一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化為化學能(neng)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)化學能(neng)又轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，金屬鉛(qian)(qian)是(shi)負極(ji)(ji)，發生氧化反(fan)應(ying)，被氧化為硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)；二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)是(shi)正極(ji)(ji)，發生還原(yuan)反(fan)應(ying)，被還原(yuan)為硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在用直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)分別生成鉛(qian)(qian)和二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)。移去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后，它又恢復(fu)到放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前的狀(zhuang)態，組成內部動態平衡的化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)能(neng)反(fan)復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，又叫做二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

鉛酸蓄電池反(fan)應化學方(fang)程式如(ru)下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)由(you)正(zheng)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板、隔板、殼體(ti)、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)和接線樁頭等組成，其放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學反(fan)應是(shi)依靠正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板活性物質(二氧(yang)(yang)化鉛和鉛)和負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板活性物質(海綿狀純(chun)鉛)在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(稀硫酸溶液(ye))的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下進行，其中極(ji)(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)柵(zha)架(jia)，傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池用(yong)鉛銻(ti)合金(jin)制造，免維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)制造，前者用(yong)銻(ti)，后者用(yong)鈣(gai)，這是(shi)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)根本區別點。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)：傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池在使用(yong)過(guo)程中會(hui)(hui)發生減(jian)液(ye)現(xian)象(xiang)，這是(shi)因為柵(zha)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銻(ti)會(hui)(hui)污(wu)染(ran)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海綿狀純(chun)鉛，減(jian)弱了完全充電(dian)(dian)后蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池內的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，造成水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)度分解(jie)(jie)，大量(liang)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)和氫氣(qi)分別從(cong)正(zheng)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)(shang)逸出，使電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)減(jian)少。用(yong)鈣(gai)代替銻(ti)，就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)改變完全充電(dian)(dian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，減(jian)少過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)流，液(ye)體(ti)氣(qi)化速度減(jian)低，從(cong)而減(jian)低了電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢查蓄電池(chi)在車(che)上是否(fou)固定好，外殼表面是否(fou)有磕碰傷。

2、蓄電池電纜是否連接可靠，排氣孔是否有灰塵。

3、通(tong)過蓄電(dian)池上的電(dian)眼(yan)檢(jian)查充電(dian)情況(kuang)和質量狀態，綠色表(biao)示合格，黑色表(biao)示虧(kui)電(dian)，白色表(biao)示電(dian)池損壞需(xu)要更換。

補充充電

1、如果(guo)長時間不使(shi)用車(che)輛或充電(dian)系統(tong)有故障，當蓄電(dian)池負載電(dian)壓低(di)于10V，空載電(dian)壓低(di)于12．4V必須補充充電(dian)。

2、采風恒電限流充電方法，多只(zhi)蓄電池(chi)充電必須采用串(chuan)聯連接。

3、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)第(di)一階段(duan)，以蓄電(dian)(dian)池容量的1/10電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為6A。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至(zhi)平均每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到16A后轉為第(di)二(er)階段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

4、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)第(di)二階(jie)段，以蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量x0．045的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如6－QW－60蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為60x0．045=2．7A。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至平均每只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到16V后再繼續充(chong)(chong)3－5個小時。

5、充(chong)電(dian)時電(dian)解液溫度超過40度時，應采取停止充(chong)電(dian)，減(jian)少電(dian)流(liu)或物(wu)理降溫，當溫度達(da)到45度時必須停止充(chong)電(dian)。

6、充電(dian)間(jian)保(bao)證良好通風，不許有明(ming)火和易(yi)燃物。

7、充足電標準，電眼為綠(lv)色。

充電

1、快速充(chong)電(dian)僅限于(yu)汽車不能啟動的應急措施，時間容許的條(tiao)件(jian)下盡量采用普通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)機(ji)。

2、快(kuai)速充電(dian)電(dian)流為蓄電(dian)池容量的3/10。

3、快速充電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間不超(chao)過2小時(shi)(shi)。

診斷

1、關閉(bi)附加電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的情況下，測量各種發動(dong)機轉速(su)下的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩極(ji)柱(zhu)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，應在13．8－14．5V之(zhi)間(jian)，如低于13．8V說明(ming)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸出容量不夠，高于14．4V說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節器(qi)失控(kong)，需要檢查具體故障原因。

2、關(guan)閉所有用電(dian)器，拆開(kai)蓄電(dian)池電(dian)纜，在電(dian)纜夾與極柱間(jian)串入(ru)電(dian)流表，測量漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)流。除(chu)去石英(ying)鐘、各(ge)控制單元正常耗電(dian)，如漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)流過大，可(ke)依次撥(bo)開(kai)各(ge)保險(xian)觀察漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)是否減小。

3、如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)眼(yan)顏色為綠色，但存在起(qi)動機轉(zhuan)速較低(di)的情況，需要(yao)使用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池檢測儀檢查蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。測量時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于(yu)10V經充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)正常使用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于(yu)10V經充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后可(ke)能仍(reng)存在虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現象，應(ying)更換新蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

使用

1、電(dian)池(chi)使用在自(zi)然通風(feng)良(liang)好，環(huan)境(jing)溫度最好在25±10℃的工作場所(suo)。

2、電(dian)池在這些條件下使(shi)用將十分安(an)全：導(dao)電(dian)連接良好，不嚴(yan)重過充，熱源不直(zhi)接輻(fu)射，保(bao)持(chi)自然通風(feng)。

注意

1、蓄電池應離開熱源和易(yi)產生火花的地方(fang)，其安全距離應大于0.5m。

2、蓄電池應避免陽光直射(she)，不能(neng)置(zhi)于大量放(fang)射(she)性、紅(hong)外(wai)線(xian)輻射(she)、紫外(wai)線(xian)輻射(she)、有機溶劑氣體和(he)腐蝕(shi)氣體的(de)環境中。

3、安裝地面應有足夠的承載(zai)能力。

4、由于電(dian)池組件(jian)電(dian)壓較高，存在電(dian)擊危險，因(yin)此(ci)在裝卸(xie)導電(dian)連(lian)接(jie)條(tiao)時應(ying)使用(yong)絕(jue)緣工(gong)具，安裝或搬運(yun)電(dian)池時應(ying)戴絕(jue)緣手 套、圍裙和防護眼鏡。電(dian)池在安裝搬運(yun)過程中，只能(neng)使用(yong)非金(jin)屬(shu)吊帶，不能(neng)使用(yong)鋼絲繩等。

5、臟(zang)污的(de)連接條(tiao)或不緊密(mi)的(de)連接均可引起(qi)電(dian)池打火，甚至損壞電(dian)池組(zu)，因此安裝時應仔(zi)細檢查并清除(chu)連接條(tiao)上的(de)臟(zang)污，擰緊連接條(tiao)。

6、電(dian)池外殼，不(bu)能使用(yong)有機溶劑清洗，不(bu)能使用(yong)二氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)滅(mie)火器撲(pu)滅(mie)電(dian)池火災，可用(yong)四(si)氯化(hua)碳(tan)之類的(de)滅(mie)火器具。

7、蓄電池與充電器或負(fu)(fu)載連(lian)接(jie)時(shi)，電路開關(guan)應(ying)位于(yu)“斷開”位置，并保(bao)證(zheng)連(lian)接(jie)正確:蓄電池的(de)正極與充電器的(de)正極連(lian)接(jie)，負(fu)(fu)極與負(fu)(fu)極連(lian)接(jie)。

運輸儲存

1、由于有(you)的電(dian)池(chi)重量較重，必需注(zhu)意運輸工(gong)具的選(xuan)用，嚴禁翻滾和摔擲有(you)包裝(zhuang)箱的電(dian)池(chi)組。

2、搬運電池時不(bu)要觸(chu)動極柱和安全閥。

3、蓄電池(chi)(chi)為帶液荷電出(chu)廠，運輸(shu)中(zhong)應防止電池(chi)(chi)短路。

4、電池在(zai)安裝前可在(zai)0～35℃的(de)環境下存(cun)放(fang)，但存(cun)放(fang)不(bu)能超過(guo)六個月，超過(guo)六個月儲存(cun)期的(de)電池應(ying)(ying)充電維護，存(cun)放(fang)地點應(ying)(ying)清(qing)潔、通風、干燥。