直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可(ke)以(yi)從功(gong)率大小(xiao)、充電(dian)槍的多少(shao)、結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)、安裝方式(shi)(shi)等(deng)不同(tong)維度進行分(fen)類(lei)。其中，按結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)比較主流(liu)的分(fen)類(lei)是將(jiang)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)為兩種(zhong)：一(yi)體(ti)式(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和分(fen)體(ti)式(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)。

直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電樁的電氣部(bu)分由(you)主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)和二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)組(zu)成(cheng)。主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)的輸入(ru)是三相(xiang)交流電，經過輸入(ru)斷路(lu)(lu)器、交流智能(neng)(neng)電能(neng)(neng)表之后由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電模塊（整(zheng)流模塊）將三相(xiang)交流電轉換為電池可以接受的直(zhi)流電，再連接熔(rong)斷器和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電槍(qiang)，給電動汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電。 二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電樁控(kong)制(zhi)器、讀卡器、顯示(shi)屏、直(zhi)流電表等組(zu)成(cheng)。二次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)還提(ti)供(gong)“啟停”控(kong)制(zhi)與“急停”操作(zuo);信號(hao)燈提(ti)供(gong)“待機”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電”與“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)”狀態指示(shi);顯示(shi)屏作(zuo)為人(ren)機交互設(she)備則(ze)提(ti)供(gong)刷卡、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電方式設(she)置與啟停控(kong)制(zhi)操作(zuo)。

直流充電樁充電過程

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端加載直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)恒(heng)定(ding)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)漸漸地緩(huan)慢(man)地上升(sheng)，上升(sheng)到(dao)一定(ding)程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)(da)到(dao)標稱值，SoC達(da)(da)到(dao)95%（針對不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，不一樣）以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，繼續以(yi)(yi)(yi)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)上去了，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒有(you)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)，就是沒有(you)充(chong)(chong)實，如(ru)果有(you)時間，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)改用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)實”。 為(wei)了實現這個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁在功能(neng)上就需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)”提供直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan);需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器”控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)的“開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)機(ji)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)”;需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“觸(chu)摸屏(ping)”作為(wei)人機(ji)界面下發指(zhi)令，通過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器將(jiang)“開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)機(ji)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)”等(deng)指(zhi)令下發給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層面理解的最簡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁只要(yao)有(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)板(ban)和觸(chu)摸屏(ping)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了; 如(ru)果開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)機(ji)和輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)］輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)等(deng)指(zhi)令在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)上做(zuo)成幾個鍵盤，那么(me)一個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直(zhi)流充電樁(zhuang)輸出由9根線組成，分別是(shi)：

直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：DC+、DC-；設備地線(xian)：PE；充電(dian)通信(xin)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：S+、S-；充電(dian)連接確認線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)：A+、A-。

直流充電樁就(jiu)是通過這9根線給電動汽(qi)車進行充電，其具(ju)體的充電模型如下(xia)：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通過車輛插座相連。S開(kai)關(guan)是(shi)一個(ge)常閉開(kai)關(guan)，與(yu)直流充(chong)電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)的按(an)鍵（即機械鎖）相關(guan)聯，當(dang)我們(men)按(an)下充(chong)電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)的按(an)鍵，S開(kai)關(guan)即打開(kai)。而U1、U2是(shi)一個(ge)12V上(shang)(shang)拉(la)電(dian)壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻值(zhi)約1000歐的電(dian)阻，R1、R2、R3在充(chong)電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)(shang)，R4、R5在車輛插座上(shang)(shang)。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當(dang)我們按(an)下(xia)槍頭按(an)鍵，插(cha)(cha)入(ru)車輛(liang)插(cha)(cha)座，再(zai)放開(kai)槍頭按(an)鍵。充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)點1將檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)到12V-6V-4V的電(dian)(dian)平變(bian)化(hua)。一旦檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)到4V、充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)將判(pan)斷充電(dian)(dian)槍插(cha)(cha)入(ru)成功，車輛(liang)接(jie)口(kou)完(wan)全連接(jie)，并將充電(dian)(dian)槍中的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎖(suo)進(jin)行(xing)鎖(suo)定(ding)，防止(zhi)槍頭脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)(che)(che)輛接(jie)口完全連(lian)(lian)接(jie)后(hou)(hou)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁將閉合(he)K3、K4，使低壓輔(fu)助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)導通，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)控制裝置供電(dian)(dian)(dian)（有的(de)車(che)(che)(che)輛不需要(yao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)）（車(che)(che)(che)輛得(de)到供電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，將根據監測(ce)點2的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)車(che)(che)(che)輛接(jie)口是否連(lian)(lian)接(jie)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值為6V，則車(che)(che)(che)輛裝置開(kai)始周期(qi)發送通信握手(shou)報(bao)文），接(jie)著(zhu)閉合(he)K1、K2，進(jin)行絕緣檢測(ce)，所謂絕緣檢測(ce)，即(ji)檢測(ce)DC線路(lu)的(de)絕緣性(xing)能，保證后(hou)(hou)續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)安全性(xing)。絕緣檢測(ce)結束后(hou)(hou)，將投入泄放(fang)回路(lu)泄放(fang)能量，并斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)K1、K2，同(tong)時開(kai)始周期(qi)發送通信握手(shou)報(bao)文。

充電準備就緒階段：

接(jie)下來(lai)，就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)與直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)相互配置的階段，車(che)(che)輛(liang)控制K5、K6閉合(he)，使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路導通，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)檢測到車(che)(che)輛(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓正(zheng)常（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與通信(xin)報文描述地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓誤差≤±5%，且(qie)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出最大、最小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的范圍內(nei)）后(hou)閉合(he)K1、K2，那么直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路導通，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)就(jiu)準備開始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求的參數(shu)，充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)會根據該參數(shu)實時調整充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，并相互發送(song)各自的狀態(tai)信息（充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、車輛電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車輛會(hui)根(gen)據BMS是(shi)否達(da)(da)到充(chong)(chong)滿狀態或是(shi)受(shou)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁發(fa)來(lai)的(de)“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)“來(lai)判(pan)斷是(shi)否結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常條件在(zai)后續文(wen)章進行介紹(shao)）。滿足以上(shang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)條件，車輛會(hui)發(fa)送“車輛中止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)“，在(zai)確(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)于5A后斷開(kai)(kai)K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁在(zai)達(da)(da)到操作人員設定的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)條件，或者收到汽車發(fa)來(lai)的(de)”車輛中止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)“，會(hui)發(fa)送”充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報文(wen)”，并(bing)控(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)確(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)于5A后斷開(kai)(kai)K1、K2，并(bing)再次投入泄放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，然后再斷開(kai)(kai)K3、K4。