直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可以(yi)從功率(lv)大小、充電(dian)槍(qiang)的多少、結(jie)構形(xing)式(shi)、安(an)裝(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)等(deng)不同維(wei)度進行(xing)分類。其中(zhong)，按(an)結(jie)構形(xing)式(shi)比較主流(liu)的分類是(shi)將直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁分為兩種(zhong)：一(yi)體(ti)式(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁和(he)分體(ti)式(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁。

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣部分由(you)主(zhu)回路和(he)二次回路組成(cheng)。主(zhu)回路的輸入是三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，經過輸入斷路器、交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)能表之后由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊（整流(liu)(liu)(liu)模塊）將三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以接受的直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再連(lian)接熔斷器和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)槍，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。 二次回路由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控(kong)制器、讀卡器、顯示(shi)屏、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表等組成(cheng)。二次回路還提(ti)供(gong)“啟(qi)停(ting)”控(kong)制與(yu)“急停(ting)”操作;信號燈(deng)提(ti)供(gong)“待機(ji)”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”與(yu)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)”狀態指示(shi);顯示(shi)屏作為人機(ji)交(jiao)互設備則提(ti)供(gong)刷卡、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式設置與(yu)啟(qi)停(ting)控(kong)制操作。

直流充電樁充電過程

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩(liang)端加載直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)漸漸地(di)緩(huan)慢地(di)上升，上升到一(yi)定程度(du)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到標稱值(zhi)，SoC達到95%（針對(dui)(dui)不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，不一(yi)樣）以(yi)(yi)上，繼續以(yi)(yi)恒壓(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上去了(le)(le)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)，就是(shi)沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，如果有時(shi)間，可以(yi)(yi)改用(yong)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)”。 為(wei)了(le)(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現這個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在功能上就需(xu)要(yao)有“直流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊”提供直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需(xu)要(yao)有“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控制器”控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊的“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)”;需(xu)要(yao)有“觸摸屏(ping)”作(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)機(ji)界面下發(fa)指令，通過控制器將“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)”等(deng)指令下發(fa)給充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層面理解的最(zui)簡(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)只(zhi)要(yao)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊，控制板和觸摸屏(ping)就可以(yi)(yi)了(le)(le); 如果開機(ji)、關機(ji)和輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)］輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)等(deng)指令在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊上做成幾個鍵(jian)盤，那么一(yi)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊就可以(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)(le)。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流(liu)充電樁(zhuang)輸出(chu)由9根線組(zu)成(cheng)，分別是(shi)：

直流電(dian)源線路(lu)(lu)：DC+、DC-；設(she)備地線：PE；充電(dian)通信線路(lu)(lu)：S+、S-；充電(dian)連(lian)接確認線路(lu)(lu)：CC1、CC2；低(di)壓輔助電(dian)源線路(lu)(lu)：A+、A-。

直流充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)就(jiu)是(shi)通過這9根線給電(dian)(dian)動汽車進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)，其具體的充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)型如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二(er)者通過車(che)輛插座(zuo)(zuo)相連。S開(kai)(kai)關(guan)是一個(ge)(ge)常閉(bi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)，與(yu)直流充電(dian)槍(qiang)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)按(an)鍵(jian)（即(ji)(ji)機(ji)械鎖）相關(guan)聯，當我們按(an)下充電(dian)槍(qiang)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)按(an)鍵(jian)，S開(kai)(kai)關(guan)即(ji)(ji)打開(kai)(kai)。而U1、U2是一個(ge)(ge)12V上(shang)拉電(dian)壓，R1~R5是阻(zu)值(zhi)約1000歐的(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)，R1、R2、R3在充電(dian)槍(qiang)上(shang)，R4、R5在車(che)輛插座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我(wo)們按下槍(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵，插入車(che)輛插座，再放開槍(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的檢(jian)測(ce)點1將檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)12V-6V-4V的電(dian)(dian)平變化。一(yi)旦檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)4V、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁將判(pan)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)插入成功，車(che)輛接(jie)口完全(quan)連接(jie)，并將充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)的電(dian)(dian)子鎖進行鎖定，防止槍(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)輛(liang)接口完全連(lian)接后，充電(dian)樁將(jiang)(jiang)閉合(he)K3、K4，使低壓輔助(zhu)供電(dian)回路(lu)導通(tong)，為電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)控制裝(zhuang)置供電(dian)（有的(de)(de)車(che)輛(liang)不需(xu)要供電(dian)）（車(che)輛(liang)得到供電(dian)后，將(jiang)(jiang)根據(ju)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)點2的(de)(de)電(dian)壓判斷車(che)輛(liang)接口是否連(lian)接，若電(dian)壓值為6V，則(ze)車(che)輛(liang)裝(zhuang)置開(kai)始(shi)周期發送(song)通(tong)信握手報文），接著閉合(he)K1、K2，進行絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，所(suo)謂絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，即(ji)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)DC線路(lu)的(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)性能(neng)，保證(zheng)后續充電(dian)過程的(de)(de)安全性。絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)束后，將(jiang)(jiang)投入泄放回路(lu)泄放能(neng)量，并斷開(kai)K1、K2，同時開(kai)始(shi)周期發送(song)通(tong)信握手報文。

充電準備就緒階段：

接(jie)下來，就是電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)與直流充(chong)電樁相互配置的階段(duan)，車(che)(che)輛(liang)控制K5、K6閉(bi)合，使充(chong)電回路導通，充(chong)電樁檢測(ce)到車(che)(che)輛(liang)端電池(chi)電壓正常（電壓與通信(xin)報(bao)文描述地電池(chi)電壓誤差≤±5%，且在充(chong)電樁輸出最(zui)大、最(zui)小(xiao)電壓的范(fan)圍內）后(hou)閉(bi)合K1、K2，那么直流充(chong)電線路導通，電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)就準備開始充(chong)電了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求的參(can)數，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁會根據該(gai)參(can)數實時調(diao)整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，并相互(hu)發送各自(zi)的狀態信息（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、車輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車輛會(hui)(hui)根(gen)據(ju)BMS是否達(da)到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿狀態或是受到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)發(fa)來的(de)(de)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)(wen)“來判斷是否結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非(fei)正常(chang)條(tiao)件(jian)在(zai)后(hou)續文(wen)(wen)章進(jin)行(xing)介紹）。滿足以(yi)上充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)條(tiao)件(jian)，車輛會(hui)(hui)發(fa)送(song)“車輛中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)(wen)“，在(zai)確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)于5A后(hou)斷開K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在(zai)達(da)到(dao)(dao)操作人(ren)員設定的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)條(tiao)件(jian)，或者收到(dao)(dao)汽車發(fa)來的(de)(de)”車輛中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)(wen)“，會(hui)(hui)發(fa)送(song)”充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)(wen)”，并(bing)控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)于5A后(hou)斷開K1、K2，并(bing)再(zai)次投入泄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，然后(hou)再(zai)斷開K3、K4。