一、潛水泵的工作原理
潛(qian)水(shui)泵有(you)好幾(ji)種,電機里的(de)線包有(you)油(you)浸式和(he)水(shui)浸式還有(you)是干(gan)式。
使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前(qian)必須先看說明書(shu),不(bu)(bu)能搞錯,長期(qi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong),必須在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前(qian)還得把(ba)葉(xie)輪弄轉(zhuan),不(bu)(bu)然(ran)會因(yin)為長期(qi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)卡死(si)而燒(shao)包(bao)。開泵前(qian),吸入管(guan)和(he)泵內(nei)必須充滿液(ye)體(ti)。開泵后,葉(xie)輪高速旋轉(zhuan),其中(zhong)的液(ye)體(ti)隨著(zhu)葉(xie)片一起(qi)旋轉(zhuan),在(zai)離(li)(li)心力(li)的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下,飛離(li)(li)葉(xie)輪向外射出(chu),射出(chu)的液(ye)體(ti)在(zai)泵殼擴散室內(nei)速度逐漸變(bian)慢,壓(ya)力(li)逐漸增加(jia),然(ran)后從泵出(chu)口(kou),排(pai)出(chu)管(guan)流出(chu)。此時(shi),在(zai)葉(xie)片中(zhong)心處由于液(ye)體(ti)被甩向周圍而形成既沒有(you)空(kong)氣(qi)又沒有(you)液(ye)體(ti)的真空(kong)低壓(ya)區(qu),液(ye)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的液(ye)體(ti)在(zai)池(chi)(chi)面大氣(qi)壓(ya)的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下,經(jing)吸入管(guan)流入泵內(nei),液(ye)體(ti)就是這樣連續不(bu)(bu)斷地(di)從液(ye)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)被抽(chou)吸上來(lai)又連續不(bu)(bu)斷地(di)從排(pai)出(chu)管(guan)流出(chu)。
二、潛水泵的主要分類
井用潛水泵
清水潛水泵(beng)為多級(ji)泵(beng),主要用于從粘土(tu)(tu)層的機井、土(tu)(tu)井或水庫(ku)等(deng)處提水,適合于工廠、礦山(shan)或農田灌溉。1928年(nian),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)布(bu)隆·杰克(ke)遜(xun)(Byron Jakson)公司首次研(yan)制出(chu)潛水電泵(beng)。隨(sui)后的30年(nian)代,德國(guo)(guo)、英國(guo)(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、日本等(deng)國(guo)(guo)家開始生產“深井潛水泵(beng)”。
作業面潛水泵
作(zuo)業(ye)面潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)屬于(yu)小型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(單(dan)級泵(beng)(beng)(beng)),由于(yu)安裝容易、使用方(fang)便,在很多場所被(bei)廣(guang)泛使用。1948年(nian),瑞典(dian)飛力(li)(Sterbery-Flygt)首次研制出“作(zuo)業(ye)面潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”。60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai),美國(guo)、英國(guo)、德國(guo)、日本、蘇聯等國(guo)家也(ye)開始大批(pi)量(liang)生產。中(zhong)國(guo)1958年(nian)開始生產“作(zuo)業(ye)面潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”,60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)為“QY型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(充(chong)油式)”,70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)了“QS型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(充(chong)水(shui)(shui)式)”,80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)又發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)了“QX和DQX型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(干式)”。 80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)后期“作(zuo)業(ye)面潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”得到了飛速的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),并且(qie)逐(zhu)步大型(xing)化(hua)、多元(yuan)化(hua)。大中(zhong)型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)因(yin)為具有簡化(hua)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)結構(gou)和節省泵(beng)(beng)(beng)站建設投資等突(tu)出優點,在市政、工礦等方(fang)面得到廣(guang)泛的應(ying)用。
潛污泵
潛污(wu)泵主要用于輸送工(gong)業廢(fei)水(shui)和城市生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui),其(qi)最大優(you)點(dian)是可排紙漿、長纖維之類(lei)雜質。(因此(ci)也稱“無堵(du)塞排污(wu)潛水(shui)泵” )。廣泛應用于城市污(wu)水(shui)處理廠(chang)、雨水(shui)池、泵站、防洪排灌等處。1956年,瑞典飛力(Sterbery-Flygt)首次研制出“潛污(wu)泵”,使污(wu)水(shui)站的成本大約減少一半。中國(guo)在(zai)80年代后期從德(de)國(guo)引進并生(sheng)產“潛污(wu)泵”,主要有WQ、QW、AS系列產品。(據統計,“潛污(wu)泵”1995年左右,國(guo)內年產量約5萬臺。)
排沙潛水泵
中國(guo)首臺“排(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)”是(shi)(shi)由(you)上王(wang)慶(qing)武教授在1989年研制出(chu)KGQ12-50型排(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng),經(jing)過多年的發(fa)展(zhan),現生產的產品(pin)已(yi)經(jing)是(shi)(shi)第四代排(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)——礦用立泵(beng)。排(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)是(shi)(shi)專為水(shui)(shui)(shui)中富(fu)含(han)泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境設計的,是(shi)(shi)填(tian)補國(guo)際空白的新產品(pin)。具有揚程(cheng)高、耐磨損等特點,適合于礦山、 工程(cheng)掘(jue)進、搶(qiang)險救災、環(huan)保(bao)除沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)中含(han)有大量泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的環(huan)境下排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。在富(fu)含(han)泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的環(huan)境下排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui),壽(shou)命(ming)是(shi)(shi)潛(qian)(qian)污泵(beng)和(he)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的5~10倍。
礦用立泵
礦(kuang)用(yong)立(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),第四代新(xin)排沙潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),是(shi)立(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)和潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的整(zheng)合(he)產(chan)品(pin),既(ji)可以當潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)使用(yong),也可以當立(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)使用(yong),繼承了潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)和立(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的優點,已經超出了潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的概念,是(shi)名副其實(shi)的“兩棲泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)”。按(an)照潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的發(fa)展,礦(kuang)用(yong)立(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)屬于潛水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)“出水登陸上岸”的進化產(chan)品(pin)。
三、潛水泵的注意事項及維護
注意事項
1、安裝漏電保(bao)護(hu)器
漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也叫保命(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),它(ta)的作用從“保命(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”這(zhe)三個字(zi)就可(ke)以理解(jie)。因為潛(qian)水泵在水下(xia)工(gong)作,容易漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)造(zao)成電(dian)能損失甚至引發觸電(dian)事故。如(ru)果裝有漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),只要(yao)潛(qian)水泵漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)值超過(guo)(guo)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的動(dong)作電(dian)流值(一般不超過(guo)(guo)30毫安(an)),漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)就會切斷潛(qian)水泵的電(dian)源,避免漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)浪費(fei)電(dian)能,確保安(an)全。
2、電(dian)源電(dian)壓異常莫開機(ji)
農村(cun)由于低(di)壓(ya)供電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路比較長,線(xian)路的(de)末端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低(di)是常有(you)的(de)事(shi)。當相電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于198伏(fu),線(xian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于342伏(fu)時(shi),潛水泵(beng)(beng)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速(su)(su)下降,當達(da)不到(dao)額(e)(e)定(ding)轉速(su)(su)的(de)70%時(shi),啟(qi)動(dong)離心開關會閉(bi)合,造(zao)成啟(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)長時(shi)間通(tong)電(dian)(dian)而(er)發(fa)熱(re)甚至燒壞(huai)繞(rao)組(zu)和電(dian)(dian)容器。相反,電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)高引起電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)過(guo)熱(re)而(er)燒壞(huai)繞(rao)組(zu)。因此,潛水泵(beng)(beng)在作(zuo)業中,操作(zuo)者必(bi)須(xu)隨時(shi)觀(guan)察電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值,若低(di)于額(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)10%以(yi)下,高于額(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)10%以(yi)上,應使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)停止運轉,找出原因并(bing)排除故障(zhang)。
3、避免頻繁開關
不要頻繁地開(kai)(kai)關潛(qian)水泵,這是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)泵停轉(zhuan)時(shi)會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)回流(liu),若立即開(kai)(kai)機(ji),會(hui)(hui)使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)負載啟動,導致啟動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大而燒壞繞(rao)組。由于啟動時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大,頻繁啟動也會(hui)(hui)燒壞潛(qian)水泵電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)繞(rao)組。
4、莫讓(rang)潛水(shui)電泵長期超負荷工(gong)作
為避免潛(qian)水電泵長期超負荷工(gong)作,不(bu)要抽含(han)沙量大的水并隨時觀(guan)察(cha)電流值(zhi)是(shi)否在銘牌上規定的數值(zhi),若發現電流過(guo)大,應停機檢查。另外,電泵脫水運行的時間不(bu)宜過(guo)長,以免使電機過(guo)熱而(er)燒毀。
5、電機的(de)旋(xuan)轉方向要正(zheng)確
應搞(gao)清電(dian)機(ji)的旋轉(zhuan)方向(xiang),有許多類型的潛水泵(beng)正轉(zhuan)和反轉(zhuan)時(shi)皆可出(chu)水,但反轉(zhuan)時(shi)出(chu)水量(liang)小、電(dian)流大(da),其(qi)反轉(zhuan)時(shi)間長了會損壞電(dian)機(ji)繞組。
6、電(dian)纜線安裝與潛(qian)水電(dian)泵的絕緣電(dian)阻要求
安裝(zhuang)潛水(shui)泵時(shi),電(dian)(dian)纜線要(yao)架空,電(dian)(dian)源線不(bu)要(yao)太長。潛水(shui)泵下水(shui)或提出時(shi)切勿使(shi)電(dian)(dian)纜受力,以免引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)源線斷裂(lie)。潛水(shui)泵工(gong)作時(shi)不(bu)要(yao)沉入泥中(zhong),否(fou)則會導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)機(ji)散(san)熱不(bu)良而燒壞電(dian)(dian)機(ji)繞組。安裝(zhuang)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻不(bu)應低于(yu)0.5兆歐。
7、勤(qin)查勤(qin)看(kan)發(fa)現問題及時修復
平時要經(jing)常(chang)檢(jian)查電機,如發(fa)現下蓋有裂紋(wen)、橡膠(jiao)密封環損(sun)壞或失效(xiao)等,應及(ji)時更(geng)換(huan)或修復,避免水滲入潛水泵。
機械維護
潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的日常(chang)維(wei)護。每天(tian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)電源線有無(wu)破損(sun),絕對禁(jin)止漏電的潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)下(xia)水(shui)作業。每天(tian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)體有無(wu)受損(sun),保(bao)證(zheng)電機在(zai)工作時(shi)不漏電。作業結束后(hou),應(ying)及時(shi)清理附在(zai)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)上的雜(za)物,將水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)沖洗干凈(jing)。為保(bao)證(zheng)潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)正常(chang)運(yun)行,必須按(an)照下(xia)列要求進行。潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)在(zai)使用前,須用兆歐表檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)電機絕緣電阻,其值最(zui)低不能(neng)少于50MΩ。
水(shui)浸(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)(ying)(ying)打開灌水(shui)螺(luo)(luo)塞,灌滿潔凈的(de)清水(shui)后(hou)再擰緊螺(luo)(luo)塞,不(bu)可將(jiang)灌水(shui)螺(luo)(luo)塞擰掉后(hou)直接入井。使用(yong)前(qian)檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜有(you)無破裂(lie)、折(zhe)斷(duan)。如有(you)損(sun)壞應(ying)(ying)(ying)及(ji)時調換,以(yi)(yi)防漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)在(zai)下水(shui)前(qian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)向泵(beng)(beng)內注入清水(shui),然后(hou)空轉1—2分鐘,并起(qi)(qi)動兩(liang)次,檢(jian)查(cha)起(qi)(qi)動和空轉是(shi)否正常,轉向是(shi)否符(fu)合要求。如果轉向相反,將(jiang)任意兩(liang)相接線(xian)調換即可。檢(jian)查(cha)揚水(shui)管(guan)是(shi)否有(you)裂(lie)紋(wen),聯接是(shi)否牢固。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)下井及(ji)起(qi)(qi)吊(diao)時,絕不(bu)允許硬拉(la)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,以(yi)(yi)免電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜損(sun)壞或(huo)接頭處斷(duan)開,造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)的(de)事故。應(ying)(ying)(ying)當用(yong)鐵(tie)線(xian)或(huo)卡板(ban)下井及(ji)起(qi)(qi)吊(diao)。
電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應控制在(zai)額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的±5%范圍內(nei)(nei),這樣電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)才(cai)能正(zheng)常工作(zuo)(zuo)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)低(di)或過(guo)高(gao),電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不可繼續使用,以(yi)免(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)長期(qi)在(zai)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或欠電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下工作(zuo)(zuo)時損壞。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)潛(qian)入(ru)水(shui)中時應垂直吊放,不得斜放。入(ru)水(shui)深度以(yi)在(zai)動水(shui)位下5米為宜。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)不得輸送含砂量(liang)較高(gao)的水(shui)或泥漿。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)實際揚程(cheng)應在(zai)0.8—1.1倍(bei)額定揚程(cheng)內(nei)(nei)使用,以(yi)提高(gao)機(ji)(ji)組效率,節約能源,同(tong)時避免(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)超載。
潛水(shui)泵(beng)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)接(jie)線(xian)必須接(jie)實,以免電(dian)(dian)機(ji)缺(que)相運轉燒(shao)毀電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)纜必須經常(chang)檢(jian)查有(you)無龜裂,擦傷(shang)等(deng)情況,有(you)則(ze)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)換(huan)或修(xiu)(xiu)補。油(you)(you)浸電(dian)(dian)機(ji)如果發生漏油(you)(you)現象,應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)到(dao)廠家(jia)或維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)點修(xiu)(xiu)理,更(geng)(geng)換(huan)密(mi)封元件(jian)(jian)。水(shui)浸電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)經常(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理電(dian)(dian)機(ji)腔內(nei)(nei)的(de)砂粒,更(geng)(geng)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)腔內(nei)(nei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)水(shui)。潛水(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)運行半年(nian)后(hou),應(ying)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)檢(jian)查,更(geng)(geng)換(huan)損壞零件(jian)(jian)。潛水(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)用(yong)后(hou),水(shui)浸電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)放(fang)凈電(dian)(dian)機(ji)內(nei)(nei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)水(shui),將電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗干(gan)凈,涂油(you)(you)防(fang)銹,并豎(shu)直放(fang)在干(gan)燥處(chu)保管。
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