【種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機】國內馬(ma)鈴薯(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械(xie)研究進展(zhan) 甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機存在的問題及解決(jue)方案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯是我國(guo)(guo)主要的(de)(de)經濟作物(wu)，其種(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)積和產(chan)量位居世界前列，但馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯的(de)(de)機(ji)械化生產(chan)水平較低。為了(le)滿(man)足(zu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯產(chan)業(ye)發展需要，我國(guo)(guo)引進了(le)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)一些(xie)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)，如德國(guo)(guo)Grimme公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)、意(yi)大利Spedo公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)SPA-2型(xing)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)、挪威Kverneland公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)等，這(zhe)些(xie)產(chan)品(pin)是馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)代(dai)表，也是我國(guo)(guo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)的(de)(de)發展方向(xiang)。國(guo)(guo)外(wai)產(chan)品(pin)技術雖(sui)然先進，但是價格很高，機(ji)具(ju)適應性和零配件供應不暢是用戶使用中(zhong)面(mian)臨的(de)(de)較大問題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取(qu)(qu)得突破性(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)展(zhan)。其(qi)中中機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)美諾科技股份有(you)限公司(si)在馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)研(yan)發方面(mian)處于領先地位，2004—2006年(nian)(nian)，該公司(si)成功開(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)2CM-2型雙(shuang)行(xing)(xing)馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)交叉取(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥分施技術(shu)(shu)；2006—2008年(nian)(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發出(chu)適用于特(te)定馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區域的(de)(de)大(da)壟(long)(long)(long)雙(shuang)行(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型；2008—2011年(nian)(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發出(chu)2CM-4型馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效率(lv)(lv)大(da)大(da)提高(gao)，用戶反(fan)饋良好。在后(hou)續(xu)的(de)(de)產品改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)過程(cheng)中，又(you)增(zeng)加了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)覆(fu)膜和(he)(he)噴(pen)藥(yao)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)附件(jian)，增(zeng)強了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具的(de)(de)適應性(xing)(xing)。2012—2013年(nian)(nian)，在2CM-4型產品的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上增(zeng)設(she)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動(dong)監(jian)控系統，降低了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)，提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)度(du)。2013年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)后(hou)，該公司(si)一(yi)(yi)直持續(xu)不斷地對(dui)2CM-4型產品進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)，目(mu)前已有(you)2CM-4B型新(xin)產品在市場(chang)上銷售(shou)。2014年(nian)(nian)，青島農業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)設(she)計(ji)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施肥聯合作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可一(yi)(yi)次完(wan)成開(kai)(kai)溝、施肥、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)、起壟(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)覆(fu)膜等(deng)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。該機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)手指狀取(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構，使(shi)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)降低；使(shi)用旋耕起壟(long)(long)(long)裝(zhuang)置，在實現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝均(jun)勻覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)同時能(neng)夠完(wan)成起壟(long)(long)(long)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。2014年(nian)(nian)，黑龍江省農業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械工程(cheng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院在研(yan)學(xue)外(wai)國先進(jin)(jin)(jin)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，設(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)開(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)集開(kai)(kai)溝施肥、仿形開(kai)(kai)溝、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯（薯塊）、起壟(long)(long)(long)（培土(tu)(tu)）于一(yi)(yi)體的(de)(de)大(da)型4行(xing)(xing)牽引式馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，通用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架為基(ji)礎進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)各(ge)零部件(jian)間的(de)(de)變換與組合，實現各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)要求；為實現播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深一(yi)(yi)致及對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植深度(du)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)確調整控制，創新(xin)設(she)計(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構單(dan)體仿形裝(zhuang)置。2015年(nian)(nian)，山東農業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)設(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)償式馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，添加補(bu)(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置，采(cai)用激光對(dui)射(she)傳感器和(he)(he)步進(jin)(jin)(jin)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，能(neng)有(you)效實現馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯的(de)(de)自動(dong)補(bu)(bu)償播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降低了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)漏(lou)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)率(lv)(lv)。2016年(nian)(nian)，牛康等(deng)為了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)提高(gao)鏈勺(shao)式馬鈴(ling)(ling)薯排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，使(shi)用EDEM軟件(jian)建(jian)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置數值模型，設(she)計(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)具有(you)雙(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱結構的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置，以空種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)重(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)(lv)為性(xing)(xing)能(neng)指標，試驗研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺(shao)直徑和(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度(du)對(dui)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)影響規律，對(dui)雙(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱式排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)置進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)優(you)化設(she)計(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技術(shu)利(li)用磁效應原理(li)設(she)計馬鈴薯播種監(jian)測系統，其中(zhong)控(kong)制系統采用接觸式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要包括主(zhu)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)、傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)線束。主(zhu)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)是基于數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)制技術(shu)的(de)核心，全模(mo)塊(kuai)化設(she)計，帶液(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屏。每行(xing)(xing)實時(shi)(shi)漏播報警(jing)(jing)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)(bing)自行(xing)(xing)計算漏播率及(ji)(ji)記錄每個工(gong)作(zuo)段(duan)的(de)面積。工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，接觸式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)檢測種杯中(zhong)的(de)種薯信號，播種正常時(shi)(shi)，傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有一系列的(de)連(lian)續脈(mo)沖信號傳(chuan)遞給控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)。當漏播時(shi)(shi)，控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)接收不到脈(mo)沖信號，液(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屏無監(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)系統報警(jing)(jing)，提(ti)(ti)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)人員停(ting)機檢查。該系統分行(xing)(xing)實時(shi)(shi)監(jian)測感(gan)應數(shu)(shu)據，并(bing)(bing)可直接將數(shu)(shu)據輸入控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)(xing)運算和邏輯判斷，控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)元件包括組(zu)合旋鈕、電源開(kai)關、監(jian)測啟停(ting)、液(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屏等(deng)，控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)將傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)遞的(de)脈(mo)沖信號進行(xing)(xing)轉換，在液(ye)晶顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屏上顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監(jian)測到的(de)數(shu)(shu)據。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采用鏈耙網仿(fang)形施(shi)肥技術可以(yi)避免傳統外槽輪排肥器易堵塞(sai)，面肥、有機肥無法施(shi)撒的(de)問(wen)題；解決了(le)施(shi)肥機構(gou)通過(guo)性差的(de)問(wen)題；增大最大施(shi)肥量，滿足(zu)農藝要(yao)求；仿(fang)形通過(guo)能力強(qiang)，實現了(le)雙側深施(shi)肥，解決種肥混施(shi)、燒種現象嚴重的(de)問(wen)題。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯(shu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)不同于小麥、玉米(mi)、大(da)豆(dou)等(deng)作物(wu)，其形狀、大(da)小、物(wu)理(li)特性比較復雜(za)，因(yin)此設計(ji)一種(zhong)(zhong)靴式(shi)開溝(gou)器(qi)，該開溝(gou)器(qi)開溝(gou)阻力較小，開出的(de)(de)溝(gou)能(neng)夠很好地穩住排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排(pai)出的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)，有效控(kong)制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)的(de)(de)運動，保證(zheng)種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)的(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)株距。

近(jin)幾(ji)年(nian)，國內的馬鈴薯種植(zhi)機械發展速(su)度(du)很快，馬鈴薯種植(zhi)機生產(chan)企業從幾(ji)家迅速(su)擴張到幾(ji)十家，但從產(chan)品(pin)結構(gou)和功能來看，相似(si)度(du)較高，90%以上的產(chan)品(pin)仍停(ting)留(liu)在(zai)(zai)機械設計的改進(jin)方面，在(zai)(zai)播種精度(du)檢測和監控方面，還處于(yu)探索階(jie)段，有待于(yu)進(jin)一步研究。

甘蔗種植機

甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個關鍵環(huan)節，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)難實(shi)現的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個環(huan)節，甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)發達國(guo)(guo)家已(yi)經(jing)得到廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)用，而我國(guo)(guo)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)實(shi)際推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)(ying)用的(de)(de)幾乎沒有(you)，依然采用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)開(kai)溝，人工種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)主要包括開(kai)溝、施肥、切種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜(mo)、培土等(deng)工序(xu)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)勞動(dong)密(mi)集(ji)型的(de)(de)作業工序(xu)。人工種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)效率低，而且(qie)勞動(dong)強度大，生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本高，是(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)約我國(guo)(guo)糖蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)業國(guo)(guo)際競(jing)爭力(li)的(de)(de)重要技(ji)術(shu)瓶頸，因此，甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)與應(ying)(ying)用已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)亟待解決的(de)(de)主要問題之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。近(jin)年來(lai)，我國(guo)(guo)有(you)不少企業與科研單(dan)位(wei)通(tong)過(guo)自主研發或引(yin)進、吸(xi)收、消化(hua)國(guo)(guo)外先(xian)進技(ji)術(shu)，在(zai)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)領域(yu)已(yi)經(jing)積(ji)累了較(jiao)多的(de)(de)經(jing)驗，并設計了不少的(de)(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)型，但能推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)(ying)用的(de)(de)卻依然沒有(you)，只有(you)少數國(guo)(guo)營農(nong)場與農(nong)村(cun)合作社在(zai)使(shi)用示范，甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)得不到有(you)效推(tui)廣(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我(wo)國(guo)研發生產(chan)的甘蔗(zhe)種植機按工作(zuo)方(fang)式的不同主(zhu)要分為兩大類：一(yi)種是(shi)邊(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)種模式，另一(yi)種是(shi)預先砍(kan)種再種植模式。

（1）邊(bian)(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)(bian)種模式。邊(bian)(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)(bian)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)種植模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)種植機(ji)主要包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構有：開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器，排肥(fei)箱，切種箱，覆(fu)土裝(zhuang)置等，一(yi)些(xie)廠家生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)還有噴灑農藥(yao)(yao)裝(zhuang)置和覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置。此(ci)(ci)種模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作原(yuan)理主要為通過開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)器在前(qian)方開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)，排肥(fei)箱將肥(fei)料排入開(kai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)中，人工將整條(tiao)蔗(zhe)種喂入切種箱，由兩對(dui)輸送膠輥(gun)夾持(chi)蔗(zhe)苗(miao)，同(tong)時(shi)旋轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)割刀切成一(yi)段(duan)段(duan)等長的(de)(de)(de)(de)蔗(zhe)段(duan)，甘蔗(zhe)通過切種箱后按一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律排落到開(kai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)(gou)中，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)再經過覆(fu)土裝(zhuang)置進(jin)行覆(fu)土，由噴灑農藥(yao)(yao)裝(zhuang)置和覆(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置再進(jin)行噴灑農藥(yao)(yao)與(yu)覆(fu)膜，就完成了對(dui)甘蔗(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種植，此(ci)(ci)種模式對(dui)人工的(de)(de)(de)(de)連續喂入要求高(gao)，勞動強度(du)大，對(dui)蔗(zhe)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷芽率高(gao)，目(mu)前(qian)已逐(zhu)步(bu)被淘汰與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)沿(yan)化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)入(ru)開好(hao)的(de)(de)溝中(zhong)，人工(gong)(gong)將一段(duan)(duan)段(duan)(duan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)連(lian)續不斷(duan)地放入(ru)排(pai)種(zhong)箱中(zhong)，通(tong)過(guo)排(pai)種(zhong)箱將蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)排(pai)入(ru)開好(hao)的(de)(de)溝中(zhong)，此時再(zai)經過(guo)覆(fu)(fu)土裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置進行(xing)覆(fu)(fu)土，由噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)藥裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和(he)覆(fu)(fu)膜裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置再(zai)進行(xing)噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)藥與(yu)覆(fu)(fu)膜，就完成了對甘(gan)蔗(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植，此種(zhong)模式對人工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)連(lian)續喂入(ru)要求更高(gao)，勞動(dong)強度也相對較大，對蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)(de)傷(shang)芽(ya)率低，目前是企業與(yu)科研(yan)(yan)機構重點研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)方向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡管我國(guo)在甘蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)機(ji)研發(fa)過程(cheng)(cheng)中有(you)了跨(kua)越式的發(fa)展(zhan)技術日趨成熟，但推(tui)廣的過程(cheng)(cheng)中還是(shi)發(fa)現(xian)了許多問題(ti)，制約了我國(guo)甘蔗(zhe)全程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械化種植(zhi)的進程(cheng)(cheng)。目(mu)前我國(guo)比較主流的甘蔗(zhe)種植(zhi)機(ji)推(tui)廣過程(cheng)(cheng)中主要存在以下問題(ti)：

（1）需要(yao)較多的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)配合，過(guo)(guo)(guo)分依(yi)賴人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)手工(gong)協助整(zheng)個種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強(qiang)度(du)大，種(zhong)(zhong)植成(cheng)本(ben)高。目前(qian)對(dui)于種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，還是(shi)依(yi)靠人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)來對(dui)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)進行(xing)擺放與搬運(yun)，機(ji)械化程(cheng)度(du)非常(chang)低，放種(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)幾乎完全依(yi)靠人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)進行(xing)，而且(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)植過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動作(zuo)要(yao)連續，稍有疏忽就會有漏播的情(qing)況(kuang)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)勞動強(qiang)度(du)大，操作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)多，種(zhong)(zhong)植成(cheng)本(ben)高。

（2）切種傷芽率高，配(pei)套機械不足。因采(cai)用等距(ju)切割，就不可避免地產生切到(dao)芽的(de)現象，這勢必(bi)影(ying)響甘蔗的(de)出(chu)芽率，減少(shao)出(chu)芽數(shu)量，不能達到(dao)人工種植的(de)技術要(yao)求，目前(qian)除采(cai)用人工砍斷外，均采(cai)用機器等距(ju)切割，用于切割蔗種的(de)成熟機械還(huan)沒有(you)出(chu)現。

（3）不(bu)符合(he)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植農(nong)(nong)藝(yi)，與農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)需求的(de)實際(ji)情況不(bu)符。大(da)多情況下農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)會用整根的(de)甘蔗作為(wei)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)，但實際(ji)操作中，糖廠(chang)都會鼓勵(li)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)用蔗梢作為(wei)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)，大(da)部分種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)不(bu)能(neng)滿足(zu)用蔗梢作為(wei)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)要求，蔗梢作為(wei)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)出苗率(lv)高，出苗時間快，而(er)且(qie)長期(qi)以來農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)也已經形(xing)成了(le)用蔗梢作為(wei)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)習慣，因蔗梢短，大(da)大(da)影響了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)植效率(lv)，只有預先砍種(zhong)(zhong)再種(zhong)(zhong)模式的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)才(cai)符合(he)要求。

（4）可(ke)視(shi)(shi)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性(xing)低，過(guo)(guo)分依賴(lai)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)操作。因種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程很短，排(pai)種(zhong)大多在箱內進行(xing)，無法對種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程的排(pai)種(zhong)質量進行(xing)監控(kong)(kong)，采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)排(pai)種(zhong)的方式，工(gong)(gong)作一次性(xing)通過(guo)(guo)，沒有查缺補(bu)漏的環節，可(ke)視(shi)(shi)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性(xing)差，完全依靠人(ren)工(gong)(gong)排(pai)放。

（5）適用(yong)性差(cha)，對地塊的(de)坡(po)度要求高。幾乎(hu)所(suo)有的(de)種植機都(dou)要求地塊的(de)坡(po)度要小于12°，因坡(po)度過大容易造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)能種植，所(suo)開的(de)溝(gou)深淺(qian)不(bu)能統一，培土、回(hui)土效果差(cha)，且(qie)容易造(zao)成(cheng)翻(fan)車。

（6）結構復雜，生產成(cheng)本高，推廣(guang)(guang)難度(du)大(da)。因(yin)目前(qian)甘蔗種(zhong)植機還處在研(yan)發推廣(guang)(guang)階段，生產成(cheng)本相對較高，且甘蔗種(zhong)植戶還是(shi)以單(dan)個農戶生產為主，種(zhong)植量少，每個農戶擁有一臺甘蔗種(zhong)植機不太現(xian)實。

解決方案

（1）深入(ru)改造(zao)現有種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械(xie)，向(xiang)自動(dong)化、低(di)(di)人(ren)工、低(di)(di)成本種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)方向(xiang)發展。通過加大載種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)與載肥量(liang)，采用(yong)自動(dong)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)機構進(jin)行自動(dong)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)，減少(shao)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過程人(ren)工協助的(de)工作(zuo)量(liang)，減少(shao)配備人(ren)員，從(cong)而達到解放勞動(dong)力，降低(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)成本的(de)目的(de)。

（2）深入開發(fa)配套機(ji)械，特別是帶有蔗芽(ya)(ya)識別功能的切種(zhong)機(ji)。采(cai)用紅外影像(xiang)成形等識別技(ji)術，通過對蔗芽(ya)(ya)的識別從(cong)而達到(dao)精(jing)準(zhun)切割蔗種(zhong)的目的，通過減少作業過程對蔗芽(ya)(ya)的傷害，提(ti)高(gao)種(zhong)植質量，從(cong)而達到(dao)提(ti)高(gao)出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)率的目的。向(xiang)智能化、數字化種(zhong)植機(ji)械方向(xiang)發(fa)展(zhan)。

（3）深入了解農民的種植(zhi)農藝，與糖(tang)(tang)廠(chang)進(jin)行技術交流，改進(jin)現有甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種植(zhi)機，使其(qi)滿(man)足以蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種進(jin)行種植(zhi)的目的。蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢含糖(tang)(tang)量相對(dui)較(jiao)低，若用于(yu)榨糖(tang)(tang)，得到的糖(tang)(tang)量肯定相對(dui)較(jiao)少，若用蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種，而取而代(dai)之的是蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)梢以下的部分用于(yu)榨糖(tang)(tang)，一方(fang)面得到的糖(tang)(tang)量相對(dui)較(jiao)多，另一方(fang)面所(suo)種的甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)出苗率也相對(dui)較(jiao)高，糖(tang)(tang)廠(chang)與農民都達到了增(zeng)收的目的。

（4）改(gai)進(jin)現有(you)排(pai)種方式(shi)(shi)，改(gai)造成(cheng)觀察性效果(guo)好、能自(zi)動或人(ren)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行補(bu)蔗種的(de)排(pai)種方式(shi)(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)參(can)照土豆種植機(ji)(ji)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作原理(li)，以機(ji)(ji)械排(pai)種為(wei)主，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)補(bu)漏為(wei)輔(fu)的(de)排(pai)種方式(shi)(shi)或通(tong)過(guo)傳感器感應機(ji)(ji)械自(zi)動補(bu)漏的(de)排(pai)種方式(shi)(shi)，達到(dao)種植過(guo)程可(ke)視(shi)可(ke)控(kong)，讓種植戶對種植效果(guo)有(you)所了解(jie)，消(xiao)除種植戶的(de)疑慮。

（5）大(da)力推(tui)廣(guang)土(tu)地(di)平整力度，對蔗(zhe)(zhe)田進(jin)行規劃與整治，鼓勵農(nong)民參加農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產合(he)作社(she)，因(yin)地(di)制宜(yi)，有(you)針對性地(di)研(yan)發符合(he)地(di)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產需求的(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機。一方(fang)面土(tu)地(di)平整后對農(nong)機的(de)要求相對較低，通過(guo)參加生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產合(he)作社(she)，向(xiang)規模化(hua)、集約化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植方(fang)向(xiang)發展，有(you)利于規模化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植，提高經濟效益。另(ling)一方(fang)面有(you)針對性地(di)研(yan)發種(zhong)(zhong)植機，使得適用性更強，有(you)利于推(tui)廣(guang)應用。