【種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)】國內(nei)馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)械研究進展 甘蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)存在的問題及解決方案(an)

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯是我(wo)國(guo)主要(yao)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積和產(chan)量位(wei)居世界前列，但馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯的(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)化生產(chan)水平較(jiao)低(di)。為了滿足馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯產(chan)業發展需要(yao)，我(wo)國(guo)引(yin)進了國(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)一些馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)，如德國(guo)Grimme公司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)、意大利Spedo公司的(de)(de)SPA-2型馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)、挪(nuo)威Kverneland公司的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)等，這些產(chan)品(pin)是馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)，也是我(wo)國(guo)馬(ma)(ma)鈴薯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)的(de)(de)發展方向。國(guo)外(wai)產(chan)品(pin)技(ji)術雖然先進，但是價格很(hen)高(gao)，機(ji)具適(shi)應(ying)性和零配(pei)件(jian)供應(ying)不暢是用戶使用中面臨的(de)(de)較(jiao)大問題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取得突破性(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)展。其中中機美(mei)諾科(ke)技(ji)股份有(you)(you)限公司(si)在馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)方面(mian)處(chu)于(yu)領先地(di)位，2004—2006年(nian)(nian)，該(gai)公司(si)成功(gong)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)2CM-2型(xing)(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)行(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)交叉取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥(fei)分(fen)施技(ji)術(shu)；2006—2008年(nian)(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)特定馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區域的(de)(de)大(da)壟(long)雙(shuang)行(xing)機型(xing)(xing)(xing)；2008—2011年(nian)(nian)，開(kai)(kai)發(fa)出(chu)2CM-4型(xing)(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機，作(zuo)業效率(lv)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶反饋良好。在后(hou)續(xu)的(de)(de)產品改進(jin)(jin)(jin)過程(cheng)中，又增加(jia)了(le)覆膜(mo)和(he)噴(pen)藥(yao)作(zuo)業附件(jian)，增強了(le)機具的(de)(de)適(shi)應性(xing)。2012—2013年(nian)(nian)，在2CM-4型(xing)(xing)(xing)產品的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上增設(she)了(le)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)動監控系統，降低了(le)重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)率(lv)和(he)漏播(bo)(bo)率(lv)，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精度。2013年(nian)(nian)之后(hou)，該(gai)公司(si)一(yi)直持續(xu)不斷(duan)地(di)對2CM-4型(xing)(xing)(xing)產品進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)，目前已有(you)(you)2CM-4B型(xing)(xing)(xing)新產品在市(shi)場上銷(xiao)售(shou)。2014年(nian)(nian)，青島農業大(da)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)設(she)計(ji)出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施肥(fei)聯合作(zuo)業機，可一(yi)次完成開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)、施肥(fei)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土、起(qi)壟(long)和(he)覆膜(mo)等作(zuo)業。該(gai)機采用(yong)(yong)(yong)獨特的(de)(de)手(shou)指狀取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機構，使(shi)(shi)漏播(bo)(bo)率(lv)和(he)重(zhong)播(bo)(bo)率(lv)降低；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)旋耕起(qi)壟(long)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在實(shi)(shi)現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)均勻(yun)覆土的(de)(de)同時能夠完成起(qi)壟(long)作(zuo)業。2014年(nian)(nian)，黑(hei)龍江省農業機械工程(cheng)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)在研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)外國先進(jin)(jin)(jin)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，設(she)計(ji)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了(le)集開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)施肥(fei)、仿形開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)（薯(shu)(shu)塊）、起(qi)壟(long)（培土）于(yu)一(yi)體的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)4行(xing)牽引式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植機，通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機架為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)各零部件(jian)間的(de)(de)變(bian)換(huan)與組合，實(shi)(shi)現各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同作(zuo)業的(de)(de)要求；為(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)現播(bo)(bo)深(shen)一(yi)致及對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植深(shen)度進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)精確調整控制(zhi)，創新設(she)計(ji)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機構單(dan)體仿形裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。2015年(nian)(nian)，山(shan)東農業大(da)學(xue)(xue)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)設(she)計(ji)了(le)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補償式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機，添(tian)加(jia)補償播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)激光對射傳(chuan)感器(qi)和(he)步進(jin)(jin)(jin)電機，能有(you)(you)效實(shi)(shi)現馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)自(zi)動補償播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降低了(le)漏播(bo)(bo)率(lv)。2016年(nian)(nian)，牛康等為(wei)(wei)了(le)提(ti)高(gao)鏈勺式馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)EDEM軟件(jian)建立了(le)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數值模型(xing)(xing)(xing)，設(she)計(ji)了(le)具有(you)(you)雙(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱結構的(de)(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以空(kong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)和(he)重(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)性(xing)能指標，試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了(le)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速(su)度、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺直徑和(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度對充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)能的(de)(de)影響規律，對雙(shuang)層(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱式排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)優化設(she)計(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技術利(li)用磁效應(ying)原(yuan)理設(she)計馬鈴薯播(bo)種(zhong)監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統，其中(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統采用接觸式傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)，主要包括主控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)、傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)及線束。主控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)是基于數字控(kong)制(zhi)技術的核(he)心，全模塊化(hua)設(she)計，帶(dai)液(ye)(ye)晶顯示(shi)屏。每行(xing)實時(shi)漏播(bo)報警提示(shi)，并(bing)自行(xing)計算漏播(bo)率(lv)及記錄每個工作段的面積(ji)。工作中(zhong)，接觸式傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)檢測(ce)種(zhong)杯中(zhong)的種(zhong)薯信(xin)號(hao)，播(bo)種(zhong)正(zheng)常時(shi)，傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)有一系(xi)(xi)列的連續脈沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)遞給控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)。當漏播(bo)時(shi)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)接收不(bu)到脈沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，液(ye)(ye)晶顯示(shi)屏無監(jian)測(ce)數據，此時(shi)系(xi)(xi)統報警，提示(shi)工作人(ren)員停機(ji)檢查。該系(xi)(xi)統分行(xing)實時(shi)監(jian)測(ce)感(gan)應(ying)數據，并(bing)可直(zhi)接將數據輸(shu)入控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)運算和邏(luo)輯(ji)判斷，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)元件包括組合旋鈕、電源開關(guan)、監(jian)測(ce)啟停、液(ye)(ye)晶顯示(shi)屏等(deng)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)將傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)傳(chuan)遞的脈沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號(hao)進(jin)行(xing)轉換，在液(ye)(ye)晶顯示(shi)屏上顯示(shi)監(jian)測(ce)到的數據。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采(cai)用鏈耙網仿形(xing)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)技術可以避免(mian)傳統外槽輪(lun)排(pai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)器易堵塞(sai)，面(mian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、有機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)無法施(shi)(shi)撒的(de)問題；解決(jue)(jue)了(le)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)(ji)構通過性(xing)差(cha)的(de)問題；增大(da)最大(da)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)，滿足農藝(yi)要求；仿形(xing)通過能力(li)強，實現了(le)雙側深(shen)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)，解決(jue)(jue)種肥(fei)(fei)(fei)混施(shi)(shi)、燒種現象嚴重的(de)問題。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯(shu)的種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)不(bu)同于小(xiao)麥、玉米、大(da)(da)豆等作(zuo)物(wu)，其形狀、大(da)(da)小(xiao)、物(wu)理特性比(bi)較(jiao)復雜，因此設(she)計一種(zhong)(zhong)靴式開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)，該開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)開(kai)溝(gou)阻力(li)較(jiao)小(xiao)，開(kai)出(chu)的溝(gou)能夠很好地(di)穩住排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排出(chu)的種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)，有效控(kong)制種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)的運動，保證種(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)的播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)株距(ju)。

近幾(ji)年，國(guo)內的馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種植機械(xie)發展(zhan)速度(du)很快，馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)種植機生產企業從幾(ji)家迅速擴(kuo)張到幾(ji)十家，但從產品(pin)結構和功能(neng)來看，相似度(du)較高(gao)，90%以上的產品(pin)仍停留在機械(xie)設計的改進(jin)方面(mian)，在播(bo)種精度(du)檢測(ce)和監控(kong)方面(mian)，還處于探索階(jie)段，有待于進(jin)一步研究。

甘蔗種植機

甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)生產(chan)(chan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)一個(ge)關鍵環節，也是(shi)難(nan)實(shi)現的(de)(de)一個(ge)環節，甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)在發達國家已(yi)經(jing)(jing)得到(dao)廣(guang)泛應用，而(er)我(wo)國甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)際推(tui)廣(guang)應用的(de)(de)幾乎沒(mei)有(you)(you)，依然采用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)開溝(gou)，人工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)為主(zhu)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)包括開溝(gou)、施(shi)肥(fei)、切種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、蓋(gai)膜、培(pei)土等工(gong)(gong)序，是(shi)勞動密集型的(de)(de)作業工(gong)(gong)序。人工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)效率低，而(er)且勞動強度大，生產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本高，是(shi)制約我(wo)國糖(tang)蔗(zhe)產(chan)(chan)業國際競爭力的(de)(de)重要(yao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)瓶頸，因此(ci)，甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)與應用已(yi)成(cheng)為甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)生產(chan)(chan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)亟(ji)待解決的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問題之一。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)，我(wo)國有(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)(shao)企業與科研單位(wei)通過(guo)自主(zhu)研發或引進(jin)、吸收、消化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)國外(wai)先進(jin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，在甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)領域已(yi)經(jing)(jing)積累了較多(duo)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)，并設計了不(bu)少(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型，但能推(tui)廣(guang)應用的(de)(de)卻(que)依然沒(mei)有(you)(you)，只有(you)(you)少(shao)(shao)數國營(ying)農(nong)場與農(nong)村合作社(she)在使用示(shi)范(fan)，甘(gan)(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)得不(bu)到(dao)有(you)(you)效推(tui)廣(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我國研發生產的(de)甘蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植機按工作方式的(de)不(bu)同主要(yao)分為兩大類：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是邊(bian)砍邊(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)模式，另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是預先砍種(zhong)(zhong)再種(zhong)(zhong)植模式。

（1）邊(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)種(zhong)模(mo)式。邊(bian)砍(kan)邊(bian)種(zhong)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)模(mo)式的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)主要(yao)包(bao)含的(de)(de)結(jie)構有：開(kai)溝(gou)器，排(pai)肥(fei)箱(xiang)，切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)，覆(fu)(fu)土裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)等，一些廠家生(sheng)產的(de)(de)還有噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。此種(zhong)模(mo)式的(de)(de)工(gong)作原理主要(yao)為(wei)通過(guo)(guo)開(kai)溝(gou)器在前(qian)方(fang)開(kai)溝(gou)，排(pai)肥(fei)箱(xiang)將肥(fei)料排(pai)入(ru)(ru)開(kai)好的(de)(de)溝(gou)中(zhong)，人(ren)工(gong)將整條蔗(zhe)種(zhong)喂入(ru)(ru)切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)，由兩對輸送膠輥夾持蔗(zhe)苗(miao)，同時旋轉的(de)(de)割(ge)刀切(qie)成(cheng)一段(duan)段(duan)等長的(de)(de)蔗(zhe)段(duan)，甘(gan)蔗(zhe)通過(guo)(guo)切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)后(hou)按(an)一定的(de)(de)規律(lv)排(pai)落到開(kai)好的(de)(de)溝(gou)中(zhong)，此時再經過(guo)(guo)覆(fu)(fu)土裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進行覆(fu)(fu)土，由噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)再進行噴灑(sa)農藥(yao)與(yu)覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)，就完成(cheng)了對甘(gan)蔗(zhe)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)，此種(zhong)模(mo)式對人(ren)工(gong)的(de)(de)連(lian)續喂入(ru)(ru)要(yao)求高，勞動強度(du)大，對蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)(de)傷芽率高，目前(qian)已逐步被淘汰與(yu)邊(bian)沿化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)入(ru)開好的(de)溝(gou)中，人(ren)工將(jiang)一段(duan)段(duan)蔗種(zhong)連(lian)續不斷(duan)地放(fang)入(ru)排(pai)種(zhong)箱中，通過(guo)排(pai)種(zhong)箱將(jiang)蔗種(zhong)排(pai)入(ru)開好的(de)溝(gou)中，此(ci)時(shi)再經過(guo)覆(fu)土裝(zhuang)置進行覆(fu)土，由噴(pen)灑農(nong)藥(yao)裝(zhuang)置和覆(fu)膜(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置再進行噴(pen)灑農(nong)藥(yao)與(yu)覆(fu)膜(mo)(mo)，就完(wan)成(cheng)了對甘蔗的(de)種(zhong)植，此(ci)種(zhong)模式(shi)對人(ren)工的(de)連(lian)續喂(wei)入(ru)要(yao)求更(geng)高，勞(lao)動(dong)強度也相(xiang)對較大，對蔗種(zhong)的(de)傷芽率低，目(mu)前(qian)是企業與(yu)科研機構重點研究的(de)方向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡管我(wo)國在甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植機(ji)研發過程(cheng)中(zhong)有了跨(kua)越式的發展技術(shu)日趨(qu)成熟，但推廣(guang)(guang)的過程(cheng)中(zhong)還是發現了許多問(wen)題，制約了我(wo)國甘(gan)蔗(zhe)全程(cheng)機(ji)械化種植的進程(cheng)。目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)國比較主流的甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植機(ji)推廣(guang)(guang)過程(cheng)中(zhong)主要存在以下問(wen)題：

（1）需要較多的人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)配合，過(guo)分依賴人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)手工(gong)(gong)協助整個(ge)種植過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)勞(lao)動強度(du)大，種植成(cheng)本高(gao)。目前對于種植過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，還是(shi)依靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)來對蔗種進行擺放(fang)與搬運，機(ji)械化程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)非常低，放(fang)種過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)幾乎完全依靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)進行，而且(qie)種植過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)動作要連續，稍有疏忽就會有漏播的情況，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)勞(lao)動強度(du)大，操作人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)多，種植成(cheng)本高(gao)。

（2）切(qie)(qie)(qie)種傷芽(ya)率高，配套機械不足。因采(cai)(cai)(cai)用等距(ju)切(qie)(qie)(qie)割，就不可(ke)避免地產生切(qie)(qie)(qie)到芽(ya)的(de)現象，這勢必影響甘(gan)蔗(zhe)的(de)出(chu)芽(ya)率，減(jian)少出(chu)芽(ya)數(shu)量(liang)，不能達到人工種植(zhi)的(de)技術要求，目前除采(cai)(cai)(cai)用人工砍斷(duan)外，均采(cai)(cai)(cai)用機器等距(ju)切(qie)(qie)(qie)割，用于切(qie)(qie)(qie)割蔗(zhe)種的(de)成熟機械還沒有出(chu)現。

（3）不符合農(nong)民的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)農(nong)藝，與農(nong)民需求(qiu)的(de)(de)實際(ji)情況不符。大(da)(da)多(duo)情況下農(nong)民會用整根的(de)(de)甘蔗作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗種(zhong)，但實際(ji)操作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)，糖廠都會鼓(gu)勵農(nong)民用蔗梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗種(zhong)，大(da)(da)部分種(zhong)植(zhi)機不能滿(man)足用蔗梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗種(zhong)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，蔗梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗種(zhong)出苗(miao)(miao)率高，出苗(miao)(miao)時間快，而且長期以來農(nong)民也已經形成了(le)(le)用蔗梢(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)蔗種(zhong)的(de)(de)習(xi)慣，因蔗梢(shao)短，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)影響了(le)(le)種(zhong)植(zhi)效率，只有預先砍種(zhong)再(zai)種(zhong)模式的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)機才符合要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

（4）可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性(xing)低，過分依(yi)賴人(ren)(ren)工(gong)操作(zuo)。因種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)過程很短，排(pai)種(zhong)大(da)多(duo)在箱內進(jin)(jin)行，無法(fa)對種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)過程的排(pai)種(zhong)質量進(jin)(jin)行監控(kong)，采用人(ren)(ren)工(gong)排(pai)種(zhong)的方(fang)式(shi)，工(gong)作(zuo)一次性(xing)通過，沒有(you)查(cha)缺(que)補(bu)漏的環節，可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性(xing)差，完全依(yi)靠(kao)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)排(pai)放。

（5）適用性差(cha)，對地塊的坡(po)度要(yao)求高(gao)。幾乎所(suo)有的種植機都要(yao)求地塊的坡(po)度要(yao)小于(yu)12°，因(yin)坡(po)度過大容易造成不能種植，所(suo)開的溝深淺不能統一，培土(tu)、回土(tu)效果(guo)差(cha)，且(qie)容易造成翻車(che)。

（6）結構復雜，生產成本高(gao)，推廣難度大。因目前甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)還(huan)(huan)處(chu)在(zai)研發推廣階段，生產成本相對較(jiao)高(gao)，且(qie)甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)戶還(huan)(huan)是以(yi)單個(ge)農(nong)戶生產為(wei)主，種(zhong)植(zhi)量少，每個(ge)農(nong)戶擁有(you)一臺甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)太現實。

解決方案

（1）深入改(gai)造(zao)現有種(zhong)植機(ji)械，向(xiang)(xiang)自動(dong)化、低(di)人工(gong)、低(di)成(cheng)本種(zhong)植方向(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)展。通(tong)過(guo)加大載種(zhong)量與載肥量，采用自動(dong)排種(zhong)機(ji)構進行自動(dong)排種(zhong)，減(jian)少(shao)種(zhong)植過(guo)程人工(gong)協助的工(gong)作量，減(jian)少(shao)配(pei)備人員(yuan)，從(cong)而(er)達到解放(fang)勞動(dong)力，降低(di)種(zhong)植成(cheng)本的目的。

（2）深入(ru)開發(fa)配套機械，特別(bie)是帶有蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)識(shi)別(bie)功能的(de)切(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。采用紅(hong)外影像(xiang)成形等識(shi)別(bie)技(ji)術，通過(guo)對(dui)蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)識(shi)別(bie)從而達到精準切(qie)割蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)目的(de)，通過(guo)減少作(zuo)業過(guo)程對(dui)蔗(zhe)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)傷害，提高種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)質量，從而達到提高出芽(ya)(ya)率(lv)的(de)目的(de)。向智能化、數(shu)字化種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械方向發(fa)展。

（3）深入了(le)解(jie)農(nong)民的(de)種植農(nong)藝，與糖(tang)廠(chang)進行技術交(jiao)流，改進現有甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種植機，使其滿足以蔗(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)種進行種植的(de)目的(de)。蔗(zhe)梢含糖(tang)量(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低，若用(yong)(yong)于榨糖(tang)，得(de)到(dao)的(de)糖(tang)量(liang)肯(ken)定相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)少，若用(yong)(yong)蔗(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)種，而(er)(er)取而(er)(er)代之的(de)是蔗(zhe)梢以下的(de)部(bu)分用(yong)(yong)于榨糖(tang)，一(yi)方面得(de)到(dao)的(de)糖(tang)量(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)多(duo)，另一(yi)方面所種的(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)出苗率也相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)高，糖(tang)廠(chang)與農(nong)民都達到(dao)了(le)增收的(de)目的(de)。

（4）改進(jin)現有排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，改造成觀(guan)察性效果(guo)好、能自(zi)動或人(ren)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行補(bu)(bu)蔗種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)參照(zhao)土豆種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作原理，以(yi)機(ji)械排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主(zhu)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)補(bu)(bu)漏為(wei)輔的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)或通(tong)過(guo)傳感(gan)器(qi)感(gan)應機(ji)械自(zi)動補(bu)(bu)漏的(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，達到種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)程可視可控，讓種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)效果(guo)有所了解(jie)，消(xiao)除種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶的(de)疑慮(lv)。

（5）大(da)力(li)推廣土(tu)地(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)力(li)度(du)，對(dui)(dui)蔗(zhe)田進行規(gui)(gui)劃與整(zheng)(zheng)治，鼓(gu)勵(li)農(nong)民參(can)加(jia)農(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)合(he)作(zuo)社(she)，因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜，有針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)性地(di)(di)研發符合(he)地(di)(di)區生產(chan)需求(qiu)(qiu)的甘蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機。一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)土(tu)地(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)后對(dui)(dui)農(nong)機的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)相對(dui)(dui)較低(di)，通過參(can)加(jia)生產(chan)合(he)作(zuo)社(she)，向(xiang)規(gui)(gui)模化(hua)、集約化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)方向(xiang)發展，有利(li)于規(gui)(gui)模化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)，提(ti)高經(jing)濟效益。另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)有針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)性地(di)(di)研發種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機，使(shi)得適(shi)用(yong)性更強，有利(li)于推廣應用(yong)。