he)嬰幼(you)兒(er)應加倍。缺銅會引起各(ge)種疾病，可以(yi)服用(yong)含銅補劑和(he)藥丸來加以(yi)補充。

銅(tong)(tong)在人體內含(han)量(liang)約100～150mg，血(xue)(xue)清銅(tong)(tong)正常(chang)值(zhi)100～120μg/dl，是人體中(zhong)含(han)量(liang)位居第二的必需微量(liang)元素。含(han)銅(tong)(tong)的酶有(you)酪氨酸酶、單胺氧(yang)化酶、超(chao)氧(yang)化酶、超(chao)氧(yang)化物歧化酶、血(xue)(xue)銅(tong)(tong)藍蛋白(bai)等。銅(tong)(tong)對血(xue)(xue)紅蛋白(bai)的形(xing)(xing)成起活化作(zuo)用(yong)，促進(jin)鐵的吸收(shou)和利用(yong)，在傳遞電子、彈性蛋白(bai)的合(he)成、結締組織的代(dai)謝(xie)、嘌呤代(dai)謝(xie)、磷(lin)脂及神經組織形(xing)(xing)成方面有(you)重要意義。

銅缺乏(fa)可引起(qi)如下(xia)疾病(bing)：

1.貧血

一般最常(chang)見的臨床(chuang)表現為頭暈、乏力、易倦、耳鳴、眼花。皮(pi)膚(fu)黏(nian)膜及指甲(jia)等(deng)顏(yan)色蒼白，體力活動后感覺氣促、心(xin)悸。嚴重(zhong)貧血時，即使(shi)在休息(xi)時也出現氣短和心(xin)悸，在心(xin)尖和心(xin)底部(bu)可(ke)聽到(dao)柔(rou)和的收縮期雜音(yin)。

2.骨骼改變(bian)

臨床表現為骨質(zhi)疏松，易發生骨折。

3.銅與冠心病

4.銅與白癜風(feng)病(bing)

5.女性不(bu)孕癥

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導(dao)線的線心：用銅做導(dao)線即是(shi)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)，導(dao)體(ti)(ti)的性質(zhi)是(shi)具(ju)有導(dao)電性。

2、各種電(dian)器中的(de)散(san)熱(re)器：散(san)熱(re)器的(de)作用是(shi)用來散(san)熱(re)的(de)，所以利用的(de)是(shi)銅的(de)導(dao)熱(re)性。

3、各(ge)種裝飾的(de)銅(tong)箔：能制成各(ge)種形狀銅(tong)箔，這是(shi)利用了銅(tong)的(de)延(yan)展性。

銅及其合金加工材

板材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、帶材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、箔材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、排材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、管(guan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、棒材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、線材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)和型材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)

銅工藝品

銅(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)是一(yi)種(zhong)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)產品(pin)，即通過手(shou)工(gong)(gong)將原料或半(ban)成品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)而成的(de)(de)產品(pin)，是對一(yi)組價(jia)值藝術品(pin)的(de)(de)總稱。銅(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)來源與生活，卻又(you)創造了高于生活的(de)(de)價(jia)值。

銅樂器

銅管樂(le)器：是一種將(jiang)氣(qi)流(liu)吹進吹嘴(zui)之后，造成嘴(zui)唇振動的樂(le)器。

青銅樂(le)(le)器：是夏商周(zhou)三代音樂(le)(le)文化中最(zui)具代表性、最(zui)重要的(de)歷史遺存(cun)。青銅樂(le)(le)器主要有銅鈴、鉦、鐃(nao)、鎛、編甬鐘(zhong)、編鈕鐘(zhong)等。

水(shui)洗(xi)、除(chu)塵、藥洗(xi)、涂層要得當(dang)。銅(tong)制(zhi)品大部分都(dou)需(xu)要進行清(qing)潔處理，主(zhu)要是除(chu)掉銅(tong)制(zhi)品上的污垢，如(ru)土(tu)斑、銹斑、油垢、汗漬等，因(yin)為(wei)這些東(dong)西(xi)不(bu)但損害銅(tong)制(zhi)品，還(huan)可能(neng)對身體不(bu)好。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。