直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可以(yi)從功率大小(xiao)、充(chong)電(dian)槍的多少、結構(gou)形式(shi)、安裝方(fang)式(shi)等(deng)不(bu)同維度進行(xing)分類。其中，按結構(gou)形式(shi)比(bi)較主流的分類是將(jiang)直流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)分為(wei)兩種：一(yi)體式(shi)直流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)和分體式(shi)直流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)。

直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)部分由主回路(lu)(lu)和(he)二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)組(zu)成。主回路(lu)(lu)的(de)輸入(ru)是三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，經過輸入(ru)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器、交流(liu)智能電(dian)(dian)能表(biao)之(zhi)后(hou)由充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模塊（整流(liu)模塊）將三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換為電(dian)(dian)池可以接受的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，再連接熔斷(duan)器和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍，給電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。 二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)由充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控(kong)制(zhi)器、讀卡器、顯示(shi)屏、直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)表(biao)等組(zu)成。二(er)次回路(lu)(lu)還提(ti)供“啟(qi)停(ting)”控(kong)制(zhi)與“急停(ting)”操(cao)作;信號燈提(ti)供“待(dai)機”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)”與“充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿”狀態指示(shi);顯示(shi)屏作為人機交互設備則提(ti)供刷卡、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式設置與啟(qi)停(ting)控(kong)制(zhi)操(cao)作。

直流充電樁充電過程

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩端(duan)加載直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)漸漸地緩慢地上(shang)升，上(shang)升到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到(dao)(dao)標稱值，SoC達(da)到(dao)(dao)95%（針對不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)）以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，繼續(xu)以(yi)(yi)恒壓(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)去了，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒(mei)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)，就(jiu)是沒(mei)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實，如果有(you)時(shi)間，可以(yi)(yi)改(gai)用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實”。 為了實現這個(ge)(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)功能(neng)上(shang)就(jiu)需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“直流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)”提供(gong)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器”控(kong)(kong)(kong)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的“開機(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)”;需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“觸(chu)摸屏”作為人機(ji)界面下發指(zhi)令，通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器將“開機(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)”等指(zhi)令下發給(gei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層面理解的最簡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)只要(yao)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制板和觸(chu)摸屏就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)了; 如果開機(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)和輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)］輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)等指(zhi)令在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)上(shang)做成幾個(ge)(ge)鍵盤，那么一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電樁輸出由9根線組成，分(fen)別(bie)是：

直流電(dian)源線(xian)路(lu)：DC+、DC-；設備地線(xian)：PE；充電(dian)通信線(xian)路(lu)：S+、S-；充電(dian)連接確認線(xian)路(lu)：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)源線(xian)路(lu)：A+、A-。

直流充(chong)電樁就是通過這(zhe)9根線給電動(dong)汽(qi)車進(jin)行充(chong)電，其具體的充(chong)電模型如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二(er)者通過(guo)車(che)輛(liang)插座(zuo)(zuo)相連。S開關(guan)是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)常(chang)閉(bi)開關(guan)，與直流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)頭上(shang)的(de)按鍵（即機械(xie)鎖）相關(guan)聯(lian)，當我(wo)們(men)按下(xia)充電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)頭上(shang)的(de)按鍵，S開關(guan)即打開。而U1、U2是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)12V上(shang)拉電(dian)(dian)壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻(zu)值(zhi)約1000歐(ou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R1、R2、R3在充電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)上(shang)，R4、R5在車(che)輛(liang)插座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我們按下(xia)槍頭按鍵，插(cha)入(ru)車(che)輛(liang)插(cha)座，再放開槍頭按鍵。充電(dian)樁的(de)檢測點1將檢測到(dao)12V-6V-4V的(de)電(dian)平變化(hua)。一旦檢測到(dao)4V、充電(dian)樁將判斷充電(dian)槍插(cha)入(ru)成功(gong)，車(che)輛(liang)接口(kou)完全連(lian)接，并(bing)將充電(dian)槍中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)子鎖(suo)進(jin)行鎖(suo)定(ding)，防止槍頭脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)輛接(jie)口完全連接(jie)后，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁將閉合K3、K4，使低壓輔助供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路導通(tong)，為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)控制裝置供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（有的車(che)輛不(bu)需要(yao)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)）（車(che)輛得到供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，將根據監測(ce)點2的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓判斷車(che)輛接(jie)口是否(fou)連接(jie)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值為(wei)6V，則車(che)輛裝置開始周期發送(song)通(tong)信(xin)握手報文），接(jie)著(zhu)閉合K1、K2，進行絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，所謂絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，即檢(jian)測(ce)DC線路的絕(jue)緣(yuan)性能，保證后續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的安全性。絕(jue)緣(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)結束后，將投(tou)入泄放回路泄放能量，并斷開K1、K2，同時開始周期發送(song)通(tong)信(xin)握手報文。

充電準備就緒階段：

接下來，就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車與直流充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)相(xiang)互配置的階段(duan)，車輛(liang)控制(zhi)K5、K6閉合，使(shi)充電(dian)(dian)回路(lu)導(dao)通(tong)，充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)檢測到車輛(liang)端電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓正常(chang)（電(dian)(dian)壓與通(tong)信報(bao)文描述地電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓誤差≤±5%，且在充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)輸(shu)出最大、最小電(dian)(dian)壓的范圍內）后閉合K1、K2，那么直流充電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)導(dao)通(tong)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車就(jiu)準備開始充電(dian)(dian)了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)需求的(de)(de)參數，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁會根據該參數實時調整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流，并相互發送(song)各自的(de)(de)狀態(tai)信息（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)流、車(che)輛電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)流、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)輛會根(gen)據BMS是否達(da)到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)狀(zhuang)態(tai)或是受到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)發(fa)來(lai)的(de)(de)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)“來(lai)判斷是否結束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常條件在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)續文(wen)(wen)(wen)章進行介紹）。滿(man)(man)足以上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)條件，車(che)輛會發(fa)送“車(che)輛中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)“，在(zai)(zai)(zai)確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小于(yu)5A后(hou)(hou)(hou)斷開K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)達(da)到(dao)操作人員設(she)定的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)條件，或者收到(dao)汽車(che)發(fa)來(lai)的(de)(de)”車(che)輛中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)“，會發(fa)送”充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)”，并控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)確認充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小于(yu)5A后(hou)(hou)(hou)斷開K1、K2，并再(zai)次投入泄(xie)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)斷開K3、K4。