諾成合同與實踐合同的含義
諾(nuo)成合(he)同(tong)(tong)又稱不(bu)要物合(he)同(tong)(tong)。實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)的對稱。指(zhi)僅(jin)以當(dang)事人意思(si)表(biao)示一致(zhi)為成立(li)要件的合(he)同(tong)(tong)。諾(nuo)成合(he)同(tong)(tong)自當(dang)事人雙方意思(si)表(biao)示一致(zhi)時即可成立(li),不(bu)以一方交(jiao)付標的物為合(he)同(tong)(tong)的成立(li)要件,當(dang)事人交(jiao)付標的物屬于履行(xing)合(he)同(tong)(tong),而與合(he)同(tong)(tong)的成立(li)無關。
實踐(jian)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)又稱要物合同(tong)(tong)(tong),是指除當(dang)事人雙(shuang)方(fang)意(yi)思表示一致外,還須(xu)交付標的物或完成(cheng)其他現(xian)實交付才能成(cheng)立的合同(tong)(tong)(tong)。
實踐合同與諾成合同的區別
1、二者成立的要件不同
諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同以合(he)(he)意(yi)(yi)為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)要(yao)件,實踐(jian)合(he)(he)同以合(he)(he)意(yi)(yi)和交付標(biao)的物(wu)或完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其他給付義務(wu)為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)要(yao)件。諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同自當事人意(yi)(yi)思(si)表(biao)示一致時(shi)即告(gao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li),而實踐(jian)合(he)(he)同則除當事人達(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)意(yi)(yi)之外,尚需交付標(biao)的物(wu)或完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其他給付才能成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)和生(sheng)效。
2、兩者成立與生效的時間不同
諾成合同自雙方當事人意思表示一致時起合同即告成立;而實踐合同則在當事人達成合意之后,還必須在當事人交付標的物以后,合同才能成立。諾成合同與實踐合同的確定,通常應根據法律的規定(ding)(ding)(ding)及(ji)交(jiao)易而定(ding)(ding)(ding)。例如,根(gen)據傳統民(min)法(fa),買賣、租賃、雇傭、承攬、委托等屬于(yu)諾(nuo)(nuo)成合(he)(he)同。而借用、借賃、保(bao)管、運(yun)送等屬于(yu)實踐(jian)合(he)(he)同,質權設定(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)同及(ji)其定(ding)(ding)(ding)金合(he)(he)同也屬于(yu)實踐(jian)合(he)(he)同。然而此(ci)種分類并非絕對(dui)不變(bian)。例如,運(yun)輸(shu)合(he)(he)同并非都是實踐(jian)合(he)(he)同,也有一些(xie)為諾(nuo)(nuo)成合(he)(he)同。
3、責任不同
在諾成合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong),交付(fu)(fu)標的(de)物或(huo)完(wan)(wan)成其他給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu),系當(dang)事人的(de)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)義(yi)務(wu),違(wei)反該義(yi)務(wu)便產生違(wei)約責任(ren)。在實踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong),交付(fu)(fu)標的(de)物或(huo)完(wan)(wan)成其他給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu),不是(shi)當(dang)事人的(de)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)義(yi)務(wu),只(zhi)是(shi)先合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)義(yi)務(wu),違(wei)反它不產生違(wei)約責任(ren),可構成締約過失責任(ren)。
從上述內容,我們可以(yi)看出,諾成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong),雙(shuang)方意思表示(shi)一致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)同(tong)即成(cheng)立。而實(shi)(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)除意思表示(shi)一致(zhi)(zhi)外,還需(xu)要(yao)完成(cheng)交付(fu)才能成(cheng)立。諾成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)和實(shi)(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)區別(bie)在于成(cheng)立時間(jian)和生效時間(jian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)、成(cheng)立要(yao)件不(bu)(bu)同(tong)、責(ze)任不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。諾成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)和實(shi)(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)在現實(shi)(shi)生活中的(de)(de)使用頻率還是比較高的(de)(de),所以(yi)正確的(de)(de)認識這兩個合(he)(he)同(tong)是非常(chang)有必要(yao)的(de)(de)。
諾誠合同中的特殊性合同
贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)在(zai)《合(he)同(tong)(tong)法》186條中規定了贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)人的任意(yi)(yi)(yi)撤消權:贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)人在(zai)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)財產轉(zhuan)移前可以撤消贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu),但(dan)是(shi),這(zhe)并(bing)不(bu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)味著贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)是(shi)實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)。因為需要注意(yi)(yi)(yi)的是(shi):贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的成(cheng)立、生(sheng)效是(shi)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的。只要當事人雙(shuang)方有贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)財產和接受贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)財產的合(he)意(yi)(yi)(yi)。那么(me)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)就宣告成(cheng)立,轉(zhuan)移財產只是(shi)該合(he)同(tong)(tong)的生(sheng)效要件。
《合同法(fa)》又列出了(le)兩(liang)種特(te)殊的(de)贈與合同,即具有(you)救(jiu)災,扶貧(pin)和經過公證的(de)贈與合同的(de)當事人只要有(you)承諾,就不得反悔。
因而判斷(duan)是(shi)否為諾誠合同(tong)與實踐合同(tong)并不是(shi)在于交(jiao)付(fu)標的(de)物而是(shi)在于合同(tong)成立(li)的(de)時間上面。