一、手風琴的結構及分類
從歷(li)史上(shang)來講,琴(qin)(qin)的(de)種(zhong)類和規(gui)格很多,從結構(gou)、形態上(shang)看,大致可(ke)分為四類,即全(quan)音階手(shou)風(feng)(feng)琴(qin)(qin),半音階手(shou)風(feng)(feng)琴(qin)(qin),鍵(jian)鈕式(shi)手(shou)風(feng)(feng)琴(qin)(qin)和鍵(jian)盤(pan)式(shi)手(shou)風(feng)(feng)琴(qin)(qin)。
1、全音階手風琴:結(jie)構非常(chang)簡單(dan),相當于口琴(qin)增加了風箱;右(you)手(shou)(shou)部分有十來(lai)個鍵(jian)鈕(niu)(niu)供演奏曲調,左手(shou)(shou)部分有兩(liang)(liang)個和(he)弦鍵(jian)鈕(niu)(niu)擔任伴(ban)奏;在(zai)同一(yi)鍵(jian)鈕(niu)(niu)上(shang),推拉風箱發出不(bu)(bu)同高(gao)度的兩(liang)(liang)個音(與口琴(qin)發音相似);琴(qin)上(shang)沒有背帶,完全(quan)靠雙手(shou)(shou)托琴(qin);全(quan)音階手(shou)(shou)風琴(qin)的最大缺(que)點是不(bu)(bu)能轉(zhuan)調,如若變調則需另換一(yi)架(jia)琴(qin)演奏。
2、半音階手風琴:首先(xian)是為轉(zhuan)調(diao)帶來了方便;左右手兩部分的鍵鈕數量都有所(suo)增加,加之此琴(qin)推拉(la)風箱(xiang)發音(yin)高度不同,所(suo)以這種(zhong)琴(qin)音(yin)域很寬;半(ban)音(yin)階手風琴(qin)也無背帶,仍靠雙手托琴(qin)演(yan)奏。
3、鍵鈕式手風琴:亦稱新(xin)半音(yin)階手風琴、巴揚,左右手(shou)都(dou)為(wei)鍵(jian)鈕(niu)的手(shou)風琴(qin)。分(fen)為(wei)B系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)C系(xi)統(tong)(tong),B系(xi)統(tong)(tong)琴(qin)右邊第(di)一排的第(di)一個(ge)白(bai)鍵(jian)鈕(niu)音是B音,C系(xi)統(tong)(tong)琴(qin)右邊第(di)一排的第(di)一個(ge)白(bai)鍵(jian)音為(wei)C音。B系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)俄(e)羅斯較(jiao)為(wei)廣泛流傳(chuan),C系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)歐洲比較(jiao)多(duo)。而我國b系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的琴(qin)都(dou)比較(jiao)流行(xing)。
4、鍵盤式手風琴:右手(shou)(shou)(shou)是(shi)(shi)以十二平(ping)均律(lv)結構(gou)的(de)(de)鋼琴(qin)鍵盤形式,左手(shou)(shou)(shou)是(shi)(shi)鍵鈕(niu)的(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)(shou)風琴(qin)。鍵鈕(niu)和(he)鍵盤式手(shou)(shou)(shou)風琴(qin)都分為(wei)傳統貝(bei)司(si)(si)(si)(si)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)琴(qin)及雙(shuang)系統可(ke)變(bian)換(huan)自(zi)由(you)(you)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)琴(qin)。傳統貝(bei)司(si)(si)(si)(si)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)琴(qin)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)它的(de)(de)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)貝(bei)司(si)(si)(si)(si)只有一組低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin),相同的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)只是(shi)(shi)重復(fu)這個(ge)音(yin)(yin)(yin),所有低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)只在(zai)一個(ge)八度內。雙(shuang)系統可(ke)變(bian)換(huan)自(zi)由(you)(you)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)手(shou)(shou)(shou)風琴(qin)是(shi)(shi)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)貝(bei)司(si)(si)(si)(si)既有傳統低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)琴(qin)的(de)(de)結構(gou)又有自(zi)由(you)(you)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)結構(gou),它是(shi)(shi)通過一個(ge)轉換(huan)按鈕(niu)來變(bian)換(huan)的(de)(de)。左手(shou)(shou)(shou)貝(bei)司(si)(si)(si)(si)轉換(huan)成自(zi)由(you)(you)低(di)(di)(di)(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)結構(gou)后,可(ke)以演(yan)奏多個(ge)八度的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin),提高了手(shou)(shou)(shou)風琴(qin)的(de)(de)表現能力。
二、手風琴怎么演奏
手風琴演奏需(xu)要雙手同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)參與,而且在(zai)練琴時(shi)(shi),手指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尖不停地(di)與鍵(jian)盤(pan)和鍵(jian)鈕進(jin)行(xing)不同(tong)(tong)速(su)度(du)(du)、不同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)間地(di)接觸,這樣(yang)便增(zeng)加了神經(jing)末梢與大(da)腦(nao)(nao)信息的(de)(de)傳遞機會(hui)(hui),手指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肌肉(rou)的(de)(de)控制能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)也(ye)相(xiang)應(ying)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),久而久之,左腦(nao)(nao)與右腦(nao)(nao)的(de)(de)信息處理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)將會(hui)(hui)大(da)大(da)加強(qiang),反應(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),手指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更加靈活(huo),經(jing)常(chang)練習將會(hui)(hui)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)雙手以(yi)及身體的(de)(de)協調(diao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。在(zai)讀譜并同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)視奏時(shi)(shi),注(zhu)意(yi)力(li)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)相(xiang)應(ying)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),注(zhu)意(yi)力(li)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了, 記憶能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)也(ye)隨之增(zeng)長(chang)。此外,當琴發出聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)時(shi)(shi),耳朵將聽到的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)信號傳遞給(gei)大(da)腦(nao)(nao),大(da)腦(nao)(nao)需(xu)要對聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)是否(fou)正確、音(yin)(yin)量是否(fou)合適、音(yin)(yin)符的(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)是否(fou)符合樂(le)譜的(de)(de)要求等等迅速(su)做出判斷,因此練習手風琴的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)使(shi)得眼睛(jing)、大(da)腦(nao)(nao)、手指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及上肢的(de)(de)肌肉(rou)同(tong)(tong)步反應(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)逐漸變得快(kuai)起來,思維速(su)度(du)(du)也(ye)隨之加快(kuai)。隨著(zhu)程(cheng)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)加深,表現能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)、想象力(li)與表達(da)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)豐富起來。
1、無視覺觸感:眾所周知(zhi),其它鍵(jian)(jian)盤樂器(qi)的(de)(de)鍵(jian)(jian)盤平面(mian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)都是(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)上時(shi)。在(zai)(zai)演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)中,觸(chu)(chu)(chu)鍵(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)通過人(ren)體(ti)的(de)(de)兩種(zhong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感來(lai)提(ti)供:第一(yi)是(shi)視(shi)覺(jue)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感,二是(shi)手(shou)(shou)指觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感。手(shou)(shou)風(feng)琴的(de)(de)鍵(jian)(jian)盤平面(mian)和鍵(jian)(jian)鈕(niu)平面(mian)卻與眾不同(tong),是(shi)背向(xiang)(xiang)演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)者而向(xiang)(xiang)外(wai)的(de)(de),演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)中一(yi)般要(yao)求不看鍵(jian)(jian),因此,演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)時(shi)的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)只(zhi)能靠(kao)(kao)一(yi)種(zhong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感來(lai)提(ti)供,即(ji)手(shou)(shou)指觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感。這(zhe)種(zhong)有限的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing),就要(yao)求我們(men)在(zai)(zai)演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)中下定(ding)要(yao)貼(tie)鍵(jian)(jian),才能改善手(shou)(shou)風(feng)琴演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)中,人(ren)體(ti)所提(ti)供的(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感的(de)(de)不足。我們(men)知(zhi)道(dao)世界上許多生(sheng)物的(de)(de)視(shi)覺(jue)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)感是(shi)很(hen)差的(de)(de),或者根本沒有,但它們(men)的(de)(de)其他器(qi)官的(de)(de)異常(chang)靈(ling)敏(min),彌補了這(zhe)種(zhong)先天不足。如鼻(bi)子(zi)的(de)(de)嗅覺(jue),觸(chu)(chu)(chu)須的(de)(de)敏(min)感,聲納的(de)(de)導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)等(deng)。手(shou)(shou)風(feng)琴的(de)(de)貼(tie)鍵(jian)(jian)演(yan)(yan)奏(zou),實際上是(shi)增強了手(shou)(shou)指尖的(de)(de)靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)。
2、地面引力偏向:我(wo)們在(zai)(zai)其它鍵(jian)盤(pan)(pan)樂器上(shang)觸鍵(jian)時(shi)(shi),手(shou)指(zhi)的(de)作用(yong)力(li)(li)正(zheng)好與(yu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)的(de)引(yin)力(li)(li)方向相(xiang)同,地(di)面(mian)(mian)引(yin)力(li)(li)不(bu)會對(dui)手(shou)指(zhi)產生(sheng)偏向影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)手(shou)風琴(qin)上(shang)觸鍵(jian)時(shi)(shi),手(shou)指(zhi)作用(yong)力(li)(li)與(yu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)引(yin)力(li)(li)是(shi)相(xiang)互垂直的(de),所以地(di)面(mian)(mian)引(yin)力(li)(li)對(dui)手(shou)指(zhi)會產生(sheng)偏向影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。當(dang)然(ran)。克服這種偏向影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),主要(yao)是(shi)靠手(shou)臂力(li)(li)量的(de)自我(wo)調節。但如果貼鍵(jian)演奏,手(shou)指(zhi)與(yu)鍵(jian)盤(pan)(pan)之(zhi)間的(de)摩擦力(li)(li)也能起到(dao)一定的(de),抵消地(di)面(mian)(mian)引(yin)力(li)(li)偏向影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)作用(yong)。