直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可(ke)以從(cong)功率(lv)大小(xiao)、充(chong)電(dian)槍的多少、結(jie)構形式、安裝方式等不同維度進行分類。其中，按(an)結(jie)構形式比較主(zhu)流(liu)的分類是將直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁分為兩種：一體式直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁和分體式直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁。

直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣部(bu)分(fen)由主回路(lu)(lu)和二次(ci)回路(lu)(lu)組成。主回路(lu)(lu)的(de)輸(shu)入是三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經(jing)過輸(shu)入斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)、交(jiao)流(liu)智(zhi)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能表之(zhi)后由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊（整流(liu)模(mo)塊）將三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以(yi)接受的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再連接熔斷(duan)器(qi)和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)槍，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 二次(ci)回路(lu)(lu)由充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控(kong)制器(qi)、讀卡器(qi)、顯示(shi)屏、直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表等組成。二次(ci)回路(lu)(lu)還提(ti)供(gong)“啟(qi)停”控(kong)制與“急停”操(cao)作;信(xin)號燈提(ti)供(gong)“待機”、“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”與“充(chong)(chong)滿”狀態指(zhi)示(shi);顯示(shi)屏作為人機交(jiao)互(hu)設(she)備則(ze)提(ti)供(gong)刷卡、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式設(she)置與啟(qi)停控(kong)制操(cao)作。

直流充電樁充電過程

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端加載直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)漸漸地緩慢(man)地上(shang)(shang)升，上(shang)(shang)升到一定程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)達到標稱值(zhi)，SoC達到95%（針對不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，不(bu)一樣）以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)，繼續以(yi)(yi)(yi)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)去了(le)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，就(jiu)是沒有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實，如果有(you)時間，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)改用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實”。 為了(le)實現這個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)功能上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)需要(yao)(yao)有(you)“直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)”提供直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需要(yao)(yao)有(you)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)制(zhi)器”控(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)“開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”;需要(yao)(yao)有(you)“觸摸屏”作為人(ren)機(ji)(ji)界(jie)面(mian)下發(fa)指令，通(tong)過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)器將“開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”等指令下發(fa)給充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層面(mian)理解的(de)(de)最簡(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)只要(yao)(yao)有(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)，控(kong)制(zhi)板和觸摸屏就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le); 如果開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關(guan)機(ji)(ji)和輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)］輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流等指令在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)上(shang)(shang)做成幾個鍵盤，那么一個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電樁輸(shu)出由9根線組成，分別是：

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)：DC+、DC-；設(she)備(bei)地線(xian)：PE；充電(dian)(dian)通信線(xian)路(lu)：S+、S-；充電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接確(que)認線(xian)路(lu)：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)：A+、A-。

直流充電樁就(jiu)是(shi)通過這9根線給電動汽車進行充電，其(qi)具體的充電模(mo)型如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二(er)者通(tong)過車輛插(cha)座相連(lian)。S開(kai)關(guan)是(shi)一(yi)個常閉開(kai)關(guan)，與直流充電(dian)槍(qiang)頭上的(de)按(an)鍵（即(ji)(ji)機械鎖）相關(guan)聯，當(dang)我們按(an)下充電(dian)槍(qiang)頭上的(de)按(an)鍵，S開(kai)關(guan)即(ji)(ji)打開(kai)。而U1、U2是(shi)一(yi)個12V上拉電(dian)壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻(zu)(zu)值約1000歐的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，R1、R2、R3在(zai)充電(dian)槍(qiang)上，R4、R5在(zai)車輛插(cha)座上。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當(dang)我們按(an)下槍(qiang)(qiang)頭按(an)鍵，插入(ru)車(che)輛(liang)插座，再放開槍(qiang)(qiang)頭按(an)鍵。充電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)點1將檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)12V-6V-4V的(de)電(dian)平(ping)變化(hua)。一旦檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)4V、充電(dian)樁(zhuang)將判斷充電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)插入(ru)成(cheng)功，車(che)輛(liang)接口完全連接，并將充電(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)中的(de)電(dian)子鎖進行鎖定，防止槍(qiang)(qiang)頭脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)(che)輛接(jie)(jie)(jie)口完(wan)全(quan)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)后，充電(dian)樁(zhuang)將(jiang)閉合K3、K4，使低壓(ya)輔助供(gong)電(dian)回(hui)路(lu)導通(tong)(tong)，為電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)控(kong)制裝置供(gong)電(dian)（有的(de)車(che)(che)輛不需(xu)要供(gong)電(dian)）（車(che)(che)輛得到供(gong)電(dian)后，將(jiang)根(gen)據監測(ce)點2的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)判(pan)斷車(che)(che)輛接(jie)(jie)(jie)口是否(fou)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)，若電(dian)壓(ya)值為6V，則車(che)(che)輛裝置開(kai)始周(zhou)期發送(song)通(tong)(tong)信握(wo)手報文），接(jie)(jie)(jie)著閉合K1、K2，進行絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，所謂(wei)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)，即檢(jian)測(ce)DC線(xian)路(lu)的(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)性能(neng)，保證后續充電(dian)過(guo)程的(de)安全(quan)性。絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢(jian)測(ce)結束(shu)后，將(jiang)投入泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)回(hui)路(lu)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)能(neng)量(liang)，并斷開(kai)K1、K2，同時開(kai)始周(zhou)期發送(song)通(tong)(tong)信握(wo)手報文。

充電準備就緒階段：

接下(xia)來，就是電動汽(qi)車與直流充(chong)電樁(zhuang)相(xiang)互配置的階(jie)段，車輛控制K5、K6閉合，使充(chong)電回(hui)路導通(tong)，充(chong)電樁(zhuang)檢(jian)測到(dao)車輛端電池電壓(ya)正常（電壓(ya)與通(tong)信(xin)報文描述地電池電壓(ya)誤差(cha)≤±5%，且在充(chong)電樁(zhuang)輸出最大、最小電壓(ya)的范圍(wei)內）后閉合K1、K2，那么直流充(chong)電線(xian)路導通(tong)，電動汽(qi)車就準備開始充(chong)電了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)的(de)參(can)數，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁會(hui)根(gen)據該參(can)數實時調整充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，并(bing)相互發(fa)送各自(zi)的(de)狀態信息（充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、車輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)(che)輛(liang)會根據BMS是否(fou)達到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)狀態或(huo)是受到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁發(fa)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“來(lai)(lai)(lai)判斷(duan)是否(fou)結束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常(chang)條(tiao)件(jian)在(zai)后(hou)續文(wen)章進行介紹）。滿(man)足以上充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條(tiao)件(jian)，車(che)(che)輛(liang)會發(fa)送“車(che)(che)輛(liang)中止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，在(zai)確(que)認(ren)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于5A后(hou)斷(duan)開(kai)K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁在(zai)達到(dao)操作人(ren)員設定(ding)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條(tiao)件(jian)，或(huo)者收到(dao)汽車(che)(che)發(fa)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的”車(che)(che)輛(liang)中止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)“，會發(fa)送”充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文(wen)”，并控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁停止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)確(que)認(ren)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于5A后(hou)斷(duan)開(kai)K1、K2，并再(zai)次投(tou)入泄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，然后(hou)再(zai)斷(duan)開(kai)K3、K4。