一、潛水泵的工作原理

潛水泵有(you)好幾種，電機里的(de)線包有(you)油(you)浸式和水浸式還有(you)是干式。

使用(yong)前必(bi)須先看說(shuo)明(ming)書，不(bu)能搞(gao)錯(cuo)，長(chang)期不(bu)用(yong)，必(bi)須在使用(yong)前還得(de)把葉(xie)輪弄轉(zhuan)，不(bu)然(ran)(ran)會因(yin)為長(chang)期不(bu)用(yong)卡死而(er)(er)燒包。開泵前，吸入(ru)管和泵內必(bi)須充滿液(ye)體(ti)。開泵后，葉(xie)輪高速旋轉(zhuan)，其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)隨著葉(xie)片一起旋轉(zhuan)，在離心力的(de)(de)作用(yong)下，飛離葉(xie)輪向外射(she)出，射(she)出的(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)在泵殼擴散室(shi)內速度(du)逐(zhu)漸變慢，壓(ya)力逐(zhu)漸增加，然(ran)(ran)后從泵出口，排(pai)出管流出。此時，在葉(xie)片中(zhong)心處由于液(ye)體(ti)被甩向周圍而(er)(er)形成既沒有(you)空氣又沒有(you)液(ye)體(ti)的(de)(de)真空低壓(ya)區，液(ye)池中(zhong)的(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)在池面大氣壓(ya)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下，經吸入(ru)管流入(ru)泵內，液(ye)體(ti)就是這樣連(lian)(lian)續不(bu)斷(duan)地從液(ye)池中(zhong)被抽吸上來又連(lian)(lian)續不(bu)斷(duan)地從排(pai)出管流出。

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二、潛水泵的主要分類

井用潛水泵

清水潛水泵為多(duo)級泵，主要(yao)用于(yu)從(cong)粘土層的機(ji)井、土井或水庫等處提水，適(shi)合于(yu)工廠(chang)、礦(kuang)山或農田灌溉。1928年，美國(guo)布(bu)隆·杰克遜（Byron Jakson）公(gong)司首(shou)次研(yan)制出潛水電泵。隨后的30年代，德國(guo)、英(ying)國(guo)、美國(guo)、日本等國(guo)家開(kai)始生產“深井潛水泵”。

作業面潛水泵

作業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)屬于(yu)小型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)（單(dan)級泵(beng)(beng)(beng)），由于(yu)安裝容易(yi)、使用(yong)方便，在很多場所(suo)被廣(guang)泛(fan)使用(yong)。1948年(nian)(nian)，瑞典飛(fei)力（Sterbery-Flygt）首次研制出(chu)(chu)“作業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”。60年(nian)(nian)代，美國(guo)(guo)、英(ying)國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)、日本、蘇(su)聯等國(guo)(guo)家也開始大(da)(da)批量生(sheng)產。中國(guo)(guo)1958年(nian)(nian)開始生(sheng)產“作業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”，60年(nian)(nian)代發展為(wei)“QY型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)（充(chong)油(you)式）”，70年(nian)(nian)代發展了“QS型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)（充(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)式）”，80年(nian)(nian)代又發展了“QX和(he)DQX型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)（干式）”。 80年(nian)(nian)代后期“作業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)”得(de)到(dao)了飛(fei)速(su)的(de)發展，并且(qie)逐步大(da)(da)型化(hua)、多元化(hua)。大(da)(da)中型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)因(yin)為(wei)具有簡化(hua)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)結構(gou)和(he)節省泵(beng)(beng)(beng)站建設投資等突出(chu)(chu)優點(dian)，在市政(zheng)、工礦等方面(mian)(mian)得(de)到(dao)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)應用(yong)。

潛污泵

潛(qian)污泵(beng)主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)輸送工業廢(fei)水(shui)和城市生(sheng)活污水(shui)，其最大優點是可(ke)排(pai)紙漿、長纖維(wei)之類雜質。（因(yin)此也稱“無(wu)堵塞排(pai)污潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)” ）。廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)城市污水(shui)處(chu)理廠、雨(yu)水(shui)池、泵(beng)站、防洪排(pai)灌等處(chu)。1956年，瑞典飛力（Sterbery-Flygt）首次研(yan)制出“潛(qian)污泵(beng)”，使污水(shui)站的成(cheng)本大約(yue)(yue)減少一半(ban)。中國在80年代后期從德國引進并生(sheng)產(chan)“潛(qian)污泵(beng)”，主(zhu)要有WQ、QW、AS系列產(chan)品。（據(ju)統計，“潛(qian)污泵(beng)”1995年左右，國內年產(chan)量約(yue)(yue)5萬臺。）

排沙潛水泵

中(zhong)國(guo)首臺“排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”是(shi)(shi)由上王慶武(wu)教授(shou)在1989年研制(zhi)出KGQ12-50型(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)，經過(guo)多年的(de)(de)發展，現(xian)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品已經是(shi)(shi)第四(si)代(dai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)——礦(kuang)(kuang)用立泵(beng)(beng)。排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)是(shi)(shi)專為(wei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)富含(han)(han)泥(ni)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)設計的(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)填補國(guo)際空(kong)白的(de)(de)新產(chan)(chan)品。具有揚程高、耐磨損等特點(dian)，適合于(yu)礦(kuang)(kuang)山、 工程掘進、搶(qiang)險救災、環(huan)保除沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含(han)(han)有大量泥(ni)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)下排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)。在富含(han)(han)泥(ni)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)下排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)，壽(shou)命是(shi)(shi)潛(qian)(qian)污泵(beng)(beng)和清水(shui)(shui)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)5～10倍。

礦用立泵

礦用立(li)(li)(li)泵(beng)，第四代新排沙潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)，是立(li)(li)(li)泵(beng)和潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的整(zheng)合產品(pin)，既可以當(dang)潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)使(shi)用，也可以當(dang)立(li)(li)(li)泵(beng)使(shi)用，繼承了潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)和立(li)(li)(li)泵(beng)的優(you)點，已經超出了潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的概念，是名副其(qi)實的“兩棲泵(beng)”。按照潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的發展，礦用立(li)(li)(li)泵(beng)屬于潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)“出水(shui)(shui)登陸上岸”的進(jin)化產品(pin)。

三、潛水泵的注意事項及維護

注意事項

1、安裝漏電保護器

漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)也(ye)叫保(bao)(bao)命器(qi)，它的(de)作(zuo)用從“保(bao)(bao)命器(qi)”這三(san)個字(zi)就可(ke)以(yi)理解。因為潛水泵在水下工作(zuo)，容易漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)能損(sun)失甚至(zhi)引發觸電(dian)(dian)事故。如果(guo)裝(zhuang)有漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)，只要潛水泵漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)值超過(guo)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)的(de)動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流值（一般(ban)不超過(guo)30毫安），漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)就會(hui)切斷潛水泵的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，避(bi)免漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)浪費電(dian)(dian)能，確保(bao)(bao)安全。

2、電源電壓(ya)異常莫(mo)開機

農村由于(yu)(yu)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路比(bi)較長，線(xian)路的(de)(de)末端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過低(di)(di)是常有的(de)(de)事(shi)。當相電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)198伏，線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)342伏時(shi)，潛水(shui)泵電(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉速(su)下降，當達不到額(e)定(ding)轉速(su)的(de)(de)70%時(shi)，啟動(dong)(dong)離(li)心開關會閉(bi)合，造(zao)成啟動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)長時(shi)間通電(dian)(dian)(dian)而發熱甚至燒壞(huai)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器。相反，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過高(gao)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機過熱而燒壞(huai)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)。因此，潛水(shui)泵在作業中，操作者必須(xu)隨時(shi)觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值，若(ruo)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)10%以(yi)下，高(gao)于(yu)(yu)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)10%以(yi)上，應使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機停止運轉，找(zhao)出原因并排除故障。

3、避免頻繁開(kai)關

不要頻(pin)繁地開關(guan)潛水泵(beng)，這是因為電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)停轉時會(hui)產生(sheng)回(hui)流(liu)，若立即(ji)開機，會(hui)使電(dian)(dian)機負載(zai)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)，導致啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)而燒壞繞組(zu)。由于啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大(da)，頻(pin)繁啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)也會(hui)燒壞潛水泵(beng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機繞組(zu)。

4、莫(mo)讓(rang)潛水電泵(beng)長期超(chao)負荷工作

為避免潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)泵(beng)長期超負(fu)荷工作，不(bu)要抽(chou)含沙量大(da)的(de)水(shui)并(bing)隨時觀察(cha)電(dian)流值是(shi)否在銘牌上規定的(de)數值，若發現電(dian)流過(guo)(guo)大(da)，應(ying)停(ting)機檢查。另外，電(dian)泵(beng)脫水(shui)運行(xing)的(de)時間(jian)不(bu)宜過(guo)(guo)長，以(yi)免使(shi)電(dian)機過(guo)(guo)熱而燒毀。

5、電機的(de)旋(xuan)轉方向要(yao)正確

應(ying)搞清電機的旋轉方(fang)向，有許多類型(xing)的潛(qian)水(shui)泵正轉和反轉時皆可出(chu)水(shui)，但(dan)反轉時出(chu)水(shui)量小(xiao)、電流大，其反轉時間長了會損壞電機繞組。

6、電纜線安(an)裝與潛水電泵的絕緣電阻要求(qiu)

安裝潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵時(shi)(shi)，電纜線要架(jia)空(kong)，電源線不(bu)要太(tai)長(chang)。潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵下水(shui)(shui)或提出時(shi)(shi)切(qie)勿使電纜受(shou)力，以免引起(qi)電源線斷裂。潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)要沉入泥(ni)中，否(fou)則會導(dao)致(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)散熱不(bu)良而燒(shao)壞電機(ji)(ji)繞(rao)組。安裝時(shi)(shi)，電機(ji)(ji)的(de)絕緣電阻(zu)不(bu)應低(di)于(yu)0.5兆歐。

7、勤查勤看發現(xian)問題(ti)及時修復

平(ping)時要經(jing)常(chang)檢查(cha)電機(ji)，如發現下蓋有(you)裂(lie)紋(wen)、橡膠密封環損(sun)壞或(huo)失效等，應及(ji)時更換(huan)或(huo)修復，避免水滲入(ru)潛(qian)水泵。

機械維護

潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的日(ri)常維護。每天檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)有無破損(sun)，絕(jue)(jue)對禁(jin)止(zhi)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)的潛水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)下水(shui)(shui)作(zuo)業。每天檢(jian)查水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)體有無受損(sun)，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在(zai)工作(zuo)時不(bu)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)。作(zuo)業結束(shu)后，應及時清理附在(zai)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)上(shang)的雜(za)物，將水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)沖洗(xi)干凈。為保證(zheng)潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)正常運行(xing)，必須按照下列要(yao)求進行(xing)。潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)在(zai)使用前，須用兆歐表檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，其值最(zui)低不(bu)能少(shao)于(yu)50MΩ。

水(shui)浸電(dian)機應打開(kai)(kai)灌水(shui)螺(luo)塞，灌滿潔凈的(de)清水(shui)后再擰緊(jin)螺(luo)塞，不可(ke)將(jiang)灌水(shui)螺(luo)塞擰掉后直接(jie)入(ru)井(jing)。使用前檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)纜有(you)無破(po)裂、折斷。如有(you)損壞應及時(shi)調(diao)換，以防漏電(dian)。潛水(shui)電(dian)泵在(zai)下水(shui)前應向(xiang)泵內注入(ru)清水(shui)，然后空轉(zhuan)(zhuan)1—2分鐘，并(bing)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)兩次，檢(jian)查(cha)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)和空轉(zhuan)(zhuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否正常，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否符合要求。如果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)相反，將(jiang)任意兩相接(jie)線(xian)調(diao)換即(ji)可(ke)。檢(jian)查(cha)揚水(shui)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)否有(you)裂紋，聯接(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否牢固(gu)。潛水(shui)電(dian)泵下井(jing)及起(qi)(qi)吊時(shi)，絕不允許(xu)硬(ying)拉電(dian)纜，以免電(dian)纜損壞或(huo)接(jie)頭處斷開(kai)(kai)，造成不應有(you)的(de)事故。應當用鐵線(xian)或(huo)卡板(ban)下井(jing)及起(qi)(qi)吊。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓應控制(zhi)在額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的±5%范圍(wei)內，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機才(cai)能正(zheng)常工作。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過低或過高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機不(bu)(bu)可(ke)繼續使用，以(yi)(yi)免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機長期在過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或欠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)工作時(shi)(shi)損(sun)壞。潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵潛入水中時(shi)(shi)應垂(chui)直吊放，不(bu)(bu)得(de)斜放。入水深度以(yi)(yi)在動水位下(xia)5米(mi)為宜。潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵不(bu)(bu)得(de)輸送含砂量較高的水或泥漿(jiang)。潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵實際揚(yang)程應在0.8—1.1倍額定揚(yang)程內使用，以(yi)(yi)提高機組效率，節約能源，同時(shi)(shi)避(bi)免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機超(chao)載。

潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)接線必(bi)須接實，以免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)缺(que)相運轉燒毀電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜必(bi)須經常檢查(cha)有無龜裂，擦傷等(deng)情況，有則及時更換或修(xiu)補。油浸電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)如(ru)果(guo)發生(sheng)漏(lou)油現象(xiang)，應(ying)(ying)及時到廠家(jia)或維修(xiu)點修(xiu)理(li)，更換密封元件。水(shui)浸電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)經常清理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)腔內(nei)的(de)砂(sha)粒，更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)腔內(nei)清水(shui)。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)運行半(ban)年(nian)后，應(ying)(ying)維修(xiu)檢查(cha)，更換損壞(huai)零(ling)件。潛(qian)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)用后，水(shui)浸電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)放(fang)凈(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)清水(shui)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)清洗干(gan)凈(jing)，涂油防銹，并(bing)豎直放(fang)在(zai)干(gan)燥處保(bao)管(guan)。