一、潛水泵的工作原理

潛水(shui)泵有好幾種(zhong)，電機里的(de)線包有油浸式(shi)和水(shui)浸式(shi)還(huan)有是干式(shi)。

使用前(qian)必(bi)須先看說明(ming)書，不能搞(gao)錯，長期不用，必(bi)須在(zai)使用前(qian)還得把葉(xie)(xie)(xie)輪弄轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不然(ran)會因為長期不用卡死而燒(shao)包。開泵(beng)前(qian)，吸入(ru)管和泵(beng)內必(bi)須充滿液(ye)體(ti)。開泵(beng)后(hou)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)輪高速旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，其中的(de)液(ye)體(ti)隨(sui)著葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片一起(qi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，在(zai)離心力的(de)作用下(xia)，飛離葉(xie)(xie)(xie)輪向外射出(chu)，射出(chu)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)在(zai)泵(beng)殼擴散室內速度逐漸變慢(man)，壓(ya)力逐漸增加，然(ran)后(hou)從(cong)泵(beng)出(chu)口，排出(chu)管流(liu)出(chu)。此時，在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片中心處由于液(ye)體(ti)被甩(shuai)向周圍而形成既沒(mei)有(you)空氣(qi)又(you)沒(mei)有(you)液(ye)體(ti)的(de)真空低壓(ya)區，液(ye)池中的(de)液(ye)體(ti)在(zai)池面(mian)大氣(qi)壓(ya)的(de)作用下(xia)，經(jing)吸入(ru)管流(liu)入(ru)泵(beng)內，液(ye)體(ti)就是這(zhe)樣(yang)連續(xu)(xu)不斷(duan)地(di)從(cong)液(ye)池中被抽吸上(shang)來又(you)連續(xu)(xu)不斷(duan)地(di)從(cong)排出(chu)管流(liu)出(chu)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"解鈴"提供，版權聲明反饋

二、潛水泵的主要分類

井用潛水泵

清水潛(qian)水泵(beng)為多級(ji)泵(beng)，主要用于(yu)從粘土(tu)層的機井、土(tu)井或水庫等處提水，適(shi)合于(yu)工廠、礦山或農田灌(guan)溉。1928年，美(mei)國布隆·杰克遜（Byron Jakson）公司(si)首次(ci)研制(zhi)出潛(qian)水電泵(beng)。隨后(hou)的30年代，德國、英國、美(mei)國、日本等國家(jia)開始生產“深井潛(qian)水泵(beng)”。

作業面潛水泵

作業面潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)屬(shu)于(yu)小型潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（單級泵(beng)(beng)），由(you)于(yu)安裝容易(yi)、使(shi)用(yong)方便，在很多(duo)場(chang)所被廣(guang)泛使(shi)用(yong)。1948年(nian)，瑞典飛力（Sterbery-Flygt）首次研制出(chu)“作業面潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”。60年(nian)代(dai)，美國(guo)、英(ying)國(guo)、德國(guo)、日本、蘇(su)聯等國(guo)家也開始(shi)大批量生產(chan)。中國(guo)1958年(nian)開始(shi)生產(chan)“作業面潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”，60年(nian)代(dai)發(fa)展為“QY型潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（充油式(shi)(shi)）”，70年(nian)代(dai)發(fa)展了“QS型潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（充水(shui)(shui)(shui)式(shi)(shi)）”，80年(nian)代(dai)又發(fa)展了“QX和(he)(he)DQX型潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（干式(shi)(shi)）”。 80年(nian)代(dai)后期“作業面潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”得到了飛速的發(fa)展，并且逐步大型化、多(duo)元化。大中型潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)因(yin)為具有簡化泵(beng)(beng)結構(gou)和(he)(he)節(jie)省泵(beng)(beng)站(zhan)建設投資等突出(chu)優點，在市(shi)政、工礦等方面得到廣(guang)泛的應用(yong)。

潛污泵

潛(qian)(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)主要用于輸送工業廢水(shui)和城市生活污(wu)水(shui)，其最大優點是(shi)可(ke)排紙漿、長纖(xian)維(wei)之類雜質。（因此(ci)也稱“無堵塞排污(wu)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)” ）。廣泛應(ying)用于城市污(wu)水(shui)處理廠、雨水(shui)池、泵(beng)(beng)(beng)站、防洪排灌等(deng)處。1956年，瑞典飛力(li)（Sterbery-Flygt）首(shou)次研制出“潛(qian)(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”，使污(wu)水(shui)站的成本大約減(jian)少一(yi)半。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)在80年代后期從德國(guo)(guo)引(yin)進(jin)并生產“潛(qian)(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”，主要有WQ、QW、AS系列產品。（據統計，“潛(qian)(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”1995年左右，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)年產量約5萬臺。）

排沙潛水泵

中(zhong)國首臺“排(pai)沙潛(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)”是由(you)上王慶(qing)武教授在1989年研制出KGQ12-50型(xing)排(pai)沙潛(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)，經(jing)過多年的發(fa)展(zhan)，現生(sheng)產(chan)的產(chan)品已(yi)經(jing)是第四代排(pai)沙潛(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)——礦(kuang)用立泵(beng)(beng)。排(pai)沙潛(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)是專為水中(zhong)富含(han)(han)泥沙的排(pai)水環(huan)境設計的，是填補國際空白的新產(chan)品。具(ju)有(you)揚程(cheng)高(gao)、耐磨損等特(te)點，適合(he)于礦(kuang)山、 工程(cheng)掘(jue)進、搶(qiang)險救災、環(huan)保除沙等水中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)大量泥沙的環(huan)境下排(pai)水。在富含(han)(han)泥沙的環(huan)境下排(pai)水，壽命是潛(qian)污泵(beng)(beng)和清水潛(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)的5～10倍。

礦用立泵

礦(kuang)用(yong)(yong)立(li)(li)泵(beng)，第四代新排沙(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)，是立(li)(li)泵(beng)和潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)整合產(chan)品，既(ji)可以當潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)使用(yong)(yong)，也可以當立(li)(li)泵(beng)使用(yong)(yong)，繼承了潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)和立(li)(li)泵(beng)的(de)優點，已經超出了潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)概念(nian)，是名副其實的(de)“兩(liang)棲泵(beng)”。按照潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)發展，礦(kuang)用(yong)(yong)立(li)(li)泵(beng)屬于(yu)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)“出水(shui)(shui)登陸上岸”的(de)進化(hua)產(chan)品。

三、潛水泵的注意事項及維護

注意事項

1、安裝漏電保護器

漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器(qi)也叫保命器(qi)，它的作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)“保命器(qi)”這(zhe)三(san)個(ge)字就可以理(li)解。因為(wei)潛(qian)水(shui)泵在水(shui)下工作(zuo)，容易(yi)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損失甚至引發(fa)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。如果(guo)裝有漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器(qi)，只(zhi)要潛(qian)水(shui)泵漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)值超(chao)過(guo)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器(qi)的動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值（一(yi)般不超(chao)過(guo)30毫安），漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器(qi)就會切(qie)斷潛(qian)水(shui)泵的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，避免漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，確保安全。

2、電(dian)源電(dian)壓異常莫開(kai)機

農(nong)村由于低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路比(bi)較長(chang)，線路的(de)末(mo)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過低是常有的(de)事。當相電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低于198伏，線電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低于342伏時，潛水泵電(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉速下降(jiang)，當達不到(dao)額(e)定轉速的(de)70%時，啟動離心開關(guan)會閉合，造(zao)成啟動繞組(zu)長(chang)時間通電(dian)(dian)(dian)而發(fa)熱(re)甚至(zhi)燒(shao)壞(huai)繞組(zu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器。相反，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過高引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機過熱(re)而燒(shao)壞(huai)繞組(zu)。因(yin)此，潛水泵在作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)中，操作(zuo)(zuo)者必須隨時觀(guan)察電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值，若低于額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)10%以下，高于額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)10%以上(shang)，應使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機停止運(yun)轉，找出原因(yin)并排除(chu)故(gu)障。

3、避免頻繁(fan)開關

不(bu)要頻(pin)繁地開(kai)關潛(qian)水(shui)泵，這(zhe)是(shi)因為電(dian)泵停轉時會(hui)產(chan)生回流，若(ruo)立即(ji)開(kai)機，會(hui)使電(dian)機負載啟(qi)動(dong)，導(dao)致啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)流過大而(er)燒(shao)壞繞組(zu)。由于啟(qi)動(dong)時電(dian)流很大，頻(pin)繁啟(qi)動(dong)也會(hui)燒(shao)壞潛(qian)水(shui)泵電(dian)動(dong)機繞組(zu)。

4、莫讓潛水電泵長期超負荷工作

為(wei)避免(mian)潛水電(dian)泵(beng)長期超負荷工作(zuo)，不(bu)要抽含沙量大的水并隨時觀察電(dian)流(liu)值是否在銘(ming)牌上規定的數值，若發(fa)現電(dian)流(liu)過大，應(ying)停機(ji)檢查。另(ling)外(wai)，電(dian)泵(beng)脫水運行的時間不(bu)宜過長，以免(mian)使電(dian)機(ji)過熱而(er)燒毀。

5、電機的旋轉方向要正確

應搞清電機的(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)方(fang)向，有許多類型的(de)潛(qian)水泵正(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)反(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)皆可出水，但(dan)反(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)出水量(liang)小(xiao)、電流大，其反(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)間長了(le)會損壞電機繞組。

6、電纜線安裝與潛水電泵的絕緣電阻要求

安裝潛水泵(beng)時(shi)，電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)線要架空，電(dian)源(yuan)線不要太長(chang)。潛水泵(beng)下(xia)水或(huo)提出(chu)時(shi)切勿(wu)使電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)受力，以(yi)免(mian)引起電(dian)源(yuan)線斷(duan)裂。潛水泵(beng)工作(zuo)時(shi)不要沉入泥(ni)中，否則會(hui)導致電(dian)機(ji)(ji)散熱(re)不良而燒(shao)壞電(dian)機(ji)(ji)繞組。安裝時(shi)，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的絕緣電(dian)阻不應低于0.5兆歐。

7、勤查勤看發現問題及時修(xiu)復

平時要(yao)經常(chang)檢查電機，如發現下蓋有裂紋、橡膠密封環損壞或失效等，應及時更換(huan)或修復，避免水(shui)滲入潛水(shui)泵(beng)。

機械維護

潛水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的日常維護。每天檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線有無(wu)破(po)損，絕對禁止漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)的潛水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)下水(shui)作(zuo)業。每天檢查水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)體有無(wu)受損，保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在工作(zuo)時不漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)。作(zuo)業結(jie)束后(hou)，應及時清(qing)理(li)附在水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)上的雜物，將水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)沖(chong)洗干凈。為保證潛水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)正常運行，必(bi)須按(an)照(zhao)下列要求進(jin)行。潛水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)在使用前，須用兆歐表檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，其值最低不能少于50MΩ。

水浸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)打開(kai)(kai)灌水螺塞，灌滿潔凈的清水后(hou)再(zai)擰(ning)緊螺塞，不(bu)可將灌水螺塞擰(ning)掉(diao)后(hou)直(zhi)接(jie)入(ru)井。使用(yong)(yong)前檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜有(you)無破裂、折(zhe)斷(duan)。如(ru)有(you)損壞應(ying)及(ji)時調(diao)換(huan)，以防漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵在下(xia)水前應(ying)向(xiang)泵內注(zhu)入(ru)清水，然后(hou)空(kong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)1—2分鐘，并起動(dong)兩次，檢(jian)查起動(dong)和(he)空(kong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)是(shi)否(fou)正常(chang)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)是(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合要求。如(ru)果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)反，將任(ren)意兩相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)線調(diao)換(huan)即可。檢(jian)查揚(yang)水管(guan)是(shi)否(fou)有(you)裂紋，聯(lian)接(jie)是(shi)否(fou)牢固。潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵下(xia)井及(ji)起吊(diao)時，絕不(bu)允(yun)許硬拉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，以免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜損壞或接(jie)頭處斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)，造成不(bu)應(ying)有(you)的事故。應(ying)當用(yong)(yong)鐵線或卡板(ban)下(xia)井及(ji)起吊(diao)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)控制在(zai)(zai)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)±5%范圍內，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)才能(neng)正常工作。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低(di)或過(guo)高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)可繼續使(shi)用，以(yi)免電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)長期在(zai)(zai)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或欠(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下工作時(shi)損壞。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)潛(qian)入(ru)水(shui)中時(shi)應(ying)垂(chui)直吊放(fang)，不(bu)得斜放(fang)。入(ru)水(shui)深(shen)度以(yi)在(zai)(zai)動(dong)水(shui)位下5米為(wei)宜(yi)。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)不(bu)得輸(shu)送含砂量較高的(de)水(shui)或泥漿(jiang)。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)實(shi)際揚程(cheng)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)0.8—1.1倍額定揚程(cheng)內使(shi)用，以(yi)提(ti)高機(ji)(ji)組效(xiao)率，節(jie)約能(neng)源，同時(shi)避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)超載。

潛(qian)水泵(beng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)線必須接(jie)實，以免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)缺相運轉燒毀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜必須經(jing)常(chang)檢查(cha)有(you)無龜(gui)裂，擦傷等(deng)情況(kuang)，有(you)則及(ji)時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)或修補(bu)。油(you)浸(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)如果(guo)發(fa)生漏油(you)現象，應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)到(dao)廠家或維(wei)修點修理，更(geng)換(huan)(huan)密(mi)封元件(jian)。水浸(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)經(jing)常(chang)清(qing)理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)腔內(nei)的砂粒，更(geng)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)腔內(nei)清(qing)水。潛(qian)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)運行半年后，應(ying)維(wei)修檢查(cha)，更(geng)換(huan)(huan)損壞零(ling)件(jian)。潛(qian)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)用后，水浸(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)放凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)清(qing)水，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)清(qing)洗(xi)干凈，涂(tu)油(you)防(fang)銹，并豎(shu)直放在干燥處保管(guan)。