觸電的傷害分類

1、電擊

電流通過人體對內(nei)部器官造成的(de)綜合性傷害(hai)，稱為(wei)電擊(ji)。電擊(ji)一(yi)般是由于電流剌激人體神經系統(tong)而(er)引(yin)起的(de)，開始是觸電部分的(de)肌肉發(fa)生痙孿，如不能(neng)立即擺脫電源，隨之(zhi)便(bian)會引(yin)起呼(hu)吸(xi)困難，心臟麻痹，以致死亡。電擊(ji)是最危險的(de)觸電傷害(hai)，在觸電事故中(zhong)發(fa)生的(de)也最多。

2、電傷

電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過人體對局部皮膚(fu)造(zao)成的傷(shang)害，稱為電(dian)(dian)傷(shang)。電(dian)(dian)傷(shang)又可(ke)分為下述三(san)類：

（1）灼傷

是由于(yu)電流的(de)熱(re)效應而引起的(de)，如帶負電荷拉開刀閘，就會發生電弧(hu)，燒傷皮(pi)膚。

（2）烙印

是由于電流(liu)的(de)化學效應和機械效應而引起的(de)，通常只在(zai)人體和帶電體有(you)良好接觸的(de)情況下才會發(fa)生(sheng)。在(zai)皮(pi)膚表面(mian)留有(you)圓形或橢圓形的(de)腫(zhong)塊痕跡，并且硬化。

（3）皮膚金屬化

是在電流的(de)(de)作用下，使熔化(hua)和蒸(zheng)發的(de)(de)金屬微(wei)粒滲入皮膚(fu)表層而形成的(de)(de)。皮膚(fu)的(de)(de)傷害部分形成粗糙的(de)(de)堅硬表面(mian)，日久會逐漸脫落。

觸電的類型

1、直接觸電

單相觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)在特殊情況(kuang)下：在高壓不接地電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C變大(da)，XC 容(rong)抗減小，Z 減小，通過人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流I b變大(da), 將危及(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)身安全。兩相觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)同時觸及(ji)(ji)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或線(xian)路中(zhong)的兩相導體(ti)(ti)(ti)而發生(sheng)的觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)1700歐姆(mu)。

2、間接觸電

電(dian)流(liu)(liu)經接(jie)地(di)(di)體或導(dao)體落地(di)(di)點呈半球形向地(di)(di)中流(liu)(liu)散。在距電(dian)流(liu)(liu)入地(di)(di)點越近(jin)的(de)地(di)(di)方，電(dian)位越高；在距電(dian)流(liu)(liu)入地(di)(di)點越遠的(de)地(di)(di)方，電(dian)位越低。在離開電(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)入點20m以外的(de)地(di)(di)方，電(dian)位接(jie)近(jin)于0.8~10m以內不要進入

3、跨步電壓及跨步電壓觸電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣線路或設備發生接(jie)地故障時，在(zai)接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入地點周(zhou)圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)分布區行走的人(ren)，其兩(liang)(liang)腳處于(yu)不同的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，兩(liang)(liang)腳間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差稱為跨步電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。人(ren)體距電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入地點越近，承受的跨步電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓越高。

4、接觸電(dian)壓觸電(dian)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備由(you)于(yu)絕緣損壞或(huo)其它原因造成接(jie)地(di)故障(zhang)時，如人體(ti)兩個(ge)部分（手和(he)腳）同(tong)時接(jie)觸設備外殼和(he)地(di)面(mian)時，人體(ti)兩部分會(hui)處于(yu)不同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為(wei)接(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。由(you)接(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓造成觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故稱為(wei)接(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、感(gan)應電壓觸電

是指當人觸及(ji)(ji)帶有感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)設備和(he)線(xian)路時(shi)所(suo)造成的(de)(de)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。一些(xie)不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)線(xian)路由(you)于大(da)氣變化（如雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)活動），會產生感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，停電(dian)(dian)(dian)后一些(xie)可能感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)設備和(he)線(xian)路如果未及(ji)(ji)時(shi)接地，這些(xie)設備和(he)線(xian)路對地均存在(zai)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

6、剩(sheng)余(yu)電荷觸電

是(shi)指(zhi)當人體觸(chu)及(ji)帶(dai)有剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)設(she)備時，對人體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)。帶(dai)有剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)設(she)備通常含有儲能(neng)元(yuan)件，如并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變壓器及(ji)大容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)等，在退出運行和對其(qi)進行類似(si)搖表測量(liang)等檢修后，會帶(dai)上剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，因此要(yao)及(ji)時對其(qi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

觸電急救的基本原則和方法

1、迅速脫離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)：這是非常(chang)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)，長時(shi)間的(de)(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)之后的(de)(de)急救不利。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開關里患(huan)者(zhe)很近，而且很容易操作(zuo)，應該要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)的(de)(de)拔掉開關，切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)里的(de)(de)比較遠需(xu)要(yao)(yao)先把觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)分離，可以戴上(shang)絕緣(yuan)手套或者(zhe) 用木棒讓觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)分離。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)等(deng)在(zai)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員身上(shang)，一定不要(yao)(yao)徒手去拿，一定要(yao)(yao)用絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)東西(xi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)拿開。

2、觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員脫離(li)電(dian)源后就(jiu)要(yao)開始急救(jiu)，最(zui)好就(jiu)地(di)搶(qiang)救(jiu)，如果發(fa)現觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)的地(di)方(fang)還有不(bu)安全因素存在(zai)，可以把觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員轉移到(dao)安全的地(di)方(fang)再做搶(qiang)救(jiu)，最(zui)好不(bu)要(yao)不(bu)搶(qiang)救(jiu)就(jiu)把觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人長(chang)途(tu)送到(dao)醫(yi)院(yuan)。

3、急救可以(yi)(yi)做(zuo)人(ren)(ren)工呼(hu)吸，要注意正(zheng)確的(de)(de)進行人(ren)(ren)工呼(hu)吸。平時可以(yi)(yi)多學習一(yi)些急救知(zhi)識(shi)，如果(guo)發現觸電(dian)人(ren)(ren)員神(shen)志清醒，只是出現心慌等(deng)癥狀，需要讓患者安(an)靜的(de)(de)休息。