如何自制火箭模型 火箭模型的制作方法
一、箭體筒段(筒體)的制作。其是模型火(huo)箭的(de)主要零(ling)件,它支撐、裝載著模(mo)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭的(de)其(qi)它零(ling)部件,其(qi)外(wai)徑即(ji)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭的(de)直徑。通(tong)常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅版紙(zhi)或紙(zhi)板制做箭體筒段。工業生產(chan)箭體筒段以紙(zhi)為原料,用(yong)(yong)卷(juan)管機卷(juan)壓(ya)成型(xing)(xing),或螺(luo)旋卷(juan)繞,或平行(xing)卷(juan)繞;手(shou)工制作則多通(tong)過芯模(mo)將紙(zhi)或紙(zhi)板卷(juan)制成型(xing)(xing),這里大家(jia)可(ke)以利用(yong)(yong)直尺進(jin)行(xing)輔助,將紙(zhi)卷(juan)曲成適當直徑的(de)紙(zhi)筒即(ji)可(ke)。
二、工(gong)(gong)業(ye)生產頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui),通常采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塑(su)(su)料(liao),以(yi)(yi)注塑(su)(su)或(huo)吹(chui)塑(su)(su)成型(xing)法制(zhi)造,其尺寸精確,表(biao)面(mian)光潔。手(shou)工(gong)(gong)制(zhi)作(zuo)頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui)可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕木(mu)塊車旋或(huo)削制(zhi)而成,或(huo)以(yi)(yi)紙(zhi)板制(zhi)作(zuo)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)紙(zhi)板制(zhi)作(zuo),型(xing)面(mian)難以(yi)(yi)做(zuo)到卵形,通常只能做(zuo)成圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)(zhui)形。頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui)應有一段圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu),圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)徑(jing)略小(xiao)于箭體(ti)內徑(jing),以(yi)(yi)便將頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui)的圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu)插入箭體(ti)筒段的前(qian)端。木(mu)制(zhi)頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui)應以(yi)(yi)砂(sha)紙(zhi)打磨(mo)光滑,以(yi)(yi)利減小(xiao)氣動阻力和(he)便于噴涂涂料(liao)。此外(wai),也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕木(mu)片卷(juan)壓(ya)成型(xing)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)玻(bo)璃(li)布或(huo)玻(bo)璃(li)纖維(wei)纏繞(rao)/浸漬環(huan)氧樹(shu)脂成型(xing)。但目(mu)前(qian)市場(chang)上大量(liang)銷售的箭體(ti)筒段多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)薄壁塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)材,直徑(jing)較大的箭體(ti)筒段則(ze)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)玻(bo)璃(li)纖維(wei)/環(huan)氧樹(shu)脂管(guan)。這部分(fen)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)制(zhi)作(zuo)有一些難度,同樣(yang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)將紙(zhi)卷(juan)成圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)(zhui)狀,或(huo)者利用(yong)(yong)(yong)身邊的諸如飲料(liao)瓶等(deng)物件,剪裁后當成火箭頭(tou)(tou)錐(zhui)(zhui)部分(fen)。
三、—尾段是用來安裝發動機和尾翼的。但手工制做模型火箭時,最好將尾段與箭體筒段做成一體。尾段一般采用塑料,以注塑方法制造,但應設法使壁厚盡量減薄,以免尾段質量過大,使模型火箭質心后移。工業生產(chan)的(de)尾段可以做成(cheng)船(chuan)形,即其(qi)底部直徑小于(yu)箭體筒段直徑,這樣(yang)有利(li)于(yu)減小底部阻(zu)力。
四、尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)是用來穩定(ding)模型火箭(jian)飛行的(de),一般采(cai)用3或(huo)4片尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi),且其(qi)中性(xing)平面應通(tong)過火箭(jian)軸線,并(bing)對稱(cheng)、均勻分布于尾(wei)(wei)段周圍。—工業生產尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)一般采(cai)用塑(su)料壓制(zhi)或(huo)注(zhu)塑(su)成(cheng)型。手工制(zhi)作尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用輕(qing)木片、紙(zhi)板或(huo)ABS塑(su)料片,劃(hua)線后用模型刀或(huo)壁紙(zhi)刀切(qie)割。—由于希(xi)望模型火箭(jian)的(de)質(zhi)心在壓心之前,因此要求尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)盡可(ke)(ke)能輕(qing)。而(er)紙(zhi)板的(de)密度較(jiao)低(di),但剛性(xing)小;輕(qing)木密度也低(di),剛性(xing)比紙(zhi)板好,而(er)且可(ke)(ke)以(yi)削(xue)制(zhi)得很薄(bo),氣動阻(zu)力小,因此以(yi)輕(qing)木制(zhi)做尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)最(zui)佳。木制(zhi)尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)應注(zhu)意(yi)木紋方向與尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)前緣平行,以(yi)便增加尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)強度,延長使用壽命(ming)。除紙(zhi)尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)和光滑塑(su)料外,尾(wei)(wei)翼(yi)(yi)表面應以(yi)砂(sha)紙(zhi)磨光,并(bing)使其(qi)前緣打(da)磨成(cheng)圓弧形(xing),后緣打(da)磨成(cheng)刀口(kou)狀(zhuang)(即機翼(yi)(yi)橫(heng)剖面呈流線形(xing)),以(yi)利減(jian)小氣動阻(zu)力。
五、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)架。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)架的作(zuo)用,是使安裝在箭(jian)(jian)體筒段內的模(mo)型(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)得以(yi)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding),確保模(mo)型(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射、飛行和(he)回收過程中(zhong),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不會脫離箭(jian)(jian)體。由(you)于(yu)常(chang)用模(mo)型(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的外形基本相同,而模(mo)型(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)直(zhi)徑各不相同,為便于(yu)更(geng)換(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji),所以(yi)需要采用發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)架。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)架通(tong)常(chang)由(you)套管(guan)、固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)環和(he)卡鉤組成。手(shou)工制作(zuo)需要確保固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)牢固(gu)(gu),以(yi)免發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)飛出(chu)。
六、導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)又叫做發射管(guan),通常(chang)采用紙(zhi)管(guan)制(zhi)做。粘接導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)時,一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)與箭(jian)體(ti)平行(xing);如果采用兩個導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan),則(ze)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)保證兩個導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)位(wei)于(yu)同一(yi)直線上,粘接時可以用一(yi)根平直的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)定(ding)位(wei)。這一(yi)點非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao),否(fou)則(ze),可能(neng)發生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)個導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)套上了,另一(yi)個套不上;或者,雖然都套上了,但(dan)火箭(jian)在導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)上運動(dong)時會(hui)因(yin)二(er)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)稍許(xu)錯位(wei)而發生(sheng)(sheng)顫振,火箭(jian)出桿(gan)后會(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)翻滾現象。發射架的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)平直度也至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao),它也會(hui)影響火箭(jian)起(qi)飛和(he)飛行(xing)的(de)穩定(ding)性。
七、—常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)回收裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置是降落傘(san)(san),是用(yong)(yong)來使模(mo)(mo)型(xing)火箭緩慢降落的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置,以減輕火箭接(jie)觸(chu)地(di)面時的(de)(de)撞擊力,延長火箭的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命。降落傘(san)(san)由傘(san)(san)布(bu)(bu)、傘(san)(san)繩和(he)彈性繩組成。一(yi)般的(de)(de)高度和(he)留(liu)空模(mo)(mo)型(xing)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)塑料薄(bo)膜(如一(yi)次性餐(can)桌布(bu)(bu))制做傘(san)(san)布(bu)(bu),按設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)求剪(jian)裁;然后以壓敏膠紙(zhi)粘(zhan)接(jie)傘(san)(san)繩;最后按設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)求將傘(san)(san)繩與(yu)彈性繩連接(jie)在一(yi)起(qi)。對于大(da)型(xing)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)火箭,最好(hao)用(yong)(yong)薄(bo)絲綢(chou)或尼龍綢(chou)做傘(san)(san)布(bu)(bu),傘(san)(san)繩與(yu)傘(san)(san)布(bu)(bu)以針線(xian)縫合牢(lao)靠。
八、外表處理(li)和(he)裝飾(shi)(shi)。雖(sui)然各零部件(jian)在(zai)制(zhi)做時(shi)都進(jin)行(xing)了必(bi)要(yao)的(de)打(da)磨(mo)和(he)清(qing)理(li),但在(zai)組裝過(guo)程中難免會沾(zhan)上(shang)灰塵和(he)異物,在(zai)裝飾(shi)(shi)前應該進(jin)行(xing)一次清(qing)理(li),必(bi)要(yao)時(shi)還要(yao)打(da)磨(mo)。如果發現在(zai)非分離部位(wei)有縫隙,應以(yi)填料涂(tu)抹后再磨(mo)光。
九、表面清理(li)后(hou)(hou),即可(ke)(ke)(ke)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)裝(zhuang)飾(shi),自制(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)型火箭(jian)一般需(xu)要(yao)噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)涂(tu)(tu)料,如果(guo)有(you)(you)塑料件,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)用硝基涂(tu)(tu)料,最好使(shi)用油漆(qi)(qi)(qi)。顏色(se)根據個人愛好選(xuan)擇或(huo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)調配,但應做到美觀大方,色(se)澤(ze)協調。—底(di)層最好噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)白漆(qi)(qi)(qi),如果(guo)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)干以后(hou)(hou),色(se)澤(ze)不(bu)勻(yun),可(ke)(ke)(ke)適當(dang)打(da)磨后(hou)(hou)再噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)一層白漆(qi)(qi)(qi)。待干后(hou)(hou),噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)色(se)漆(qi)(qi)(qi),如果(guo)以多種顏色(se)組合(he),則應先(xian)涂(tu)(tu)淺(qian)色(se)漆(qi)(qi)(qi),而后(hou)(hou)涂(tu)(tu)深色(se)漆(qi)(qi)(qi);—噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)第(di)二道(dao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)時。應將第(di)一道(dao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)用紙包裹住(zhu)。每次涂(tu)(tu)漆(qi)(qi)(qi),都應待上一次漆(qi)(qi)(qi)干以后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing),并(bing)視情況,確定要(yao)不(bu)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)打(da)磨。有(you)(you)條件時,最好使(shi)用帶噴(pen)(pen)槍的漆(qi)(qi)(qi)筒進(jin)行(xing)(xing)噴(pen)(pen)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)。如果(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)作者有(you)(you)繪畫才能,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以在白紙上繪制(zhi)(zhi)圖案,貼在箭(jian)體適當(dang)位置,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)罩一層透明涂(tu)(tu)料(清漆(qi)(qi)(qi))。
兒童玩具火箭模型的DIY步驟
簡單的兒童手工小制(zhi)作(zuo),只(zhi)需要為孩子準備卷紙筒、瓦楞紙、硬紙片、剪刀、膠(jiao)水和記號筆即(ji)可!
把硬紙片剪成(cheng)半圓形,卷起來做成(cheng)圓錐體。再從瓦楞紙上剪兩個三角形,作為火箭的機翼。
把做好的圓(yuan)錐體和(he)機(ji)翼都如圖粘貼,再(zai)用記號筆畫(hua)出(chu)門(men)窗。
最后用硬紙片(pian)剪(jian)出火(huo)焰(yan),用彩色記號筆畫一下(xia),貼到卷紙筒的底部,可愛(ai)的兒(er)童玩(wan)具火(huo)箭就完成(cheng)了!
玩具火箭噴射著火焰,仿(fang)佛正在飛向無(wu)垠宇宙探索(suo)。