一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能(neng)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能(neng)又轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，金屬鉛(qian)是負極(ji)，發(fa)生(sheng)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應，被氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)；二(er)(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)是正極(ji)，發(fa)生(sheng)還(huan)原反(fan)(fan)應，被還(huan)原為(wei)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在用直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，兩極(ji)分別生(sheng)成(cheng)鉛(qian)和二(er)(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)。移去電(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，它又恢復到(dao)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前的(de)狀態，組(zu)成(cheng)內(nei)部動態平衡(heng)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是能(neng)反(fan)(fan)復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，又叫做二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

鉛酸蓄電池反應化學方程式如(ru)下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是由(you)正負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)、隔板(ban)(ban)、殼(ke)體、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)和(he)接線樁頭等組(zu)成(cheng)，其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學反應是依靠(kao)正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)(二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛和(he)鉛)和(he)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)(海綿狀(zhuang)純(chun)鉛)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)(稀硫酸(suan)溶液(ye)(ye))的(de)(de)(de)作用下進行，其中極(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)柵(zha)架，傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用鉛銻合金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)造(zao)，免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是用鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)造(zao)，前者(zhe)用銻，后者(zhe)用鈣(gai)，這是兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)根本區(qu)別點。不同的(de)(de)(de)材料就會產生不同的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象：傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用過程中會發生減(jian)(jian)液(ye)(ye)現(xian)象，這是因為柵(zha)架上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)銻會污染(ran)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)海綿狀(zhuang)純(chun)鉛，減(jian)(jian)弱了完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的(de)(de)(de)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，造(zao)成(cheng)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)過度(du)分解，大量氧(yang)氣和(he)氫氣分別從正負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)逸出(chu)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)減(jian)(jian)少。用鈣(gai)代替銻，就可(ke)以(yi)改變完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，減(jian)(jian)少過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，液(ye)(ye)體氣化(hua)速度(du)減(jian)(jian)低(di)，從而減(jian)(jian)低(di)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)損失。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢查蓄(xu)電池(chi)在車上是否固定好(hao)，外(wai)殼(ke)表面是否有(you)磕(ke)碰傷(shang)。

2、蓄(xu)電池(chi)電纜是(shi)(shi)否(fou)連接可靠，排氣孔(kong)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有灰塵(chen)。

3、通(tong)過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)眼(yan)檢查充電(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況和質量(liang)狀態，綠色表示合格(ge)，黑色表示虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，白色表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)損(sun)壞(huai)需要更換。

補充充電

1、如果(guo)長時間不(bu)使用車輛或充(chong)電系統有故障，當(dang)蓄電池負載(zai)電壓低于10V，空載(zai)電壓低于12．4V必須補充(chong)充(chong)電。

2、采風恒(heng)電限流(liu)充(chong)電方(fang)法，多只(zhi)蓄(xu)電池充(chong)電必須采用串聯連(lian)接。

3、充(chong)電第(di)一(yi)階(jie)段，以蓄電池容量的1/10電流(liu)充(chong)電，其充(chong)電電流(liu)為6A。充(chong)電至(zhi)平均每只電池電壓達(da)到16A后(hou)轉為第(di)二階(jie)段充(chong)電。

4、充(chong)(chong)電第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)，以蓄(xu)電池容量x0．045的電流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電，如(ru)6－QW－60蓄(xu)電池，充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)為60x0．045=2．7A。充(chong)(chong)電至平均每只電池電壓達到16V后再繼續充(chong)(chong)3－5個小時。

5、充電(dian)時(shi)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫(wen)(wen)度超過40度時(shi)，應(ying)采取(qu)停止充電(dian)，減少電(dian)流或(huo)物理降溫(wen)(wen)，當溫(wen)(wen)度達到45度時(shi)必(bi)須停止充電(dian)。

6、充電間保(bao)證良好通風，不許(xu)有明火(huo)和易(yi)燃物(wu)。

7、充足電(dian)標準，電(dian)眼為(wei)綠色。

充電

1、快(kuai)速充(chong)電僅限于汽車不能啟動的應(ying)急措施，時間容許的條件下盡量采用普通充(chong)電機。

2、快速充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為蓄(xu)電(dian)池容量的3/10。

3、快(kuai)速充電時間(jian)不超(chao)過2小時。

診斷

1、關(guan)閉附加(jia)電(dian)器(qi)的情況下(xia)，測量各種發動機轉速下(xia)的蓄(xu)電(dian)池兩極(ji)柱間(jian)電(dian)壓，應在13．8－14．5V之間(jian)，如低于13．8V說明(ming)充電(dian)系統輸出容量不夠，高于14．4V說明(ming)電(dian)壓調(diao)節器(qi)失控(kong)，需(xu)要檢查具體故障原因。

2、關(guan)閉所有用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，拆開蓄電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)纜，在電(dian)(dian)纜夾與極柱間(jian)串入電(dian)(dian)流表，測量漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流。除(chu)去(qu)石英鐘、各控制單元正常耗電(dian)(dian)，如漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流過大，可依次撥(bo)開各保險觀察漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)是否減小。

3、如果電(dian)(dian)眼(yan)顏(yan)色(se)為綠色(se)，但存在(zai)起動(dong)機轉速較低(di)的情況，需要使(shi)用蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)檢測儀檢查蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。測量時電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高于10V經充電(dian)(dian)可正常使(shi)用，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)于10V經充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)可能仍存在(zai)虧電(dian)(dian)現象，應更換新蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

使用

1、電池使(shi)用(yong)在(zai)自(zi)然通(tong)風良好，環境溫度最好在(zai)25±10℃的工作場所。

2、電池在這些(xie)條件(jian)下(xia)使(shi)用將十分(fen)安全：導電連接良(liang)好，不(bu)嚴重過(guo)充，熱源不(bu)直接輻射，保持自然通(tong)風。

注意

1、蓄電池應(ying)離(li)開熱(re)源和易產生火花的地方，其安全距離(li)應(ying)大于0.5m。

2、蓄電池應避免(mian)陽光直射，不能(neng)置于(yu)大量(liang)放射性、紅外線(xian)輻射、紫外線(xian)輻射、有機溶劑氣(qi)(qi)體和腐蝕(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體的環境中(zhong)。

3、安裝地面應有足夠(gou)的承(cheng)載(zai)能力。

4、由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較(jiao)高(gao)，存在電(dian)(dian)擊危險，因(yin)此在裝卸(xie)導電(dian)(dian)連接條(tiao)時(shi)應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)絕緣(yuan)工具，安裝或搬運電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)應(ying)戴絕緣(yuan)手 套、圍裙(qun)和防護眼鏡。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在安裝搬運過程中，只能(neng)(neng)使(shi)用(yong)非(fei)金屬吊帶(dai)，不能(neng)(neng)使(shi)用(yong)鋼絲繩等。

5、臟(zang)污(wu)(wu)的(de)連(lian)接條或不(bu)緊密的(de)連(lian)接均可(ke)引起電池打(da)火，甚至損(sun)壞電池組，因此安裝時(shi)應仔細檢查并清除連(lian)接條上(shang)的(de)臟(zang)污(wu)(wu)，擰緊連(lian)接條。

6、電池(chi)外殼，不能使用有機(ji)溶劑清洗，不能使用二氧化碳(tan)滅(mie)火器撲滅(mie)電池(chi)火災，可用四(si)氯化碳(tan)之類的(de)滅(mie)火器具。

7、蓄電(dian)池(chi)與(yu)充電(dian)器或(huo)負載(zai)連(lian)接時，電(dian)路開關應位于“斷開”位置，并(bing)保證連(lian)接正確:蓄電(dian)池(chi)的正極(ji)與(yu)充電(dian)器的正極(ji)連(lian)接，負極(ji)與(yu)負極(ji)連(lian)接。

運輸儲存

1、由于有的電池(chi)重(zhong)量(liang)較重(zhong)，必需注意運輸工具的選(xuan)用(yong)，嚴禁(jin)翻滾(gun)和摔擲(zhi)有包裝箱的電池(chi)組(zu)。

2、搬運(yun)電池時(shi)不(bu)要觸(chu)動極柱和安全閥。

3、蓄電池為帶液荷電出廠，運(yun)輸中應防止電池短路(lu)。

4、電池在(zai)(zai)安(an)裝(zhuang)前可(ke)在(zai)(zai)0～35℃的(de)環(huan)境下存放(fang)，但存放(fang)不能超過(guo)六個月(yue)，超過(guo)六個月(yue)儲存期的(de)電池應充電維(wei)護，存放(fang)地點應清潔、通風、干燥。