一、太陽能逆變器的特點
集中逆變
集(ji)中逆(ni)變一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)大型光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發電站(>10kW)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統中,很多并行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)被連(lian)到(dao)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)臺集(ji)中逆(ni)變器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流輸入(ru)端,一(yi)(yi)般功(gong)率(lv)(lv)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)IGBT功(gong)率(lv)(lv)模(mo)塊(kuai),功(gong)率(lv)(lv)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)場效(xiao)應晶體管,同(tong)時使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)DSP轉換控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)來改(gai)善所產(chan)(chan)出電能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量,使(shi)它非(fei)常接(jie)近于(yu)正弦波電流。最(zui)(zui)大特點是(shi)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)高,成本(ben)低(di)。但受(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匹(pi)配和(he)部(bu)分遮(zhe)影的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,導致(zhi)整個光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)電產(chan)(chan)能。同(tong)時整個光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發電可靠性受(shou)某一(yi)(yi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)單(dan)元(yuan)組(zu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀態不(bu)(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。最(zui)(zui)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究方(fang)向是(shi)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)空間矢量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調制(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),以及開(kai)發新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拓撲連(lian)接(jie),以獲得部(bu)分負載情(qing)況下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。在SolarMax(索瑞(rui)·麥克)集(ji)中逆(ni)變器(qi)上(shang),可以附加一(yi)(yi)個光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)陣列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)口(kou)箱,對每一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)帆板串(chuan)(chuan)進行監控(kong)(kong),如其中有(you)一(yi)(yi)組(zu)串(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)正常,系統將會(hui)(hui)把這一(yi)(yi)信息傳到(dao)遠程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)上(shang),同(tong)時可以通(tong)過(guo)遠程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)將這一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)停(ting)止工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),從而不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)因(yin)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)串(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障而降低(di)和(he)影響整個光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)和(he)能量產(chan)(chan)出。
組串逆變
組串逆變器已成為現在國際市場上最流行的逆變器。組串逆變器是基于模塊化概念基礎上的,每個光伏組串(1kW-5kW)通過一個逆變器,在(zai)直流端具有最(zui)大功率(lv)峰(feng)值(zhi)跟蹤,在(zai)交流端并聯并網。許(xu)多大型光(guang)伏(fu)電廠(chang)使用組(zu)串逆變(bian)器(qi)。優點(dian)是不受組(zu)串間模塊差異和遮影的影響,同時(shi)減少了(le)(le)(le)(le)光(guang)伏(fu)組(zu)件最(zui)佳工(gong)作點(dian)。與(yu)逆變(bian)器(qi)不匹配的情況,從(cong)而增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)發電量。技(ji)術上(shang)的這些優勢不僅降低了(le)(le)(le)(le)系(xi)統(tong)成(cheng)本,也增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)系(xi)統(tong)的可靠(kao)(kao)性。同時(shi),在(zai)組(zu)串間引(yin)入(ru)“主(zhu)-從(cong)”的概(gai)念,使得在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)單串電能不能使單個逆變(bian)器(qi)工(gong)作的情況下,將幾(ji)組(zu)光(guang)伏(fu)組(zu)串聯系(xi)在(zai)一起,讓(rang)其中一個或幾(ji)個工(gong)作,從(cong)而產出更多的電能。最(zui)新的概(gai)念為幾(ji)個逆變(bian)器(qi)相互(hu)組(zu)成(cheng)一個“團隊”來代替“主(zhu)-從(cong)”的概(gai)念,使得系(xi)統(tong)的可靠(kao)(kao)性又(you)進了(le)(le)(le)(le)一步(bu)。
多組串逆變
多(duo)(duo)組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)是取了集中逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)和組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點,避免了其缺(que)點,可(ke)應(ying)用于幾(ji)千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)站。在(zai)多(duo)(duo)組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)中,包含了不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單獨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率峰值(zhi)跟蹤和直(zhi)流(liu)到直(zhi)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉換器(qi),這些直(zhi)流(liu)通過一(yi)個(ge)普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)轉換成交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian),并網到電(dian)(dian)網上。光伏(fu)組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)定值(zhi)(如(ru):不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)定功(gong)(gong)率、每組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)件數、組(zu)(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產廠家等等)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸或不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)組(zu)(zu)件、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)(如(ru):東、南(nan)和西)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾角或遮影,都(dou)可(ke)以被連在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)上,同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)每一(yi)組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)都(dou)工作在(zai)它們(men)各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大功(gong)(gong)率峰值(zhi)上。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi),直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度減(jian)少、將組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮影影響和由(you)于組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異而(er)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失減(jian)到最小。
組件逆變
組件逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)是將每個光(guang)伏組件與一(yi)個逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)相(xiang)連,同時每個組件有一(yi)個單獨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大功率峰值跟蹤,這(zhe)樣組件與逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配合更(geng)好。通(tong)常用于(yu)50W到400W的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)站,總效率低于(yu)組串逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)。由(you)于(yu)是在(zai)(zai)交流處并(bing)聯,這(zhe)就(jiu)增(zeng)加(jia)了交流側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性,維護困(kun)難。另(ling)一(yi)需要(yao)解(jie)決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是怎樣更(geng)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與電(dian)(dian)網并(bing)網,簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法是直接(jie)通(tong)過(guo)普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流電(dian)(dian)插(cha)座進行并(bing)網,這(zhe)樣就(jiu)可(ke)以減少成本和(he)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝,但往往各地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)標(biao)準也許(xu)不允(yun)許(xu)這(zhe)樣做,電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)有可(ke)能反(fan)對發電(dian)(dian)裝置直接(jie)和(he)普(pu)通(tong)家庭用戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通(tong)插(cha)座相(xiang)連。另(ling)一(yi)和(he)安全(quan)有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)是是否需要(yao)使(shi)用隔離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(高頻(pin)或低頻(pin)),或者允(yun)許(xu)使(shi)用無變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)。這(zhe)一(yi)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)在(zai)(zai)玻(bo)璃幕(mu)墻中使(shi)用最為廣(guang)泛。
二、分類
(1)普通型逆變器(qi)
直流12V或24V輸(shu)入,交流220V、50Hz輸(shu)出,功(gong)率從75W到5000W,有(you)些型號具有(you)交、直流轉換即UPS功(gong)能。
(2)逆(ni)變/充電一體機
在此類逆變器(qi)中,用(yong)戶(hu)可(ke)以(yi)使用(yong)各(ge)種形式的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)負(fu)(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian):有交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi),通過(guo)逆變器(qi)使用(yong)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)負(fu)(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),或為(wei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian);無交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi),用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)負(fu)(fu)載供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。它可(ke)與各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源結合使用(yong):如蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板和風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機等。
(3)郵電通信專用逆變器
為(wei)郵電、通信提供高品(pin)質(zhi)的(de)48V逆(ni)變(bian)器,其產品(pin)質(zhi)量好、可(ke)靠性(xing)高、模塊(kuai)式(shi)(模塊(kuai)為(wei)1KW)逆(ni)變(bian)器,并(bing)具有(you)N+1冗余(yu)功(gong)能、可(ke)擴充(功(gong)率從2KW到20KW)。
(4)航空、軍隊專用逆變器
此類逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)為(wei)28Vdc輸入,可(ke)提供下列交流輸出:26Vac、115Vac、230Vac,其輸出頻率(lv)可(ke)為(wei):50Hz、60Hz及400Hz,輸出功(gong)率(lv)從30VA到3500VA不(bu)等。還(huan)有供航空(kong)專用的DC-DC轉換器(qi)及變(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)。
輸出波形分類
(1)方(fang)波逆變(bian)器
2)階梯波逆變器
3)正弦波逆(ni)變(bian)器
其它分類方式
1、按輸(shu)出交流電能頻(pin)率(lv)分類(lei),可分為工頻(pin)逆變器、中頻(pin)逆器和(he)高頻(pin)逆變器。
2、按逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)輸出的相(xiang)數分,可(ke)分為單相(xiang)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)、三相(xiang)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)和多相(xiang)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)。
3、按(an)照逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的去(qu)向分(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)有源(yuan)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和無(wu)源(yuan)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。凡將逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)向工業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)送的逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi),稱為(wei)有源(yuan)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi);凡將逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸(shu)向某(mou)種用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負載的逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)稱為(wei)無(wu)源(yuan)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。
4、按逆(ni)(ni)變器主電(dian)路的形式(shi)分,可分為單端式(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變器,推(tui)挽式(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變器、半橋(qiao)式(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變器和全(quan)橋(qiao)式(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變器。
5、按(an)逆變(bian)(bian)器主(zhu)開關器件的(de)類型分(fen),可分(fen)為(wei)晶閘(zha)管(guan)逆變(bian)(bian)器、晶體管(guan)逆變(bian)(bian)器、場效應逆變(bian)(bian)器和絕緣(yuan)柵雙(shuang)極(ji)晶體管(guan)(IGBT)逆變(bian)(bian)器等。又可將(jiang)其歸納為(wei)“半控型”逆變(bian)(bian)器和“全(quan)控制”逆變(bian)(bian)器兩大(da)類。
6、按直(zhi)流(liu)電源(yuan)分,可分為電壓源(yuan)型逆變器(VSI)和電流(liu)源(yuan)型逆變器(CSI)。
7、按逆(ni)變(bian)器控制方式(shi)分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為調(diao)頻式(shi)(PFM)逆(ni)變(bian)器和調(diao)脈(mo)寬式(shi)(PWM)逆(ni)變(bian)器。
8、按逆(ni)變器(qi)開(kai)關電路工作(zuo)方式(shi)(shi)分(fen),可分(fen)為諧振式(shi)(shi)逆(ni)變器(qi),定頻(pin)硬開(kai)關式(shi)(shi)逆(ni)變器(qi)和(he)定頻(pin)軟開(kai)關式(shi)(shi)逆(ni)變器(qi)。
9、按逆變器換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)方式分,可分為負(fu)載換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)式逆變器和自換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)式逆變器。