觸電的傷害分類

1、電擊

電(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過(guo)人體對內(nei)部器官造成的(de)綜(zong)合(he)性傷害，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)一般是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流剌激人體神經(jing)系統而引起(qi)的(de)，開始是觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分的(de)肌肉發(fa)生痙孿，如(ru)不能(neng)立(li)即擺脫電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，隨(sui)之便會引起(qi)呼吸困難，心(xin)臟麻痹，以致死(si)亡。電(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)是最危險的(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傷害，在(zai)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中發(fa)生的(de)也最多(duo)。

2、電傷

電流(liu)通過人(ren)體對局部皮膚造成的(de)傷(shang)害，稱為電傷(shang)。電傷(shang)又可分(fen)為下(xia)述三(san)類：

（1）灼傷

是(shi)由(you)于電流(liu)的熱效應而引起的，如帶負電荷拉開刀閘(zha)，就(jiu)會發生電弧，燒傷皮膚。

（2）烙印

是(shi)由(you)于電流的(de)化(hua)學效應和(he)機(ji)械(xie)效應而引起的(de)，通常(chang)只在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)和(he)帶電體(ti)有(you)良好接觸的(de)情況下才(cai)會發生。在(zai)皮膚表(biao)面留(liu)有(you)圓形或橢圓形的(de)腫(zhong)塊痕跡，并且硬化(hua)。

（3）皮膚金屬化

是(shi)在電流的(de)(de)作用下，使熔(rong)化和蒸發的(de)(de)金屬微粒滲入皮(pi)膚表(biao)層而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。皮(pi)膚的(de)(de)傷(shang)害(hai)部分形成(cheng)粗糙的(de)(de)堅硬表(biao)面，日久會逐漸(jian)脫落。

觸電的類型

1、直接觸電

單相(xiang)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)特殊情(qing)況下(xia)：在(zai)高壓不接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C變大(da)，XC 容(rong)抗減小，Z 減小，通過人(ren)(ren)體的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)I b變大(da), 將(jiang)危(wei)及人(ren)(ren)身安全。兩(liang)相(xiang)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)體同時(shi)觸及帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或線路中(zhong)的兩(liang)相(xiang)導體而發生的觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，人(ren)(ren)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻1700歐(ou)姆。

2、間接觸電

電流(liu)經接(jie)地(di)體(ti)或導(dao)體(ti)落地(di)點(dian)(dian)呈(cheng)半球(qiu)形(xing)向地(di)中流(liu)散。在(zai)距電流(liu)入(ru)地(di)點(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)近(jin)的(de)地(di)方，電位(wei)越(yue)(yue)高；在(zai)距電流(liu)入(ru)地(di)點(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)遠的(de)地(di)方，電位(wei)越(yue)(yue)低(di)。在(zai)離開電流(liu)流(liu)入(ru)點(dian)(dian)20m以外的(de)地(di)方，電位(wei)接(jie)近(jin)于0.8~10m以內不要進(jin)入(ru)

3、跨(kua)步電(dian)壓(ya)及跨(kua)步電(dian)壓(ya)觸電(dian)

電(dian)(dian)氣線路或(huo)設備發生接地(di)故障時，在(zai)接地(di)電(dian)(dian)流入地(di)點周圍電(dian)(dian)位(wei)分布區行走的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)，其兩腳處于(yu)不同的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)，兩腳間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差稱為跨步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓。人(ren)(ren)體距電(dian)(dian)流入地(di)點越近，承受的(de)(de)跨步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓越高。

4、接觸電壓觸電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備由于絕緣損壞或其它原(yuan)因造(zao)成接(jie)地故障時，如人體兩個部分（手(shou)和腳）同(tong)時接(jie)觸(chu)設備外殼和地面時，人體兩部分會處于不同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。由接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)造(zao)成觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故稱(cheng)為接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、感應電壓觸(chu)電

是指當人觸(chu)及(ji)帶有(you)感應電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)設備和線(xian)路(lu)時所(suo)造(zao)成的(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)。一(yi)些(xie)不帶電(dian)(dian)的(de)線(xian)路(lu)由于大(da)氣變化（如(ru)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)活(huo)動），會產生感應電(dian)(dian)荷，停(ting)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)一(yi)些(xie)可能感應電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)設備和線(xian)路(lu)如(ru)果(guo)未及(ji)時接(jie)地，這些(xie)設備和線(xian)路(lu)對地均存在感應電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

6、剩余電荷觸電

是指當人體觸及帶(dai)有剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)時，對人體放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。帶(dai)有剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)通常含有儲能(neng)元件，如并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變壓(ya)器(qi)及大(da)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機等(deng)，在退(tui)出運行和對其進行類似搖(yao)表測量等(deng)檢修(xiu)后，會帶(dai)上剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，因此要及時對其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

觸電急救的基本原則和方法

1、迅(xun)速脫離電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：這(zhe)是非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)工作(zuo)，長時間的(de)(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)對之后的(de)(de)急救不(bu)利(li)。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)里患者很(hen)近，而且很(hen)容易操作(zuo)，應該要及(ji)時的(de)(de)拔(ba)掉開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)里的(de)(de)比較遠需要先把觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)離，可(ke)以戴(dai)上絕(jue)緣手套或者 用木棒(bang)讓觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)離。如果(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線等在(zai)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)身上，一定(ding)不(bu)要徒手去拿(na)，一定(ding)要用絕(jue)緣的(de)(de)東(dong)西(xi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)線拿(na)開(kai)。

2、觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員脫離(li)電(dian)源后就要開(kai)始急救，最好(hao)就地搶救，如果(guo)發現(xian)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)的(de)地方(fang)還(huan)有不安全(quan)因素(su)存在(zai)，可(ke)以把(ba)(ba)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員轉移(yi)到(dao)安全(quan)的(de)地方(fang)再做搶救，最好(hao)不要不搶救就把(ba)(ba)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人長(chang)途送到(dao)醫院。

3、急(ji)救(jiu)可以(yi)做(zuo)人工呼(hu)吸，要注意正確的進行人工呼(hu)吸。平時可以(yi)多學習(xi)一些急(ji)救(jiu)知識(shi)，如果發現觸電人員神志(zhi)清醒(xing)，只是出(chu)現心慌等癥(zheng)狀，需要讓(rang)患者安靜的休息。