一、電阻壞了有什么現象
電阻是電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設備中數量最多的元件,但不是損(sun)(sun)壞率最高(gao)的元件。電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)(sun)壞以開路最常見,阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)變大較少(shao)見,阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)變小十分少(shao)見。常見的有碳膜(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、金(jin)屬膜(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、線繞電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和合金(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)等(deng)幾(ji)種,在這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)中如何(he)判斷它(ta)們在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中是否損(sun)(sun)壞,它(ta)們損(sun)(sun)壞后又有哪些特(te)征(zheng)呢(ni)?
1、線繞電阻損壞的特征
線繞電阻(zu)一般用(yong)作大(da)電流(liu)(liu)限流(liu)(liu),阻(zu)值不(bu)大(da)。
圓柱形線(xian)繞電阻燒壞(huai)時有的會發黑(hei)或表(biao)面(mian)爆皮、裂紋,有的沒有痕跡(ji)。
水(shui)泥電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是線繞電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的一種,燒壞時可能會(hui)斷裂,否則(ze)也(ye)沒有(you)可見(jian)痕(hen)跡。
保險電阻燒壞時有的表面會(hui)(hui)炸掉(diao)一(yi)塊皮,有的也沒有什么痕跡,但絕不會(hui)(hui)燒焦發黑。
根據以上特點,在檢(jian)查電阻時(shi)可有所側重,快速找出損壞的電阻。
2、金屬膜電阻和碳膜電阻損壞特征
金屬膜電阻(zu)(zu)和(he)碳膜電阻(zu)(zu)應用是(shi)最廣,其損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)的特點:一是(shi)低阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(100Ω以(yi)下(xia))和(he)高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(100kΩ以(yi)上)的損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)率(lv)較(jiao)高(gao),中間阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(如幾(ji)(ji)百歐(ou)到幾(ji)(ji)十(shi)千歐(ou))的極(ji)少損(sun)(sun)壞(huai);二是(shi)低阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)電阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)時(shi)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)燒(shao)焦發黑(hei),很容易發現,而(er)高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)電阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)時(shi)很少有痕跡。
二、怎么測量電阻好壞
1、外觀檢查
對(dui)于固(gu)定電阻首(shou)先查看標志清晰,保護漆完好,無(wu)(wu)燒焦,無(wu)(wu)傷痕(hen),無(wu)(wu)裂痕(hen),無(wu)(wu)腐(fu)蝕(shi),電阻體(ti)與引(yin)腳緊密(mi)接觸等。對(dui)于電位(wei)器還應檢查轉軸靈(ling)活(huo),松緊適當,手感(gan)舒適。有開關的(de)要檢查開關動作是否正常。
2、萬用表檢測
①固定電阻的檢測
用(yong)萬用(yong)表的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)擋對電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)進(jin)行測量(liang),對于測量(liang)不(bu)同阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)選擇萬用(yong)表的(de)不(bu)同倍乘擋。對于指針式萬用(yong)表,由于電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)擋的(de)示(shi)數是(shi)非(fei)線性的(de),阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)越(yue)大,示(shi)數越(yue)密,所以(yi)選擇合適的(de)量(liang)程(cheng),應使(shi)表針偏轉角大些,指示(shi)于1/3~2/3滿量(liang)程(cheng),讀(du)數更為(wei)準確。若測得阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)超過該電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)誤差(cha)范圍、阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)限(xian)大、阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)0或阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)穩,說明該電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器已壞(huai)。
在(zai)測(ce)量(liang)中注意拿電(dian)阻(zu)的手(shou)不(bu)(bu)要與(yu)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的兩個引腳相(xiang)接觸,這樣會使手(shou)所呈現(xian)的電(dian)阻(zu)與(yu)被測(ce)電(dian)阻(zu)并聯,影響測(ce)量(liang)準確。另(ling)外,不(bu)(bu)能帶電(dian)情況下用萬(wan)用表電(dian)阻(zu)擋檢測(ce)電(dian)路中電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的阻(zu)值。在(zai)線檢測(ce)應首先(xian)斷電(dian),再將(jiang)電(dian)阻(zu)從電(dian)路中斷開(kai)出來,然后進行測(ce)量(liang)。
②保險絲電阻和敏感電阻的檢測
保(bao)險絲(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)一(yi)般阻(zu)值只有幾到幾十歐,若(ruo)測(ce)得(de)阻(zu)值為(wei)(wei)無(wu)限大,則已熔斷。也(ye)可在線檢(jian)測(ce)保(bao)險絲(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的好壞,分(fen)別測(ce)量其兩端對地電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),若(ruo)一(yi)端為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),一(yi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)0伏,保(bao)險絲(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)已熔斷。
敏(min)(min)感電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)種類較(jiao)多,以熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)為例,又分正溫(wen)度(du)系數(shu)和負(fu)溫(wen)度(du)系數(shu)熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。對于正溫(wen)度(du)系(PTC)熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu),在常溫(wen)下一般阻(zu)值不大(da),在測(ce)量中用(yong)燒熱的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)烙鐵靠近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu),這時阻(zu)值應明(ming)顯增大(da),說明(ming)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)正常,若無變(bian)化說明(ming)元件損壞,負(fu)溫(wen)度(du)系熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)則相(xiang)反。
光(guang)(guang)敏電阻在無光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(用手或物(wu)遮住光(guang)(guang))的情況下萬用表(biao)測(ce)得阻值大,有光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)表(biao)針指示電阻值有明顯減小。若無變化(hua),則元(yuan)件損(sun)壞。
③可變電阻和電位器的檢測
首先測量兩(liang)固定端之(zhi)間(jian)電阻值是否(fou)正(zheng)常,若為無限大或(huo)(huo)為零歐(ou),或(huo)(huo)與標稱相差較(jiao)大,超過誤差允許范(fan)圍,都說(shuo)明已損壞;電阻體阻值正(zheng)常,再(zai)將萬用表一只表筆(bi)接電位器(qi)滑動(dong)(dong)端,另一只表筆(bi)接電位器(qi)(可(ke)調電阻)的任一固定端,緩慢(man)旋動(dong)(dong)軸柄(bing),觀察表針是否(fou)平穩變(bian)化,當從一端旋向另一端時,阻值從零歐(ou)變(bian)化到標稱值(或(huo)(huo)相反(fan)),并且(qie)無跳變(bian)或(huo)(huo)抖(dou)動(dong)(dong)等現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),則說(shuo)明電位器(qi)正(zheng)常,若在旋轉的過程中(zhong)有跳變(bian)或(huo)(huo)抖(dou)動(dong)(dong)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),說(shuo)明滑動(dong)(dong)點現(xian)(xian)電阻體接觸不良(liang)。
3、用電橋測量電阻
如果要求精確測量電阻器的(de)阻值(zhi),可通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(數字式(shi))進(jin)行測(ce)試(shi)。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻插入電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋元(yuan)件(jian)測(ce)量端,選擇合(he)適(shi)的(de)量程(cheng),即(ji)可從顯示器(qi)(qi)上讀(du)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻器(qi)(qi)的(de)阻值(zhi)。例如,用電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻絲自(zi)(zi)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻或(huo)對(dui)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻器(qi)(qi)進(jin)行處理來獲得某一(yi)較為精確的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)時(shi),就必須用電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋測(ce)量自(zi)(zi)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)阻值(zhi)。