一、并網光伏發電系統與離網光伏發電系統的區別
1、并網光伏發電站
并網,就(jiu)是必須(xu)連接到公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網,就(jiu)是太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、家庭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯系在一起了(le),這是必須(xu)依賴現有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網才能(neng)(neng)運行(xing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統。主要(yao)由(you)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)和逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器組(zu)成(cheng),太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)發(fa)(fa)出直(zhi)接經逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器轉換成(cheng)220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并給家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),當太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量超(chao)過(guo)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量時,多(duo)余的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)輸(shu)送到了(le)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網;而(er)當太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不(bu)能(neng)(neng)滿足家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用時,就(jiu)自動從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中補充。而(er)這整個過(guo)程都是智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)控制的(de)(de),不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)人工操作。
由于這種光伏發電系統不需要使用蓄電池,也就大大節省了成本。特別是國家已經發布的并網新政策已經明確表示,家庭光伏電站可以免費入網,多余的電還可以賣給電力公司。從投資的長遠角度,按家庭光伏電站25年的使用壽命計算,6-10年左右可以回收成本,剩下的十幾年就是賺到的。因此,如果想節省電費開支且電力供應方便的話,就選擇并網太陽能發電系統,這也是目前主流(liu)的方式。
但是,并網(wang)(wang)也有其缺點,就(jiu)(jiu)是當公共電網(wang)(wang)斷電時,光伏發(fa)電也不能運(yun)行(xing)。但是如果把其中的并網(wang)(wang)逆(ni)變器換(huan)成智能微網(wang)(wang)逆(ni)變器(并網(wang)(wang)與(yu)離網(wang)(wang)混合逆(ni)變器),電站就(jiu)(jiu)可以正(zheng)常運(yun)轉。
那(nei)么,怎么才可以將(jiang)(jiang)白天(tian)發的(de)(de)電(dian)力儲存(cun)(cun)起來(lai)晚(wan)上用嗎?這需要添加控制(zhi)器(qi)和蓄(xu)電(dian)池等(deng),白天(tian)控制(zhi)器(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)光伏(fu)所發的(de)(de)電(dian)力儲存(cun)(cun)在蓄(xu)電(dian)池中,晚(wan)上控制(zhi)器(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池所儲電(dian)力釋放出來(lai)供照(zhao)明使(shi)用。
2、離網光伏發電站
也被叫做獨立光伏發電站,是不依賴電網而獨立運行的發電系統,主要由太陽能電池板、儲能蓄電池、充放電控制器、逆變器等部件組成。太陽能電池板發(fa)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直接流入蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)并(bing)儲存起來(lai),需要(yao)(yao)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)里(li)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流經(jing)逆變器并(bing)轉換(huan)成220V的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這(zhe)是一個重復循環(huan)的(de)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程。這(zhe)種(zhong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統由于不受地域的(de)限制,使用(yong)很廣(guang)泛(fan),只要(yao)(yao)有陽光(guang)照射的(de)地方就可(ke)以安裝使用(yong),因此(ci)非常適合于偏遠無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網地區、孤(gu)島、漁船、戶外養殖(zhi)基(ji)地等(deng),也可(ke)以做為經(jing)常停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地區的(de)應急(ji)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備。
這(zhe)種系統由于必須(xu)配備蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池,且(qie)(qie)占據了發電(dian)(dian)系統30-50%的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)。而(er)且(qie)(qie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命一般(ban)都在3-5年,過后(hou)又得更(geng)換,這(zhe)更(geng)是增(zeng)加(jia)了使(shi)(shi)用成本(ben)(ben)。而(er)經濟性來說(shuo),很難得到大范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)推廣使(shi)(shi)用,因此(ci)不適合用電(dian)(dian)方(fang)便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)使(shi)(shi)用。
但對于無電(dian)網地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)或經(jing)常停(ting)電(dian)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)家庭來說,又具有很強的(de)實用(yong)(yong)性。特別是單(dan)純為了解決停(ting)電(dian)時的(de)照明問題,可以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)直流節能燈,非常實用(yong)(yong)。因此,離網發電(dian)系統是專門針對無電(dian)網地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)或經(jing)常停(ting)電(dian)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)場(chang)所使用(yong)(yong)的(de)。
簡單的說:并網不需(xu)要蓄電池,離網要蓄電池。
二、光伏發電并網模式有幾種
1、完全自發自用模式
這種模式一般應(ying)用(yong)于用(yong)戶(hu)側用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷較大(da)(da)、且用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷持(chi)(chi)續、一年(nian)中(zhong)很少有停(ting)產或(huo)半停(ting)產發生的情(qing)況(kuang)下,或(huo)者是,就(jiu)算放(fang)假期間,用(yong)戶(hu)的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)維持(chi)(chi)負(fu)荷大(da)(da)小也(ye)足以消納光伏電(dian)(dian)站發出(chu)的絕大(da)(da)部分電(dian)(dian)力。
這類系統,由于低(di)壓(ya)側并(bing)網(wang),如果用戶用電(dian)無(wu)法(fa)消納,會通(tong)過變壓(ya)器反送到上一級電(dian)網(wang),而(er)配電(dian)變壓(ya)器設計是不允(yun)許(xu)用于反送電(dian)能的(de)(可以短時(shi)倒(dao)送電(dian),比如調試(shi)時(shi),而(er)長期不允(yun)許(xu)),其最初(chu)潮(chao)流(liu)方向設計是固定的(de)。所以需要(yao)安裝防(fang)逆(ni)流(liu)裝置來避(bi)免電(dian)力的(de)反送。
針對一些用(yong)戶無法(fa)確保(bao)自身用(yong)電能夠持續消耗光伏(fu)電力,或者生產無法(fa)保(bao)證持續性(xing)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目,建議不(bu)要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)此種(zhong)并網方式。單(dan)體500kW以下,并且用(yong)戶側(ce)有配電變壓(ya)器的(de)(de)光伏(fu)電站,建議采(cai)用(yong)這種(zhong)模式,因(yin)為(wei)其升壓(ya)所需(xu)增加的(de)(de)投資占(zhan)投資比例較大。
2、自發自用余電上網模式
對于大(da)多數(shu)看好分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)發(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)用戶來說(shuo),選擇自發(fa)自用余電(dian)上網(wang)是(shi)(shi)最理想的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi),這樣既可以(yi)拿(na)到自發(fa)自用較高電(dian)價(jia),又可以(yi)在用不(bu)(bu)掉的(de)(de)情況下賣電(dian)給電(dian)網(wang)。但是(shi)(shi)實(shi)際(ji)操作過程(cheng)中(zhong)阻力頗多,原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)光伏(fu)從業(ye)者(zhe)和地方電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(si)人員信(xin)息的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)對稱,互相缺(que)乏(fa)對于對方專業(ye)知識(shi)的(de)(de)了解(jie),這也是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么該(gai)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)成為(wei)光伏(fu)電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策和國(guo)網(wang)新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)最讓(rang)人難以(yi)理解(jie)的(de)(de)部分(fen)。
光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)在(zai)自發(fa)(fa)(fa)自用(yong)(yong)(yong)余電(dian)上(shang)網(wang)模式時,用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(或(huo)者稱之(zhi)為“投資商”)希望所發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)盡可(ke)(ke)能在(zai)企業內部(bu)消耗掉(diao),實(shi)(shi)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)掉(diao)的(de)(de)情況下,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)送入(ru)電(dian)網(wang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)浪費掉(diao)這部(bu)分光(guang)伏電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。但電(dian)力公司(si)最希望的(de)(de)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)簡(jian)單選擇(ze),要(yao)么自發(fa)(fa)(fa)自用(yong)(yong)(yong),要(yao)么升壓上(shang)網(wang)。因為,自發(fa)(fa)(fa)自用(yong)(yong)(yong)余電(dian)上(shang)網(wang)對于地方電(dian)力公司(si)來(lai)說(shuo),要(yao)增(zeng)加一些(xie)工作量(liang)(liang)(liang):區域配(pei)網(wang)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)計算(允許(xu)反(fan)向送電(dian)負荷)、增(zeng)加管(guan)理的(de)(de)電(dian)源點(純自發(fa)(fa)(fa)自用(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)降(jiang)低標準來(lai)管(guan)理)、正反(fan)轉電(dian)表(biao)改造后的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)繁瑣(suo)(需要(yao)通過電(dian)表(biao)1和電(dian)表(biao)2的(de)(de)數值換算得出用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)負荷曲(qu)線和用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang))、增(zeng)加抄表(biao)工作量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)。
當然,從本質上來說(shuo),電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司無(wu)法獲得用(yong)戶自(zi)發自(zi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的購售電(dian)(dian)差價,對于地方電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個實(shi)(shi)際損失。既增加(jia)了工作(zuo)量(liang),又沒有實(shi)(shi)際利益,因此會設置(zhi)各種(zhong)理(li)由(you)讓投(tou)資(zi)商不選(xuan)擇這種(zhong)并(bing)網方案。但只(zhi)要(yao)從技術上充分說(shuo)明這就是(shi)國家電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司允許的余(yu)電(dian)(dian)上網方案,并(bing)且(qie)有一(yi)(yi)個合理(li)的設計稿,當地電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司就無(wu)法輕易拒絕投(tou)資(zi)商的申請(qing)。
這種運營模式最(zui)大的缺點,是其收益模型不能固(gu)定,自發自用比例和余電(dian)上網比例始(shi)終(zhong)在變化,電(dian)站(zhan)融資(zi)、出售時評估(gu)價(jia)值會比實際產(chan)出有所打折,甚至資(zi)方因為擔心用電(dian)戶(hu)的未來經營狀況而無法獲得一個(ge)合理的資(zi)產(chan)價(jia)值。
3、完全上網賣電模式
在光伏發電(dian)大(da)發展(zhan)的近十年中,直接上網賣電(dian)一(yi)直是(shi)光伏應用的主流,因為其財務模型(xing)簡單,并且相對可靠,而樂于被資本(ben)所親睞(lai)。
該并網(wang)形式(shi)不(bu)(bu)但適用于未來(lai)的(de)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)固定(ding)電價項目,選(xuan)(xuan)擇直接(jie)脫(tuo)硫(liu)電價賣給電網(wang)也不(bu)(bu)失為一種好的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(當然要(yao)(yao)求該地(di)區(qu)脫(tuo)硫(liu)電價不(bu)(bu)低于0.4元)。這總比未來(lai)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電站的(de)收益期要(yao)(yao)短一些(xie)。
而且,我(wo)們無法回避(bi)一件事情——光伏是(shi)資本推動型(xing)產業(ye),屬(shu)于固定收益(yi)型(xing)長效(xiao)投資。在大多(duo)數企業(ye)追求發展(zhan)的(de)(de)階段是(shi)不太可(ke)能去(qu)持有光伏電(dian)站的(de)(de),哪怕(pa)是(shi)現(xian)在很多(duo)手上握著(zhu)一些光伏電(dian)站的(de)(de)業(ye)主。因此,光伏電(dian)站的(de)(de)轉讓市場未來(lai)是(shi)足夠大的(de)(de)一個蛋糕,為買賣雙方服(fu)務(wu)將成為炙手可(ke)熱的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu),如保險服(fu)務(wu)、評估服(fu)務(wu)、檢(jian)測服(fu)務(wu)、運(yun)維服(fu)務(wu)、第(di)三方擔保服(fu)務(wu)等。
最后,選擇哪一種方式作為光伏電站的(de)并(bing)網(wang)模式(shi),只能(neng)由投(tou)資者(zhe)自己琢磨了。