【銀(yin)(yin)川天氣】銀(yin)(yin)川氣候特點 銀(yin)(yin)川地理環境
銀川氣候特點
銀川市(shi)及其所屬各縣(市(shi))地處溫(wen)帶大陸性氣(qi)(qi)候,主要氣(qi)(qi)候特(te)點(dian)是:四季分明,春遲夏短,秋早(zao)冬長,晝夜(ye)溫(wen)差大,雨雪稀少,蒸發強烈(lie),氣(qi)(qi)候干燥,風大沙多(duo)等。年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)8.5℃左右,年(nian)平(ping)均日(ri)照時數(shu)2800小(xiao)時~3000小(xiao)時,是中國(guo)太陽輻射和日(ri)照時數(shu)最多(duo)的(de)地區之一。年(nian)平(ping)均降水(shui)量200毫米左右,無(wu)霜期185天左右。
銀川地理環境
1、位置境域
銀川東與吳忠市鹽池縣接壤;西依賀蘭山與內蒙古自治區阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗為鄰;南與吳忠市利通區、青銅峽市相連;北接石嘴山市平羅縣,與內蒙古自(zi)治區(qu)鄂爾多斯市鄂托克前旗相(xiang)鄰(以明長城為界)。其地域范圍在北緯(wei)37°29′~38°53′,東(dong)經(jing)105°49′~106°53′之(zhi)間。2013年末(mo)城市建成區(qu)面積148.60平方(fang)公里。
市境地理坐標:北緯38°08′~38°53′,東經(jing)105°49′~106°35′。
2、地貌
銀(yin)川(chuan)市(shi)區(qu)地(di)(di)形分(fen)為山(shan)地(di)(di)和平原兩大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。西部(bu)(bu)、南(nan)部(bu)(bu)較高(gao)(gao)(gao),北部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)較低(di),略呈(cheng)西南(nan)—東(dong)北方(fang)向傾斜。地(di)(di)貌(mao)類(lei)型多樣,自西向東(dong)分(fen)為賀(he)蘭山(shan)地(di)(di)、洪(hong)積扇前傾斜平原、洪(hong)積沖(chong)積平原、沖(chong)積湖沼平原、河(he)谷平原、河(he)漫灘地(di)(di)等。海(hai)拔在1010米(mi)(mi)(mi)~1150米(mi)(mi)(mi)之間(jian),地(di)(di)面(mian)坡度為2‰左右(you),土層較厚(hou)。銀(yin)川(chuan)西部(bu)(bu)的賀(he)蘭山(shan)為石質中高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan),呈(cheng)北偏(pian)東(dong)走向。全長約(yue)150公(gong)(gong)里(li),寬20公(gong)(gong)里(li)~30公(gong)(gong)里(li)。最高(gao)(gao)(gao)峰海(hai)拔3556米(mi)(mi)(mi),是(shi)阻(zu)擋西北冷(leng)空(kong)氣和風沙長驅直入(ru)銀(yin)川(chuan)的天然屏障(zhang)。賀(he)蘭山(shan)在銀(yin)川(chuan)市(shi)境內近70公(gong)(gong)里(li),面(mian)積5.88萬公(gong)(gong)頃,山(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)坡陡,氣勢(shi)雄(xiong)偉。
3、地質
銀川位(wei)于中(zhong)國(guo)東、西兩(liang)大(da)構造(zao)(zao)帶(dai)(dai)的樞紐部位(wei)。在大(da)地構造(zao)(zao)上(shang),屬于中(zhong)朝準(zhun)地臺鄂爾(er)多(duo)斯(si)西緣拗陷帶(dai)(dai)的賀(he)蘭(lan)(lan)山臺陷和銀川地塹(qian),為賀(he)蘭(lan)(lan)山褶皺(zhou)帶(dai)(dai)與(yu)鄂爾(er)多(duo)斯(si)地臺間的山前拗陷區。是(shi)全國(guo)地震(zhen)重(zhong)點監視防御區和中(zhong)國(guo)首批(pi)確(que)定的38個(ge)抗震(zhen)設防城市之(zhi)一。銀川地震(zhen)設防烈度(du)為8度(du)。
銀川(chuan)(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)北起石嘴山,南至青銅峽(xia),長(chang)約160公里(li),最寬為55公里(li)。地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)東西兩側分別受黃河斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)和(he)賀蘭山東麓斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)控制,地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)內(nei)還有兩條規模較大的(de)(de)斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie),即蘆花臺斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)和(he)銀川(chuan)(chuan)—平羅斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)。這4條斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)共(gong)同控制著(zhu)銀川(chuan)(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)發展。周邊縣市(shi)地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)內(nei)發生(sheng)3級(ji)以(yi)上地(di)(di)(di)震,對(dui)(dui)銀川(chuan)(chuan)市(shi)區即有影(ying)響;地(di)(di)(di)塹(qian)(qian)(qian)內(nei)發生(sheng)6級(ji)以(yi)上地(di)(di)(di)震對(dui)(dui)市(shi)區將(jiang)會造成(cheng)(cheng)破(po)壞。
銀川(chuan)歷史上曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)生過(guo)多次(ci)破壞性地(di)(di)震(zhen):1143年曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)生過(guo)6級(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)震(zhen);1227年發(fa)(fa)生5.5級(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)震(zhen);1477年發(fa)(fa)生6.5級(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)震(zhen),烈度(du)(du)均(jun)為8度(du)(du)。特別是(shi)1739年發(fa)(fa)生的銀川(chuan)—平羅8級(ji)(ji)大地(di)(di)震(zhen),銀川(chuan)震(zhen)區烈度(du)(du)為10度(du)(du),使銀川(chuan)古城盡毀。這是(shi)銀川(chuan)平原(yuan)有史以來最(zui)大的一次(ci)災難性地(di)(di)震(zhen)。
4、土壤
銀川(chuan)地區土(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型(xing)分為9大類(lei)、28個亞類(lei)、48個土(tu)(tu)屬及(ji)500多(duo)個土(tu)(tu)種(zhong)(zhong)或變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)。賀(he)蘭山至西干渠(qu)之間(jian)主要為山地灰鈣土(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)和(he)灰褐土(tu)(tu),東部沖積平原主要為長期引黃(huang)灌溉淤積和(he)耕作交替而形成(cheng)的灌淤土(tu)(tu),局部低洼(wa)地區有湖土(tu)(tu)和(he)鹽土(tu)(tu)分布。灌淤土(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)適(shi)中(zhong),理化性(xing)好,有機質(zhi)含量高(gao),保(bao)水保(bao)肥適(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)廣。土(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型(xing)的多(duo)樣性(xing)非(fei)常適(shi)合發展農業生產(chan)和(he)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)經濟作物(wu)生長。
5、水文
銀(yin)川地表水(shui)水(shui)源充(chong)足,水(shui)質良好(hao),富含泥沙(sha),有(you)(you)肥田沃地之功。境內溝渠(qu)成網(wang),湖泊濕地眾多。黃河(he)是銀(yin)川的(de)主要河(he)流,流經(jing)銀(yin)川80多公里(li),南北貫穿。銀(yin)川平原引(yin)用黃河(he)水(shui)自(zi)流灌溉已有(you)(you)兩千多年的(de)歷(li)史。引(yin)黃干渠(qu)有(you)(you)唐徠、漢延、惠(hui)農(nong)、西干等(deng)渠(qu),年引(yin)水(shui)量數10億立方米。配(pei)套(tao)排灌干支斗渠(qu)千余條(tiao),長數千公里(li),形成灌有(you)(you)渠(qu)、排有(you)(you)溝的(de)完整的(de)灌排水(shui)體系,保證(zheng)了13萬(wan)多公頃農(nong)田的(de)灌溉。
銀川歷史上由于(yu)黃(huang)河不斷改道(dao),湖(hu)泊(bo)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)眾多,古有(you)“七(qi)十二連湖(hu)”之說,現有(you)“塞上湖(hu)城”之美稱。全市有(you)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)3.97萬公頃,主要(yao)(yao)為湖(hu)泊(bo)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)和(he)河流(liu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)然濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)占濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)60%以上,自然湖(hu)泊(bo)近(jin)200處,面(mian)(mian)積(ji)100公頃以上的(de)湖(hu)泊(bo)20多處。較著(zhu)名的(de)有(you)鳴翠湖(hu)、閱海(hai)、鶴泉(quan)湖(hu)、寶湖(hu)、西(xi)湖(hu)等(deng)。銀川濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)動植物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植物(wu)(wu)有(you)190多種(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)野(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)有(you)150多種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)黑鸛、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華秋(qiu)沙鴨、白尾海(hai)雕、小鴇、大鴇5種(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)二級保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)大天(tian)鵝等(deng)19種(zhong)(zhong),自治區級保(bao)護動物(wu)(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)。銀川濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)北地(di)(di)區重要(yao)(yao)的(de)鳥類棲息(xi)地(di)(di)之一(yi)。