諾成合同與實踐合同的含義
諾成(cheng)合(he)同又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)不要物合(he)同。實踐(jian)合(he)同的(de)對稱(cheng)(cheng)。指僅以(yi)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)意思表示(shi)一致(zhi)為成(cheng)立要件的(de)合(he)同。諾成(cheng)合(he)同自當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)雙方意思表示(shi)一致(zhi)時即可成(cheng)立,不以(yi)一方交付標(biao)(biao)的(de)物為合(he)同的(de)成(cheng)立要件,當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)交付標(biao)(biao)的(de)物屬于履(lv)行合(he)同,而與(yu)合(he)同的(de)成(cheng)立無(wu)關。
實踐合(he)同(tong)又稱要物合(he)同(tong),是指除(chu)當事人雙方意(yi)思表示(shi)一(yi)致外,還須交付(fu)標(biao)的(de)物或完(wan)成(cheng)其他(ta)現(xian)實交付(fu)才(cai)能成(cheng)立的(de)合(he)同(tong)。
實踐合同與諾成合同的區別
1、二者成立的要件不同
諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合同以(yi)合意(yi)為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian),實踐合同以(yi)合意(yi)和(he)交(jiao)付標的物或完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)他給付義(yi)務(wu)為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立要件(jian)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合同自當事(shi)人意(yi)思表(biao)示一致時即告成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立,而(er)實踐合同則(ze)除(chu)當事(shi)人達成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合意(yi)之外,尚需(xu)交(jiao)付標的物或完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)他給付才能成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立和(he)生效。
2、兩者成立與生效的時間不同
諾成合同自雙方當事人意思表示一致時起合同即告成立;而實踐合同則在當事人達成合意之后,還必須在當事人交付標的物以后,合同才能成立。諾成合同與實踐合同的確定,通常應根據法律的規定及(ji)交易(yi)而定。例如,根據傳統民法,買賣、租(zu)賃(lin)、雇傭(yong)、承攬(lan)、委(wei)托等(deng)屬于諾成(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。而借用(yong)、借賃(lin)、保管、運送(song)等(deng)屬于實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong),質(zhi)權設定合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)其定金合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)屬于實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。然而此種分類并非絕(jue)對不(bu)變(bian)。例如,運輸合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)并非都是實(shi)踐合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong),也(ye)有一(yi)些為諾成(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。
3、責任不同
在諾成(cheng)合同(tong)中(zhong),交付(fu)(fu)標的(de)物或(huo)完成(cheng)其他給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu),系當事(shi)人的(de)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)義(yi)務,違反該義(yi)務便(bian)產生違約(yue)責任(ren)。在實踐合同(tong)中(zhong),交付(fu)(fu)標的(de)物或(huo)完成(cheng)其他給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu),不(bu)是當事(shi)人的(de)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)義(yi)務,只是先合同(tong)義(yi)務,違反它(ta)不(bu)產生違約(yue)責任(ren),可構成(cheng)締(di)約(yue)過(guo)失責任(ren)。
從上(shang)述內容,我們(men)可以(yi)看出,諾(nuo)成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong),雙方(fang)意思(si)表示一致合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)即成(cheng)立(li)。而實(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)除意思(si)表示一致外,還需要(yao)(yao)完(wan)成(cheng)交付才(cai)能成(cheng)立(li)。諾(nuo)成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)和實(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)區別在于成(cheng)立(li)時間(jian)和生效時間(jian)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)、成(cheng)立(li)要(yao)(yao)件不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)、責任不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。諾(nuo)成(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)和實(shi)踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)在現實(shi)生活中的(de)使(shi)用頻率(lv)還是比(bi)較高(gao)的(de),所以(yi)正確的(de)認(ren)識這兩個合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)是非(fei)常有必要(yao)(yao)的(de)。
諾誠合同中的特殊性合同
贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)合(he)同在《合(he)同法(fa)》186條中規定了贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)人的任意(yi)撤(che)消權:贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)人在贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)轉(zhuan)移前可以(yi)撤(che)消贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu),但是,這(zhe)并不意(yi)味著贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)合(he)同是實踐合(he)同。因為需要(yao)注意(yi)的是:贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)合(he)同的成(cheng)立、生效是不同的。只(zhi)要(yao)當事人雙方(fang)有贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)和接受贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的合(he)意(yi)。那(nei)么贈(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)合(he)同就宣告成(cheng)立,轉(zhuan)移財(cai)產(chan)(chan)只(zhi)是該合(he)同的生效要(yao)件。
《合(he)同(tong)(tong)法》又列出了兩種(zhong)特(te)殊的贈與合(he)同(tong)(tong),即具有(you)救(jiu)災,扶貧(pin)和經過公證的贈與合(he)同(tong)(tong)的當事人只(zhi)要有(you)承諾(nuo),就不得反悔。
因而判斷是否(fou)為諾誠合同與實踐合同并(bing)不是在于交付標的(de)物而是在于合同成立的(de)時間上(shang)面。