一、電動車控制器的工作原理

電動車控制器簡略地講是(shi)由周邊器(qi)(qi)件和主(zhu)芯片（或單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)）組成。周邊器(qi)(qi)件是(shi)一(yi)些功能(neng)器(qi)(qi)件，如執行、采樣等(deng)，它們是(shi)電阻、傳感器(qi)(qi)、橋式開(kai)關電路，以(yi)及輔助單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)或專用集成電路完成控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)過程的(de)器(qi)(qi)件;單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)也(ye)稱微控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)，是(shi)在(zai)一(yi)塊集成片上把存(cun)貯器(qi)(qi)、有變換信號(hao)語言的(de)譯碼器(qi)(qi)、鋸齒波(bo)發生器(qi)(qi)和脈寬調制(zhi)(zhi)功能(neng)電路以(yi)及能(neng)使開(kai)關電路功率管(guan)導通或截止(zhi)、通過方波(bo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功率管(guan)的(de)的(de)導通時間(jian)以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)轉速(su)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電路、輸入輸出端口等(deng)集成在(zai)一(yi)起，而構成的(de)計算機(ji)(ji)片。這就是(shi)電動(dong)(dong)自行車的(de)智能(neng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)。

電動車(che)的工作原理主要是依靠(kao)其(qi)控制器來協調電機、電池等其(qi)他配件進(jin)行工作。在(zai)電動車(che)的控制器行業，高標(biao)控制器在(zai)市場上占(zhan)有率始終穩居行業第一。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本原理(li)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)基(ji)(ji)本恒定的(de)(de)條件下，采(cai)用斷續供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方法，改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)平均值(zhi)，來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機速度(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大小。使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de) 運轉符合控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求，目(mu)前主要采(cai)取的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法是(shi) PWM脈寬調制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機理(li)（注：在(zai)所需的(de)(de)時間內，將直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)等(deng)幅不等(deng)寬的(de)(de)系列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)脈沖(chong)，以達到控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)）。

電(dian)動車控制器是(shi)借助 PWM 電(dian)路(lu)來控制電(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)率的(de)，實現開關調制作用的(de)是(shi)高(gao)頻開關功(gong)率器件 MOS 管，用它(ta)來做(zuo)執(zhi)行高(gao)頻斬波斷續供電(dian)的(de)開關，從(cong)而有效(xiao)地解決了電(dian)機(ji)的(de)速度(du)和電(dian)流的(de)操控性。

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二、電動車控制器怎么接線

1、找(zhao)到(dao)電(dian)源(yuan)正負(fu)極(ji)和電(dian)門鎖(suo)線：正極(ji)指(zhi)電(dian)源(yuan)中電(dian)位(wei)（電(dian)勢）較高的(de)一端；負(fu)極(ji)指(zhi)電(dian)源(yuan)中電(dian)位(wei)（電(dian)勢）較低(di)的(de)一端。所以我們用萬用表就可以找(zhao)到(dao)正負(fu)極(ji)，先打(da)直流(liu)檔上，看那個電(dian)位(wei)較高較低(di)就可以區分(fen)開來了。

2、連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)門(men)鎖(suo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：粗黑線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)負(fu)極(ji)粗紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)正(zheng)極(ji)在這兩根(gen)(gen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)旁邊有根(gen)(gen)細紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)門(men)鎖(suo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。正(zheng)確的方法是(shi)找到(dao)鎖(suo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，把那兩根(gen)(gen)正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)鎖(suo)上。接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的時候要(yao)仔(zi)細的檢查一下，車(che)體到(dao)控制器的線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)里是(shi)否還有其他的正(zheng)極(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)由鎖(suo)控制的。

3、對接白色學習(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)：接之前先把(ba)反轉線(xian)(xian)(xian)拔(ba)開(kai)，如果反轉線(xian)(xian)(xian)已經反拔(ba)開(kai)，就把(ba)電機(ji)正轉后拔(ba)開(kai)學習(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)即可。

4、測試(shi)霍爾好壞(huai)的方(fang)法(fa)：霍爾面向(xiang)自己（印章面），管(guan)(guan)腳向(xiang)下，從左到(dao)(dao)右分別為：正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)（開關霍爾4．5V到(dao)(dao)24V，線性霍爾5V）、負(fu)極(ji)(ji)、輸(shu)岀（信(xin)號），在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)和輸(shu)出接電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（1到(dao)(dao)10K）。在負(fu)極(ji)(ji)和輸(shu)出間接一個發(fa)光二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，高電(dian)(dian)(dian)平等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低電(dian)(dian)(dian)平約等于(yu)零。接電(dian)(dian)(dian)后用(yong)磁鐵靠(kao)近或遠(yuan)離(li)霍爾可以看到(dao)(dao)發(fa)光二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是否發(fa)光變(bian)化(hua)。如有(you)變(bian)化(hua)就(jiu)好的，沒變(bian)化(hua)就(jiu)是壞(huai)的。

5、接儀表(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和找出轉(zhuan)把(ba)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：一般轉(zhuan)把(ba)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)紅黑藍、剎車線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)棕(zong)色(se)或白色(se)黃色(se)。轉(zhuan)把(ba)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)比較好找，在(zai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)束末端找3極插頭(tou)(tou)的(de)端子，有(you)紅色(se)、黑色(se)、藍色(se)的(de)就是(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)把(ba)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；剎車信(xin)號線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)2極插頭(tou)(tou)，一般是(shi)(shi)有(you)棕(zong)色(se)和黃色(se)的(de)。對著顏色(se)就可(ke)以找到了(le)，實在(zai)找不到可(ke)以用萬(wan)用表(biao)測量。

6、接剎車斷電線：剎車線一般是單獨一根紫色的，同時還有紫色和黑色一起的。有些電動車控制器后(hou)面(mian)有(you)兩根剎(cha)車(che)斷電(dian)線，只(zhi)要把這兩個剎(cha)車(che)斷電(dian)線搭在(zai)一起就會使車(che)子(zi)出現斷電(dian)，前(qian)面(mian)的剎(cha)車(che)把也有(you)想(xiang)通(tong)的兩個斷電(dian)線，和后(hou)面(mian)控制(zhi)器的斷電(dian)線是(shi)相通(tong)的，你只(zhi)要把后(hou)面(mian)的斷電(dian)線接到(dao)前(qian)面(mian)的剎(cha)車(che)斷電(dian)線上久可以了。

7、自學習(xi)(xi)的啟(qi)動：電路(lu)一(yi)接通會很快(kuai)加速起(qi)來，啟(qi)動后(hou)(hou)一(yi)定要緩慢(man)扭(niu)動速度控制閥，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)拔開學習(xi)(xi)線。

電車上各個(ge)線什么意思(si)的確定方法:

順著電(dian)機找(zhao)到電(dian)機3根相位(wei)線(xian)(xian)5根霍爾線(xian)(xian)，拆(chai)下(xia)轉(zhuan)把找(zhao)到3根轉(zhuan)把線(xian)(xian)，拆(chai)掉剎(cha)把可(ke)以找(zhao)到2根剎(cha)車(che)線(xian)(xian)。拆(chai)開電(dian)瓶(ping)可(ke)以看到“+”電(dian)源正極(ji)(ji)“-”電(dian)源負極(ji)(ji)。總的來說按(an)大件(jian)找(zhao)，按(an)大件(jian)安裝，最容易理解(jie)最準確。