【種植機(ji)(ji)】國內馬鈴薯種植機(ji)(ji)械(xie)研究(jiu)進展 甘蔗(zhe)種植機(ji)(ji)存在的問題及解決方案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬鈴(ling)薯是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國主要的(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面積(ji)和產(chan)量位(wei)居(ju)世(shi)界前列(lie)，但(dan)馬鈴(ling)薯的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化生產(chan)水平較(jiao)低。為(wei)了(le)滿足馬鈴(ling)薯產(chan)業發展需要，我(wo)國引進(jin)了(le)國外的(de)(de)一些馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)，如德國Grimme公司的(de)(de)馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)、意大(da)利Spedo公司的(de)(de)SPA-2型馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)、挪威Kverneland公司的(de)(de)馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，這些產(chan)品是(shi)(shi)馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品的(de)(de)代表，也是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國馬鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發展方向。國外產(chan)品技術雖然先進(jin)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)價格(ge)很(hen)高，機(ji)(ji)(ji)具適應性和零配件供應不暢是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中面臨的(de)(de)較(jiao)大(da)問題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取(qu)得突破性(xing)進(jin)(jin)展。其(qi)中中機(ji)(ji)(ji)美諾科技(ji)股份有(you)限公(gong)司在(zai)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)方面處于領先(xian)地(di)位，2004—2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)，該公(gong)司成功開發(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)2CM-2型雙(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)(xing)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)交(jiao)叉取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術和(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥(fei)分施技(ji)術；2006—2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)，開發(fa)出適用(yong)于特定(ding)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)域的(de)(de)大(da)壟(long)(long)雙(shuang)(shuang)行(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型；2008—2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)，開發(fa)出2CM-4型馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)效率大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)，用(yong)戶(hu)反饋良好。在(zai)后(hou)續(xu)的(de)(de)產品改進(jin)(jin)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，又增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)覆(fu)膜和(he)(he)噴藥作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)附件，增(zeng)(zeng)強了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具的(de)(de)適應性(xing)。2012—2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)，在(zai)2CM-4型產品的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上增(zeng)(zeng)設(she)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動監(jian)控系統(tong)，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)重播(bo)(bo)率和(he)(he)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)率，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)度(du)(du)。2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)后(hou)，該公(gong)司一直持(chi)續(xu)不(bu)斷地(di)對(dui)2CM-4型產品進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)改進(jin)(jin)，目前已有(you)2CM-4B型新產品在(zai)市場上銷售。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)，青島農(nong)業(ye)大(da)學研(yan)究(jiu)設(she)計(ji)出一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施肥(fei)聯合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可一次完成開溝(gou)、施肥(fei)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆(fu)土(tu)、起壟(long)(long)和(he)(he)覆(fu)膜等作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。該機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)獨特的(de)(de)手指狀(zhuang)取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)，使(shi)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)率和(he)(he)重播(bo)(bo)率降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)；使(shi)用(yong)旋耕起壟(long)(long)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，在(zai)實(shi)現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)均勻覆(fu)土(tu)的(de)(de)同時能夠完成起壟(long)(long)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)，黑(hei)龍江省農(nong)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)工程(cheng)(cheng)研(yan)究(jiu)院在(zai)研(yan)學外國(guo)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)技(ji)術的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，設(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)開發(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)集開溝(gou)施肥(fei)、仿形開溝(gou)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯（薯塊(kuai)）、起壟(long)(long)（培土(tu)）于一體的(de)(de)大(da)型4行(xing)(xing)牽引式(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架為基礎(chu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)各(ge)零部(bu)件間的(de)(de)變換與組合，實(shi)現各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的(de)(de)要求；為實(shi)現播(bo)(bo)深(shen)一致及對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)度(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)確調(diao)整控制(zhi)，創新設(she)計(ji)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)單(dan)體仿形裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)，山(shan)東農(nong)業(ye)大(da)學改進(jin)(jin)設(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補償式(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，添(tian)加補償播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)激光對(dui)射傳感器(qi)和(he)(he)步(bu)進(jin)(jin)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，能有(you)效實(shi)現馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯的(de)(de)自動補償播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)率。2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)，牛康(kang)等為了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高(gao)鏈勺(shao)式(shi)(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能，使(shi)用(yong)EDEM軟件建(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)數值模型，設(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)具有(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)層種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，以空種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率和(he)(he)重種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率為性(xing)能指標，試驗研(yan)究(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)(du)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺(shao)直徑和(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度(du)(du)對(dui)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能的(de)(de)影響規律，對(dui)雙(shuang)(shuang)層種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)式(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)優化設(she)計(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該(gai)技(ji)術利用磁(ci)效(xiao)應原理設計馬鈴薯播種監測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統，其中控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統采(cai)用接觸(chu)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要包(bao)括(kuo)主(zhu)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)及線(xian)束。主(zhu)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)是基于(yu)數(shu)(shu)字控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術的(de)核(he)心，全模塊化設計，帶液(ye)(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)。每行實(shi)時(shi)(shi)漏(lou)播報警(jing)提示(shi)，并(bing)自行計算(suan)漏(lou)播率及記(ji)錄每個工作段(duan)的(de)面(mian)積。工作中，接觸(chu)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)種杯(bei)中的(de)種薯信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，播種正常時(shi)(shi)，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)有一系(xi)列的(de)連續脈沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)給控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)。當(dang)漏(lou)播時(shi)(shi)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)接收(shou)不到脈沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，液(ye)(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)無監測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，此時(shi)(shi)系(xi)統報警(jing)，提示(shi)工作人員停機(ji)檢(jian)查。該(gai)系(xi)統分行實(shi)時(shi)(shi)監測(ce)(ce)感應數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，并(bing)可(ke)直接將(jiang)(jiang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)輸(shu)入控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)進行運算(suan)和邏(luo)輯判(pan)斷，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)元件包(bao)括(kuo)組合旋鈕、電(dian)源開關、監測(ce)(ce)啟停、液(ye)(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)等(deng)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)的(de)脈沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)進行轉換，在液(ye)(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)上顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)監測(ce)(ce)到的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采用鏈耙網(wang)仿(fang)形(xing)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)技術可以避免傳統外槽輪排肥(fei)(fei)器易(yi)堵塞，面肥(fei)(fei)、有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)無法施(shi)(shi)撒的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)；解(jie)決(jue)了施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)機(ji)構通過(guo)(guo)性差的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)；增大最大施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)，滿足農藝要求；仿(fang)形(xing)通過(guo)(guo)能力強(qiang)，實現(xian)了雙側深(shen)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，解(jie)決(jue)種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)混施(shi)(shi)、燒種(zhong)現(xian)象嚴重的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯的種(zhong)(zhong)薯不同于小麥、玉米、大(da)豆(dou)等作物，其(qi)形狀、大(da)小、物理特性比較復雜，因此設計一種(zhong)(zhong)靴式開(kai)溝器(qi)，該開(kai)溝器(qi)開(kai)溝阻力較小，開(kai)出的溝能(neng)夠很好(hao)地穩(wen)住排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排出的種(zhong)(zhong)薯，有效控制種(zhong)(zhong)薯的運動，保證種(zhong)(zhong)薯的播種(zhong)(zhong)株距。

近幾(ji)年，國內的馬鈴薯(shu)種(zhong)植機械(xie)發展速度很(hen)快，馬鈴薯(shu)種(zhong)植機生產企業從幾(ji)家(jia)迅速擴張到幾(ji)十家(jia)，但從產品結構和功能來看，相似度較高(gao)，90%以上的產品仍停留(liu)在(zai)機械(xie)設計(ji)的改進方面，在(zai)播種(zhong)精度檢測和監控方面，還(huan)處于探索階段，有待于進一步研究(jiu)。

甘蔗種植機

甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)是甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個關鍵環節，也是難實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個環節，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家已經(jing)得到廣泛應(ying)用，而我國(guo)(guo)(guo)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)實際推廣應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾乎沒(mei)有，依(yi)然采用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)開溝，人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主，種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)主要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)開溝、施(shi)肥、切種(zhong)(zhong)下種(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜、培土等工(gong)序(xu)，是勞動密集型的(de)(de)(de)(de)作業(ye)工(gong)序(xu)。人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率低(di)，而且勞動強(qiang)度大，生產(chan)成本高，是制約我國(guo)(guo)(guo)糖蔗(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)業(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭力的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)瓶(ping)頸，因此，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣與(yu)應(ying)用已成為(wei)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)亟待解(jie)決的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問題之一(yi)。近年(nian)來(lai)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)有不(bu)少(shao)企(qi)業(ye)與(yu)科研單(dan)位通過(guo)自主研發(fa)或引進、吸收、消化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外先(xian)進技術(shu)(shu)(shu)，在(zai)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)領域已經(jing)積(ji)累了較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗，并設計了不(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)型，但能推廣應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)卻依(yi)然沒(mei)有，只有少(shao)數(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)營農場與(yu)農村(cun)合(he)作社在(zai)使用示范，甘(gan)(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)得不(bu)到有效推廣。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我國研發(fa)生產(chan)的甘蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機按工(gong)作方式的不同主要(yao)分(fen)為(wei)兩大類：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是邊砍邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式，另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是預先砍種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)再種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)模(mo)式。

（1）邊(bian)砍邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)模式(shi)。邊(bian)砍邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植模式(shi)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植機主(zhu)要(yao)包含的(de)結構有(you)：開(kai)溝(gou)器，排(pai)肥(fei)箱，切種(zhong)(zhong)箱，覆(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等，一(yi)些廠(chang)家(jia)生產的(de)還有(you)噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)模式(shi)的(de)工作原(yuan)理主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)通過(guo)開(kai)溝(gou)器在前方(fang)開(kai)溝(gou)，排(pai)肥(fei)箱將肥(fei)料(liao)排(pai)入(ru)開(kai)好(hao)的(de)溝(gou)中，人工將整(zheng)條(tiao)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)喂(wei)入(ru)切種(zhong)(zhong)箱，由兩對輸送(song)膠輥(gun)夾持蔗(zhe)(zhe)苗，同(tong)時(shi)旋轉(zhuan)的(de)割刀切成(cheng)一(yi)段段等長的(de)蔗(zhe)(zhe)段，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)通過(guo)切種(zhong)(zhong)箱后(hou)按一(yi)定的(de)規律排(pai)落到(dao)開(kai)好(hao)的(de)溝(gou)中，此(ci)(ci)(ci)時(shi)再經過(guo)覆(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進行覆(fu)土(tu)，由噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)再進行噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)與(yu)(yu)覆(fu)膜，就完(wan)成(cheng)了(le)對甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植，此(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)模式(shi)對人工的(de)連續喂(wei)入(ru)要(yao)求高(gao)，勞動強度大，對蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)傷芽率高(gao)，目前已逐步被淘汰與(yu)(yu)邊(bian)沿化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)入(ru)開好的溝中，人工將一段段蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)連續(xu)不斷地放(fang)入(ru)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱中，通過(guo)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱將蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)入(ru)開好的溝中，此(ci)時再經過(guo)覆(fu)土(tu)裝置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)覆(fu)土(tu)，由噴灑農藥(yao)裝置(zhi)和(he)覆(fu)膜(mo)裝置(zhi)再進(jin)行(xing)噴灑農藥(yao)與(yu)覆(fu)膜(mo)，就完成了對(dui)(dui)甘蔗的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)對(dui)(dui)人工的連續(xu)喂入(ru)要求更高，勞動強度也相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較大，對(dui)(dui)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的傷芽率(lv)低，目前是(shi)企(qi)業與(yu)科研機構重點研究的方向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡管我(wo)國(guo)在甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)研發(fa)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)有了(le)跨越式的發(fa)展技術(shu)日趨成(cheng)熟，但推(tui)廣(guang)的過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)還是發(fa)現了(le)許多問(wen)題(ti)，制(zhi)約了(le)我(wo)國(guo)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)全程(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)化種植(zhi)(zhi)的進程(cheng)。目前我(wo)國(guo)比較主流的甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)主要存在以下(xia)問(wen)題(ti)：

（1）需(xu)要較多的人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)配合，過(guo)分依(yi)賴(lai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)手工(gong)協助整個種(zhong)植過(guo)程，人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強(qiang)度(du)(du)大(da)，種(zhong)植成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)高。目(mu)前對(dui)于(yu)種(zhong)植過(guo)程，還是依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)來對(dui)蔗種(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)擺放與搬運，機械化(hua)程度(du)(du)非常低，放種(zhong)過(guo)程幾乎完全(quan)依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，而(er)且種(zhong)植過(guo)程動作(zuo)要連(lian)續，稍有疏忽(hu)就(jiu)會有漏播(bo)的情況，人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強(qiang)度(du)(du)大(da)，操作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)多，種(zhong)植成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)高。

（2）切(qie)種(zhong)傷芽(ya)(ya)率高(gao)，配套機(ji)械不足。因采用等(deng)距切(qie)割，就不可避免地產生切(qie)到芽(ya)(ya)的(de)現(xian)象，這勢必影響甘蔗的(de)出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)率，減少出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)數量，不能達到人(ren)工種(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)技術要求，目前除采用人(ren)工砍(kan)斷(duan)外，均采用機(ji)器等(deng)距切(qie)割，用于(yu)切(qie)割蔗種(zhong)的(de)成熟機(ji)械還沒有出(chu)現(xian)。

（3）不(bu)(bu)符合(he)農(nong)民(min)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)農(nong)藝，與(yu)農(nong)民(min)需求(qiu)的(de)實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)不(bu)(bu)符。大多情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)農(nong)民(min)會用(yong)整根的(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)，但實際(ji)操作(zuo)中，糖廠都會鼓勵農(nong)民(min)用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)，大部(bu)分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)不(bu)(bu)能滿足用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)出苗率(lv)高(gao)，出苗時(shi)間快(kuai)，而且長期以(yi)來農(nong)民(min)也已經形成了(le)用(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作(zuo)為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)習(xi)慣，因蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢短，大大影響了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)效率(lv)，只有預先(xian)砍種(zhong)(zhong)再種(zhong)(zhong)模式的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)才符合(he)要(yao)求(qiu)。

（4）可(ke)(ke)視(shi)可(ke)(ke)控性(xing)低，過分依賴人工操作(zuo)。因種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過程(cheng)很(hen)短，排種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)多在箱(xiang)內進(jin)行(xing)，無法對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過程(cheng)的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)質量進(jin)行(xing)監(jian)控，采用人工排種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)方(fang)式，工作(zuo)一次性(xing)通過，沒有查(cha)缺補漏的(de)環節，可(ke)(ke)視(shi)可(ke)(ke)控性(xing)差(cha)，完全(quan)依靠人工排放。

（5）適(shi)用性差，對地(di)塊的(de)坡度(du)要求高。幾乎所有的(de)種植機都要求地(di)塊的(de)坡度(du)要小于(yu)12°，因坡度(du)過大容(rong)(rong)易造成不能(neng)種植，所開(kai)的(de)溝深淺不能(neng)統一，培土(tu)、回土(tu)效果差，且容(rong)(rong)易造成翻(fan)車。

（6）結構(gou)復雜，生產(chan)成本高，推(tui)廣(guang)難度大。因目(mu)前甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種植機還處(chu)在研發(fa)推(tui)廣(guang)階段，生產(chan)成本相對較高，且甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種植戶(hu)還是以單(dan)個農戶(hu)生產(chan)為主，種植量少，每個農戶(hu)擁有(you)一臺甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種植機不太現實。

解決方案

（1）深(shen)入(ru)改造(zao)現(xian)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械，向自動化、低(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)工、低(di)(di)成(cheng)本種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)方向發展。通過加大(da)載種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量與載肥量，采(cai)用自動排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機構進行自動排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，減(jian)少(shao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過程人(ren)(ren)工協助的工作量，減(jian)少(shao)配備人(ren)(ren)員，從(cong)而達到(dao)解放勞動力，降低(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)成(cheng)本的目的。

（2）深入(ru)開發配套機(ji)械，特別是帶(dai)有蔗(zhe)芽(ya)識(shi)別功能(neng)的(de)(de)切(qie)種(zhong)機(ji)。采用紅外影像成形等識(shi)別技(ji)術(shu)，通過(guo)對(dui)蔗(zhe)芽(ya)的(de)(de)識(shi)別從而達(da)(da)到精準切(qie)割蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)，通過(guo)減(jian)少作業過(guo)程對(dui)蔗(zhe)芽(ya)的(de)(de)傷害(hai)，提(ti)高種(zhong)植質量，從而達(da)(da)到提(ti)高出芽(ya)率的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。向(xiang)(xiang)智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)、數字(zi)化(hua)種(zhong)植機(ji)械方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)發展。

（3）深入了解(jie)農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)農藝，與糖(tang)(tang)廠進(jin)行技術交流，改(gai)進(jin)現有甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)，使其(qi)滿足(zu)以(yi)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)進(jin)行種(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)含糖(tang)(tang)量相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)低，若用于榨糖(tang)(tang)，得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)糖(tang)(tang)量肯定相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)少，若用蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)，而取而代之的(de)(de)是蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)以(yi)下的(de)(de)部分用于榨糖(tang)(tang)，一方面(mian)得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)糖(tang)(tang)量相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)多，另一方面(mian)所(suo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)出(chu)苗率(lv)也(ye)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)高，糖(tang)(tang)廠與農民(min)(min)都(dou)達到(dao)(dao)了增(zeng)收的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

（4）改(gai)進現有排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式，改(gai)造成(cheng)觀察(cha)性效(xiao)果好、能(neng)自動(dong)或人工進行補蔗種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式。通過參照(zhao)土豆種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)的(de)工作原理，以機(ji)械排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)為主，人工補漏為輔的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式或通過傳感器感應機(ji)械自動(dong)補漏的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式，達(da)到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)植過程(cheng)可視可控，讓種(zhong)(zhong)植戶(hu)對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)植效(xiao)果有所(suo)了(le)解，消除種(zhong)(zhong)植戶(hu)的(de)疑慮。

（5）大力(li)推廣土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)整力(li)度，對(dui)蔗(zhe)田進行規劃(hua)與整治，鼓勵農(nong)(nong)民參(can)加(jia)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產合(he)作社(she)，因地(di)(di)(di)制宜，有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)地(di)(di)(di)研發符合(he)地(di)(di)(di)區生產需(xu)求的(de)甘蔗(zhe)種(zhong)植(zhi)機。一方(fang)面(mian)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)整后對(dui)農(nong)(nong)機的(de)要求相對(dui)較低，通過參(can)加(jia)生產合(he)作社(she)，向(xiang)規模化(hua)、集約化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)發展，有(you)利(li)于(yu)規模化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)，提高經濟效益。另一方(fang)面(mian)有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)地(di)(di)(di)研發種(zhong)植(zhi)機，使得適用性(xing)更(geng)強，有(you)利(li)于(yu)推廣應(ying)用。