諾成合同與實踐合同的含義

諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)又稱不要物(wu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。實踐(jian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)對稱。指(zhi)僅以當事人(ren)意思(si)表示一(yi)致為成(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)自當事人(ren)雙方意思(si)表示一(yi)致時(shi)即(ji)可成(cheng)(cheng)立，不以一(yi)方交(jiao)付(fu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)為合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian)，當事人(ren)交(jiao)付(fu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)屬于履行合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，而與合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立無關(guan)。

實踐合(he)同(tong)又稱要物合(he)同(tong)，是指(zhi)除當事人雙方(fang)意思表示一致外，還(huan)須交付(fu)標的物或完成(cheng)其他(ta)現實交付(fu)才能成(cheng)立的合(he)同(tong)。

實踐合同與諾成合同的區別

1、二者成立的要件不同

諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)以合(he)意(yi)為成(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian)，實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)以合(he)意(yi)和交(jiao)付(fu)標的物(wu)或完成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)他給(gei)付(fu)義務為成(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)自當(dang)事人意(yi)思表示(shi)一致時(shi)即告成(cheng)(cheng)立，而實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)則除當(dang)事人達成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)意(yi)之外，尚需交(jiao)付(fu)標的物(wu)或完成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)他給(gei)付(fu)才能成(cheng)(cheng)立和生效。

2、兩者成立與生效的時間不同

諾成合同自雙方當事人意思表示一致時起合同即告成立；而實踐合同則在當事人達成合意之后，還必須在當事人交付標的物以后，合同才能成立。諾成合同與實踐合同的確定，通常應根據法律的規定及交易而定。例如，根據傳統民法，買賣、租賃、雇傭、承(cheng)攬、委托(tuo)等屬(shu)于諾成(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。而借用、借賃、保管、運(yun)送(song)等屬(shu)于實踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)，質權設定合(he)同(tong)(tong)及其定金合(he)同(tong)(tong)也屬(shu)于實踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)。然而此種分類并非(fei)絕對不(bu)變。例如，運(yun)輸合(he)同(tong)(tong)并非(fei)都是實踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)，也有一(yi)些為諾成(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。

3、責任不同

在諾成合同(tong)中(zhong)，交付(fu)標(biao)的(de)(de)物(wu)或完(wan)成其他給(gei)付(fu)，系當事人的(de)(de)給(gei)付(fu)義務(wu)(wu)，違反該義務(wu)(wu)便產生違約責任。在實踐合同(tong)中(zhong)，交付(fu)標(biao)的(de)(de)物(wu)或完(wan)成其他給(gei)付(fu)，不(bu)是(shi)當事人的(de)(de)給(gei)付(fu)義務(wu)(wu)，只是(shi)先合同(tong)義務(wu)(wu)，違反它不(bu)產生違約責任，可構(gou)成締約過(guo)失責任。

從(cong)上述內容，我們可以看出，諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)，雙方(fang)意思表(biao)示(shi)一(yi)致(zhi)合同(tong)即成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)。而實踐(jian)合同(tong)除意思表(biao)示(shi)一(yi)致(zhi)外(wai)，還需要完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)交付才能成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)和實踐(jian)合同(tong)主要區別在于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)時間(jian)和生(sheng)效(xiao)時間(jian)不同(tong)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)要件不同(tong)、責(ze)任不同(tong)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)和實踐(jian)合同(tong)在現(xian)實生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)使用頻率還是比較高的(de)(de)，所以正(zheng)確的(de)(de)認識這兩個合同(tong)是非常有必(bi)要的(de)(de)。

諾誠合同中的特殊性合同

贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在《合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法》186條中規(gui)定了贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與人的(de)(de)任意撤(che)消(xiao)權：贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與人在贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與財(cai)產(chan)(chan)轉移前(qian)可以撤(che)消(xiao)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與，但是，這并不(bu)意味(wei)著贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是實踐合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因為需要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是：贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)成立、生(sheng)效是不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)。只要(yao)當事人雙方有(you)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與財(cai)產(chan)(chan)和接受贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)合意。那么贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就宣(xuan)告成立，轉移財(cai)產(chan)(chan)只是該合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)效要(yao)件。

《合同(tong)法》又(you)列出了兩種特殊(shu)的(de)贈與(yu)(yu)合同(tong)，即具有救災，扶貧和經過(guo)公證的(de)贈與(yu)(yu)合同(tong)的(de)當事人(ren)只(zhi)要有承諾，就不得(de)反悔。

因(yin)而判斷是(shi)否為諾誠合同與實踐(jian)合同并不是(shi)在(zai)于交付標(biao)的(de)物而是(shi)在(zai)于合同成立的(de)時(shi)間上面。