銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類(lei)最(zui)早(zao)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)。早(zao)在(zai)史(shi)前時代，人們(men)就開始采掘露天銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，并用(yong)(yong)獲取的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制造武器(qi)、式具(ju)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)器(qi)皿(min)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)對早(zao)期人類(lei)文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步影(ying)響深遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)一種存(cun)(cun)在(zai)于地殼(ke)和(he)海洋中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)地殼(ke)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)含量約為(wei)0.01%，在(zai)個別銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含量可以達(da)到3%～5%。自然(ran)界(jie)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，多數以化合物即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物與其(qi)他(ta)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物聚合成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，開采出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，經過選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)而成為(wei)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品位較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。是(shi)(shi)唯(wei)一的(de)(de)(de)能大(da)量天然(ran)產出的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)，也(ye)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)于各種礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石（例如黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、斑銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、赤銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)孔雀石）中(zhong)，能以單質(zhi)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)狀態(tai)及(ji)黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)用(yong)(yong)于工業、工程技(ji)術和(he)工藝上。

銅(tong)是(shi)與人類關系非(fei)常密切的(de)有(you)色(se)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，被廣泛(fan)地應用(yong)于(yu)電氣、輕(qing)工、機械(xie)制造、建(jian)筑工業、國(guo)防工業等領域，在中國(guo)有(you)色(se)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)的(de)消費中僅次(ci)于(yu)鋁。銅(tong)是(shi)一種紅色(se)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)一種綠色(se)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。說它是(shi)綠色(se)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，主(zhu)要是(shi)因為它熔點較(jiao)低，容易再熔化、再冶煉，因而回(hui)收利用(yong)相(xiang)當地便宜。古(gu)代主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)器(qi)皿、藝(yi)術(shu)品及(ji)武(wu)器(qi)鑄(zhu)造，比較(jiao)有(you)名的(de)器(qi)皿及(ji)藝(yi)術(shu)品如司母戊鼎(ding)、四(si)羊(yang)方尊(zun)。

銅密(mi)度(du)的定義：銅的質量與(yu)銅體積(ji)的比值(zhi)就叫作銅密(mi)度(du)。

銅密度符(fu)號(hao)和(he)單位(wei)：通常用“ρ”（讀做rōu）表示，單位(wei)為g/cm3，正確讀法是克每立方厘(li)米(mi)。還有一種不常用的單位(wei)是kg/dm3，讀作(zuo)千(qian)克每立方分米(mi)。它們之(zhi)間的(de)換算關系(xi)：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅密度的公(gong)式：

1.銅(tong)密(mi)度的公(gong)式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表示密(mi)度、m表示質量、V表示體積)

2.銅密度(du)公(gong)式變(bian)形：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量(liang)m可(ke)以用天(tian)平(ping)測(ce)量(liang)，液體和形(xing)狀不規則的(de)固體的(de)體積v可(ke)以用量(liang)筒或量(liang)杯測(ce)量(liang)。

4.物質的(de)(de)密度(du)是(shi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)，它不(bu)隨(sui)體(ti)積和質量(liang)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，不(bu)同牌號的(de)(de)銅密度(du)也是(shi)不(bu)隨(sui)體(ti)積變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。

純銅(tong)密度(du)、黃(huang)銅(tong)密度(du)、青銅(tong)密度(du)、白銅(tong)密度(du)：

1.純銅，無氧銅的(de)密度(du)是8.9(g/cm3)，磷脫氧銅的(de)密度(du)是8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加工黃銅的密度(du)是8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造黃銅的密度(du)是7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工青銅的密(mi)度(du)是(shi)7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄造(zao)青銅的密(mi)度(du)是(shi)7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅(tong)的密度是8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純(chun)銅：中國俗稱‘紫銅’，日本與臺灣俗稱‘紅銅’。

紅銅(tong)(tong)即純銅(tong)(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)(tong)，純銅(tong)(tong)密度為8.96，熔點(dian)為1083℃。具有很好(hao)的(de)導電性(xing)和導熱性(xing)，塑性(xing)極好(hao)，易于熱壓和冷壓力加工，大量用于制造電線(xian)、電纜(lan)、電刷(shua)、電火花專用電蝕(shi)銅(tong)(tong)等要(yao)求導電性(xing)良好(hao)的(de)產品。

因(yin)呈紫(zi)紅(hong)色而得(de)名。它不一定是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，有時(shi)還加入(ru)少(shao)量脫氧(yang)元(yuan)素或其(qi)他元(yuan)素,以(yi)改(gai)善材質(zhi)和(he)性能,因(yin)此也歸入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金。中(zhong)國(guo)紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)加工材按成分(fen)可分(fen)為(wei)：普通紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高(gao)純(chun)、真(zhen)空無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)）、脫氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加少(shao)量合(he)金元(yuan)素的特種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)（砷(shen)銅(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)）四類。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅(xin)合(he)金。

以鋅(xin)(xin)作主要添加元素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)，具有美觀的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)二元合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三(san)(san)元以上的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊(shu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)復雜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)(xin)低於36％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)由(you)固溶(rong)體組成，具有良好的(de)冷加工性能，如(ru)含鋅(xin)(xin)30％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常用(yong)來制作彈殼，俗(su)稱(cheng)彈殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)七三(san)(san)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)(xin)在36～42％之間的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)由(you)和固溶(rong)體組成，其中(zhong)最常用(yong)的(de)是含鋅(xin)(xin)40％的(de)六(liu)四(si)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白(bai)銅(tong)：銅(tong)、鈷、鎳合金。

以鎳為(wei)主要(yao)添(tian)加(jia)元素(su)(su)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金。銅(tong)(tong)鎳二元合(he)(he)(he)金稱普通白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)；加(jia)有(you)錳、鐵(tie)、鋅、鋁(lv)等元素(su)(su)的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金稱復雜(za)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)。工業用白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)分(fen)為(wei)結(jie)構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)兩大類。結(jie)構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)點是機械性能和(he)耐蝕性好(hao)，色(se)澤美觀(guan)。這(zhe)種白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)廣泛用於制(zhi)造精密機械、化(hua)工機械和(he)船(chuan)舶構(gou)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)一(yi)般有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)熱電(dian)(dian)性能。錳銅(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)是含錳量不同的(de)(de)錳白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)，是制(zhi)造精密電(dian)(dian)工儀器、變阻器、精密電(dian)(dian)阻、應變片、熱電(dian)(dian)偶等用的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。

青銅

青銅(tong)：銅(tong)錫合金(jin)

原(yuan)指銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合金，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、白(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以外(wai)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金均(jun)稱(cheng)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，并常在青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)名字前冠以第一主(zhu)要添加(jia)元素的(de)名。錫(xi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)鑄造(zao)性(xing)(xing)能、減(jian)摩(mo)性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)和(he)(he)機械性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，適合於(wu)制造(zao)軸承、蝸輪、齒(chi)輪等。鉛青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)現代發動(dong)機和(he)(he)磨(mo)床廣泛使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)軸承材料。鋁青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)強度(du)高，耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)耐蝕性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)於(wu)鑄造(zao)高載荷的(de)齒(chi)輪、軸套、船用(yong)(yong)(yong)螺旋槳等。鈹青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)磷青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)極限高，導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，適於(wu)制造(zao)精密彈(dan)簧和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)接觸元件，鈹青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來制造(zao)煤礦、油(you)庫(ku)等使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)無火花工(gong)具。

銅的吸收

一(yi)般情況下，銅的攝入量嬰幼(you)兒期(qi)為0.4~1.0mg/日，成人(ren)為1.5~3.omg/日，吸(xi)收(shou)率30~40%。胃、十(shi)二指腸(chang)和小(xiao)腸(chang)上(shang)部是銅的主(zhu)要(yao)吸(xi)收(shou)部位，其腸(chang)吸(xi)收(shou)是主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)過程。膜內外銅離子的轉運體為ATP酶，依靠天冬氨酸(suan)殘(can)基磷(lin)酸(suan)化供(gong)能，能將(jiang)主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)的銅與門靜脈側枝(zhi)循環(huan)中的白蛋白結合，運至肝臟進一(yi)步參與代謝。

在人體的應用

銅是人體健康不可缺(que)少的(de)微量營(ying)養素，對(dui)于(yu)血液、中樞神經和(he)免疫(yi)系統，頭發(fa)、皮膚(fu)和(he)骨骼組織(zhi)以及腦子和(he)肝(gan)、心等(deng)內臟的(de)發(fa)育和(he)功能(neng)有重要影(ying)響(xiang)。銅主(zhu)要從日(ri)常飲食中攝(she)入。世界衛生(sheng)組織(zhi)建(jian)議，為(wei)了維(wei)持健康，成人每公(gong)斤(jin)體重每天(tian)應攝(she)入0.03毫克銅。孕婦和(he)嬰幼兒(er)應加倍(bei)。缺(que)銅會引起各種疾病，可以服(fu)用(yong)含銅補劑(ji)和(he)藥丸來(lai)加以補充。

銅(tong)在(zai)人體內含量(liang)(liang)(liang)約100～150mg，血(xue)清銅(tong)正常值100～120μg/dl，是人體中含量(liang)(liang)(liang)位居第二的(de)必需(xu)微量(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)。含銅(tong)的(de)酶有(you)(you)酪氨酸酶、單胺氧化酶、超氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、血(xue)銅(tong)藍蛋白等。銅(tong)對(dui)血(xue)紅蛋白的(de)形成起活(huo)化作用，促進鐵的(de)吸收和利用，在(zai)傳遞電子(zi)、彈性蛋白的(de)合(he)成、結締組織(zhi)的(de)代謝、嘌呤代謝、磷(lin)脂及神(shen)經(jing)組織(zhi)形成方面有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

銅缺乏可引起如下(xia)疾病：

1.貧(pin)血(xue)

一般最常(chang)見的臨床表現(xian)為頭暈(yun)、乏力、易倦、耳鳴、眼花。皮膚(fu)黏膜(mo)及指甲等(deng)顏色蒼白，體力活動后感覺氣(qi)促、心(xin)悸(ji)。嚴重貧血時，即(ji)使在(zai)休息(xi)時也(ye)出(chu)現(xian)氣(qi)短和心(xin)悸(ji)，在(zai)心(xin)尖和心(xin)底部可(ke)聽到柔和的收縮(suo)期雜音。

2.骨骼改變

臨床(chuang)表現(xian)為骨質(zhi)疏松，易發生骨折。

3.銅與(yu)冠心(xin)病(bing)

4.銅與白癜風病

5.女(nv)性(xing)不孕癥

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導線(xian)的線(xian)心：用銅做(zuo)導線(xian)即(ji)是導體，導體的性質是具有導電(dian)性。

2、各種電器中的(de)散熱器：散熱器的(de)作用(yong)是用(yong)來散熱的(de)，所(suo)以(yi)利(li)用(yong)的(de)是銅的(de)導熱性。

3、各種裝(zhuang)飾的銅箔：能制成(cheng)各種形狀銅箔，這是利用(yong)了銅的延展性。

銅及其合金加工材

板材(cai)(cai)、帶材(cai)(cai)、箔材(cai)(cai)、排材(cai)(cai)、管材(cai)(cai)、棒材(cai)(cai)、線(xian)材(cai)(cai)和型材(cai)(cai)

銅工藝品

銅(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)(pin)是一種(zhong)手(shou)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的產品(pin)(pin)，即通過手(shou)工(gong)將原料(liao)或半(ban)成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)而(er)成(cheng)的產品(pin)(pin)，是對一組價值藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)品(pin)(pin)的總(zong)稱。銅(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)(pin)來源與生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，卻又創造了高于生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的價值。

銅樂器

銅管樂器：是一種將氣流吹(chui)進吹(chui)嘴(zui)之(zhi)后，造成嘴(zui)唇振(zhen)動的樂器。

青(qing)銅(tong)樂(le)器：是(shi)夏商周三代音樂(le)文化(hua)中最(zui)具代表(biao)性、最(zui)重(zhong)要的歷史遺存。青(qing)銅(tong)樂(le)器主要有銅(tong)鈴、鉦、鐃、鎛、編甬鐘、編鈕(niu)鐘等。

水洗、除塵、藥洗、涂層要(yao)得當。銅制(zhi)品大部分(fen)都需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行清潔處理，主要(yao)是(shi)除掉銅制(zhi)品上的污(wu)垢，如(ru)土斑、銹斑、油垢、汗(han)漬等，因為這些東西不但損害(hai)銅制(zhi)品，還可能(neng)對身體不好。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。