【種植機(ji)】國內(nei)馬鈴薯種植機(ji)械研究進展 甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植機(ji)存在的問題及解(jie)決(jue)方案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)是我國(guo)主要(yao)的(de)(de)經濟作(zuo)物，其(qi)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積和(he)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)位居世界前列，但馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)水平較低。為(wei)了(le)(le)滿(man)足馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)產(chan)(chan)業發展需要(yao)，我國(guo)引進(jin)了(le)(le)國(guo)外的(de)(de)一些馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，如德國(guo)Grimme公司(si)的(de)(de)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、意大利Spedo公司(si)的(de)(de)SPA-2型馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、挪(nuo)威(wei)Kverneland公司(si)的(de)(de)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，這些產(chan)(chan)品(pin)是馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)代表，也是我國(guo)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發展方向。國(guo)外產(chan)(chan)品(pin)技術(shu)雖然先進(jin)，但是價格(ge)很高，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具適應性和(he)零(ling)配件供應不暢是用戶使用中面臨的(de)(de)較大問題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取(qu)得突破性(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)展。其中(zhong)中(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)美諾科技股份有(you)限公(gong)(gong)司在(zai)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)研發(fa)方面處于(yu)領先地(di)位(wei)，2004—2006年，該(gai)(gai)(gai)公(gong)(gong)司成功開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)(le)2CM-2型雙(shuang)(shuang)行馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)交叉取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術和(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥(fei)分施(shi)技術；2006—2008年，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)特定馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區域的(de)大(da)(da)壟雙(shuang)(shuang)行機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型；2008—2011年，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)2CM-4型馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)效率大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶反饋良好。在(zai)后(hou)續的(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)過程中(zhong)，又增加(jia)了(le)(le)覆膜(mo)和(he)(he)噴(pen)藥(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)附件(jian)，增強了(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具的(de)適(shi)應性(xing)(xing)。2012—2013年，在(zai)2CM-4型產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)增設(she)(she)(she)了(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動(dong)監(jian)控系(xi)統，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)重播(bo)(bo)(bo)率和(he)(he)漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)率，提高了(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)度(du)。2013年之后(hou)，該(gai)(gai)(gai)公(gong)(gong)司一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)持續不(bu)斷地(di)對2CM-4型產(chan)品(pin)(pin)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行改進(jin)(jin)(jin)，目前(qian)已有(you)2CM-4B型新(xin)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)在(zai)市(shi)場上(shang)銷售。2014年，青(qing)島農業(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)研究設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)肥(fei)聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可一(yi)(yi)次完(wan)成開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)、施(shi)肥(fei)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土(tu)、起壟和(he)(he)覆膜(mo)等作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。該(gai)(gai)(gai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)獨(du)特的(de)手指狀(zhuang)取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構，使(shi)漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)率和(he)(he)重播(bo)(bo)(bo)率降(jiang)低(di)；使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)旋耕起壟裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，在(zai)實(shi)現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)均勻覆土(tu)的(de)同(tong)時能(neng)夠完(wan)成起壟作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。2014年，黑龍江省(sheng)農業(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械工(gong)程研究院在(zai)研學(xue)(xue)外國先進(jin)(jin)(jin)技術的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)研究開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)(le)集開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)施(shi)肥(fei)、仿形開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)（薯(shu)(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)）、起壟（培土(tu)）于(yu)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)大(da)(da)型4行牽引式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，通用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架為(wei)基礎(chu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行各零部(bu)件(jian)間的(de)變換與組合(he)，實(shi)現(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的(de)要求；為(wei)實(shi)現(xian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)及對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)深(shen)度(du)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行精(jing)確調整控制(zhi)，創(chuang)新(xin)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構單體(ti)(ti)仿形裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。2015年，山東(dong)農業(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)償式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，添加(jia)補(bu)(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)激光對射傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)和(he)(he)步進(jin)(jin)(jin)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，能(neng)有(you)效實(shi)現(xian)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)自動(dong)補(bu)(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)漏播(bo)(bo)(bo)率。2016年，牛康等為(wei)了(le)(le)提高鏈勺(shao)式(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)EDEM軟件(jian)建立了(le)(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)數值模型，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)具有(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱結構的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，以空(kong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率和(he)(he)重種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率為(wei)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)指標，試驗研究了(le)(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺(shao)直(zhi)徑和(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度(du)對充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)影響規律，對雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱式(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)優化設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技(ji)術(shu)利用(yong)磁效應原理(li)設計馬鈴薯(shu)播(bo)種(zhong)監(jian)測系(xi)統，其中控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統采用(yong)接觸式傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，主要包括主控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及線束。主控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是基于數(shu)(shu)字控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)核心，全模(mo)塊化設計，帶液(ye)晶顯示屏(ping)。每行(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)時(shi)漏(lou)播(bo)報(bao)警(jing)提示，并(bing)自行(xing)(xing)(xing)計算(suan)漏(lou)播(bo)率及記錄每個工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)段(duan)的(de)(de)面積。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中，接觸式傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)檢測種(zhong)杯中的(de)(de)種(zhong)薯(shu)信(xin)號，播(bo)種(zhong)正常時(shi)，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)連續脈沖信(xin)號傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)給控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。當漏(lou)播(bo)時(shi)，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)接收不到脈沖信(xin)號，液(ye)晶顯示屏(ping)無監(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，此時(shi)系(xi)統報(bao)警(jing)，提示工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員停(ting)機檢查。該系(xi)統分行(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)測感(gan)應數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，并(bing)可(ke)直接將數(shu)(shu)據(ju)輸入控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)運算(suan)和(he)邏輯判斷，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元件包括組合旋鈕、電源開關、監(jian)測啟停(ting)、液(ye)晶顯示屏(ping)等，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)將傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)的(de)(de)脈沖信(xin)號進行(xing)(xing)(xing)轉換，在(zai)液(ye)晶顯示屏(ping)上顯示監(jian)測到的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采(cai)用鏈耙網仿形施(shi)肥(fei)技術(shu)可(ke)以避免傳統外槽(cao)輪(lun)排肥(fei)器(qi)易(yi)堵塞，面肥(fei)、有(you)機肥(fei)無法施(shi)撒(sa)的問題(ti)；解(jie)決了施(shi)肥(fei)機構通過(guo)性差的問題(ti)；增大(da)最大(da)施(shi)肥(fei)量，滿足農藝要(yao)求；仿形通過(guo)能力(li)強，實現(xian)了雙側深(shen)施(shi)肥(fei)，解(jie)決種肥(fei)混(hun)施(shi)、燒種現(xian)象嚴重的問題(ti)。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)同于小麥、玉米、大豆等(deng)作(zuo)物，其形(xing)狀、大小、物理特性比較復雜，因此(ci)設計一種(zhong)(zhong)靴式開溝(gou)器(qi)，該開溝(gou)器(qi)開溝(gou)阻力較小，開出的溝(gou)能(neng)夠(gou)很好地穩住排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排出的種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)，有效控(kong)制種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的運動，保證種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的播種(zhong)(zhong)株距(ju)。

近幾(ji)年，國內(nei)的馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)機械發展速(su)度(du)很快，馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)機生產企(qi)業(ye)從幾(ji)家(jia)迅速(su)擴張(zhang)到(dao)幾(ji)十家(jia)，但從產品結構和功能(neng)來(lai)看，相(xiang)似度(du)較高，90%以上的產品仍停留在機械設計的改進方面，在播種(zhong)精度(du)檢測和監(jian)控方面，還處于(yu)探索階(jie)段，有待于(yu)進一步研究(jiu)。

甘蔗種植機

甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)一(yi)個關(guan)鍵環(huan)節，也是(shi)難實現的(de)(de)一(yi)個環(huan)節，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)在發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)家已經(jing)(jing)得到廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用，而(er)(er)我國(guo)(guo)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)實際(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用的(de)(de)幾(ji)乎(hu)沒(mei)有(you)，依然(ran)采用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)開(kai)溝(gou)，人(ren)工種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu)，種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)開(kai)溝(gou)、施(shi)肥(fei)、切種(zhong)(zhong)下種(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜、培土等工序，是(shi)勞(lao)動密集型的(de)(de)作(zuo)業工序。人(ren)工種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)效率低，而(er)(er)且勞(lao)動強度大，生產(chan)成本高，是(shi)制約我國(guo)(guo)糖(tang)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)業國(guo)(guo)際(ji)競爭力的(de)(de)重要(yao)技(ji)術(shu)瓶頸，因此(ci)，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)與應(ying)用已成為甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)亟待解決的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)問題之(zhi)一(yi)。近(jin)年來(lai)，我國(guo)(guo)有(you)不少企業與科研單位通過自主(zhu)(zhu)研發(fa)或引進、吸收、消化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)外先進技(ji)術(shu)，在甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)領(ling)域已經(jing)(jing)積累(lei)了(le)較多的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)，并設(she)計了(le)不少的(de)(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)型，但(dan)能推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用的(de)(de)卻依然(ran)沒(mei)有(you)，只有(you)少數國(guo)(guo)營農(nong)場與農(nong)村合作(zuo)社(she)在使用示(shi)范(fan)，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)得不到有(you)效推(tui)廣(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目(mu)前我國研發生產的(de)甘蔗種(zhong)植機按(an)工作方(fang)式的(de)不同主要分為兩大(da)類：一種(zhong)是邊砍(kan)邊種(zhong)模(mo)式，另一種(zhong)是預先砍(kan)種(zhong)再種(zhong)植模(mo)式。

（1）邊砍(kan)邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。邊砍(kan)邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植模(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機主(zhu)要(yao)包含的(de)結構有：開(kai)溝(gou)器，排肥箱(xiang)，切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)，覆(fu)(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等，一(yi)些廠家生產的(de)還(huan)有噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)(nong)藥裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)(fu)(fu)膜(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)工作原(yuan)理主(zhu)要(yao)為通(tong)過開(kai)溝(gou)器在前方開(kai)溝(gou)，排肥箱(xiang)將(jiang)肥料(liao)排入(ru)開(kai)好的(de)溝(gou)中，人(ren)工將(jiang)整條(tiao)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)喂入(ru)切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)，由(you)兩對(dui)輸送膠輥夾持蔗(zhe)苗，同(tong)時旋(xuan)轉的(de)割刀切(qie)成(cheng)一(yi)段段等長的(de)蔗(zhe)段，甘蔗(zhe)通(tong)過切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)后按一(yi)定的(de)規律排落到開(kai)好的(de)溝(gou)中，此時再經過覆(fu)(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進行覆(fu)(fu)(fu)土(tu)，由(you)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)(nong)藥裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)(fu)(fu)膜(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)再進行噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)(nong)藥與覆(fu)(fu)(fu)膜(mo)，就完成(cheng)了(le)對(dui)甘蔗(zhe)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)對(dui)人(ren)工的(de)連續喂入(ru)要(yao)求高，勞動強(qiang)度大，對(dui)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)傷芽率高，目前已逐(zhu)步被淘汰與邊沿化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)入開好(hao)的(de)溝(gou)中，人工(gong)(gong)將一段(duan)段(duan)蔗(zhe)種連續不斷地放入排(pai)種箱中，通過排(pai)種箱將蔗(zhe)種排(pai)入開好(hao)的(de)溝(gou)中，此時再(zai)經過覆土(tu)裝(zhuang)置進行覆土(tu)，由噴灑(sa)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)裝(zhuang)置和覆膜裝(zhuang)置再(zai)進行噴灑(sa)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)與(yu)覆膜，就完成(cheng)了對甘蔗(zhe)的(de)種植，此種模式對人工(gong)(gong)的(de)連續喂入要求更(geng)高，勞(lao)動強度也相對較大(da)，對蔗(zhe)種的(de)傷芽率低(di)，目前(qian)是企業(ye)與(yu)科研機構重點研究的(de)方向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡管我(wo)國在(zai)甘蔗種植(zhi)機研發過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中有(you)了(le)跨越式的發展技術日趨成熟，但推(tui)廣的過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中還是發現了(le)許多問(wen)題(ti)，制約了(le)我(wo)國甘蔗全程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)機械化(hua)種植(zhi)的進程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。目前我(wo)國比較(jiao)主(zhu)流的甘蔗種植(zhi)機推(tui)廣過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中主(zhu)要存在(zai)以下問(wen)題(ti)：

（1）需要較多的(de)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配合，過(guo)分依賴人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)協助整個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)程(cheng)，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動(dong)強(qiang)度大(da)，種(zhong)(zhong)植成本高(gao)。目前對于種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)程(cheng)，還是依靠(kao)(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)來對蔗種(zhong)(zhong)進行(xing)擺放(fang)與搬運，機(ji)械化程(cheng)度非常低，放(fang)種(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)程(cheng)幾乎(hu)完全依靠(kao)(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)，而且(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)程(cheng)動(dong)作要連續，稍有(you)疏忽就會有(you)漏播的(de)情況，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動(dong)強(qiang)度大(da)，操作人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)多，種(zhong)(zhong)植成本高(gao)。

（2）切(qie)(qie)種(zhong)傷(shang)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)率高，配(pei)套(tao)機(ji)械不(bu)足。因(yin)采(cai)用(yong)等距切(qie)(qie)割，就不(bu)可避免地產生切(qie)(qie)到芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的現象(xiang)，這(zhe)勢必影響甘蔗的出芽(ya)(ya)(ya)率，減少出芽(ya)(ya)(ya)數量，不(bu)能達(da)到人工種(zhong)植的技術要求(qiu)，目前(qian)除(chu)采(cai)用(yong)人工砍斷外，均采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)器(qi)等距切(qie)(qie)割，用(yong)于切(qie)(qie)割蔗種(zhong)的成熟機(ji)械還沒(mei)有出現。

（3）不符合農(nong)民(min)的種(zhong)植(zhi)農(nong)藝，與農(nong)民(min)需求(qiu)的實際(ji)(ji)情況不符。大多(duo)情況下(xia)農(nong)民(min)會用整根的甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)作為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)，但實際(ji)(ji)操作中，糖廠都會鼓(gu)勵(li)農(nong)民(min)用蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)作為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)，大部分(fen)種(zhong)植(zhi)機不能(neng)滿足用蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)作為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)的要求(qiu)，蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)作為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)出苗率高，出苗時間快，而(er)且(qie)長期以來農(nong)民(min)也已經形成(cheng)了(le)用蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)作為(wei)(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)的習慣(guan)，因(yin)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)短，大大影響(xiang)了(le)種(zhong)植(zhi)效率，只有預先砍種(zhong)再(zai)種(zhong)模式的種(zhong)植(zhi)機才符合要求(qiu)。

（4）可(ke)視可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性低，過分(fen)依(yi)賴人工操作(zuo)。因種(zhong)植(zhi)過程(cheng)(cheng)很短，排(pai)種(zhong)大多(duo)在箱內進行，無法對種(zhong)植(zhi)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)質量(liang)進行監控(kong)(kong)，采用人工排(pai)種(zhong)的(de)方式，工作(zuo)一次性通過，沒有查缺補漏的(de)環節，可(ke)視可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性差，完(wan)全依(yi)靠(kao)人工排(pai)放(fang)。

（5）適(shi)用性差(cha)，對地(di)塊的(de)(de)坡(po)度(du)要求高。幾乎所(suo)(suo)有的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)機都要求地(di)塊的(de)(de)坡(po)度(du)要小(xiao)于(yu)12°，因坡(po)度(du)過大容易(yi)(yi)造成(cheng)不能種(zhong)植(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)開的(de)(de)溝深淺不能統(tong)一，培土、回土效果(guo)差(cha)，且容易(yi)(yi)造成(cheng)翻(fan)車。

（6）結構復雜，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本高，推廣(guang)難(nan)度大。因目(mu)前甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機還處在研發(fa)推廣(guang)階段，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本相(xiang)對較高，且甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)還是以單個(ge)農戶(hu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)為主，種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量少(shao)，每個(ge)農戶(hu)擁(yong)有一臺甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機不太現實。

解決方案

（1）深入改造(zao)現(xian)有種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)械(xie)，向自動化、低(di)(di)人(ren)工、低(di)(di)成本種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)方向發展。通過(guo)加大載種(zhong)量與載肥量，采(cai)用自動排(pai)種(zhong)機(ji)構進行(xing)自動排(pai)種(zhong)，減少種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程人(ren)工協助的(de)工作(zuo)量，減少配備(bei)人(ren)員，從而達到(dao)解放(fang)勞動力，降低(di)(di)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)成本的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

（2）深(shen)入開發配套機械，特別(bie)(bie)是帶有蔗(zhe)芽識別(bie)(bie)功能(neng)的(de)切種(zhong)(zhong)機。采(cai)用(yong)紅外影像成形等(deng)識別(bie)(bie)技術，通過對蔗(zhe)芽的(de)識別(bie)(bie)從而達到精準(zhun)切割蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)，通過減少作業過程對蔗(zhe)芽的(de)傷害，提高(gao)(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)植質量，從而達到提高(gao)(gao)出(chu)芽率(lv)的(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)。向智能(neng)化、數字化種(zhong)(zhong)植機械方向發展。

（3）深入了解農民的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)農藝，與(yu)(yu)糖廠(chang)進行技術交(jiao)流，改進現有甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機，使其滿足以蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)作為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進行種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)含糖量相(xiang)對(dui)較低，若用于(yu)榨(zha)糖，得到(dao)的(de)(de)糖量肯定相(xiang)對(dui)較少，若用蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)作為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而取而代(dai)之(zhi)的(de)(de)是蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)(shao)以下的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)用于(yu)榨(zha)糖，一(yi)方面得到(dao)的(de)(de)糖量相(xiang)對(dui)較多，另一(yi)方面所種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)出苗(miao)率也(ye)相(xiang)對(dui)較高，糖廠(chang)與(yu)(yu)農民都達到(dao)了增收(shou)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

（4）改(gai)進現有(you)排種(zhong)方式(shi)，改(gai)造(zao)成觀察性效果好、能自(zi)動或人(ren)工(gong)進行(xing)補(bu)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)排種(zhong)方式(shi)。通(tong)(tong)過參照土豆種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作原理，以機(ji)械(xie)排種(zhong)為(wei)主，人(ren)工(gong)補(bu)漏為(wei)輔的(de)排種(zhong)方式(shi)或通(tong)(tong)過傳感器感應機(ji)械(xie)自(zi)動補(bu)漏的(de)排種(zhong)方式(shi)，達(da)到種(zhong)植(zhi)過程可(ke)視可(ke)控，讓(rang)種(zhong)植(zhi)戶對種(zhong)植(zhi)效果有(you)所了解(jie)，消(xiao)除種(zhong)植(zhi)戶的(de)疑慮。

（5）大力(li)推廣土地(di)平整力(li)度，對(dui)蔗田進行(xing)規劃與整治，鼓勵農民參加農業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)合(he)(he)作(zuo)社，因地(di)制宜(yi)，有(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性地(di)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)符合(he)(he)地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)甘(gan)蔗種植機。一(yi)方面(mian)土地(di)平整后對(dui)農機的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)相對(dui)較低，通過參加生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)合(he)(he)作(zuo)社，向規模(mo)化、集約化種植方向發(fa)(fa)展，有(you)利于規模(mo)化種植，提高(gao)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。另一(yi)方面(mian)有(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性地(di)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)種植機，使得適用性更強，有(you)利于推廣應用。