一、電阻的種類有哪些
1、按伏安特性分類
可(ke)分為(wei)線(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)和非線(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。對大多數導體來說,在一(yi)定的溫度下,其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)幾(ji)乎維持不變(bian)而(er)為(wei)一(yi)定值(zhi),這類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)線(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。
有(you)些(xie)材料的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)明顯(xian)地隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓)而變(bian)化,其伏(fu)安特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)是一(yi)條(tiao)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian),這類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)稱為非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在某一(yi)給定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu))作(zuo)用下(xia),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的比值為在該工作(zuo)點下(xia)的靜態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu),伏(fu)安特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)的斜率為動態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。表達非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)的方(fang)式比較復雜,但(dan)這些(xie)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)關系在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中得到了廣泛的應用。
2、按材料分類
a.線(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器由電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)線(xian)繞(rao)成電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器,用(yong)高阻(zu)(zu)合金(jin)線(xian)繞(rao)在絕緣(yuan)骨架(jia)上制成,外面涂有耐(nai)熱的釉(you)絕緣(yuan)層或絕緣(yuan)漆(qi)。繞(rao)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)具有較低(di)的溫(wen)度系數(shu),阻(zu)(zu)值精度高,穩定性好,耐(nai)熱耐(nai)腐蝕(shi),主要做精密大功率電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)使(shi)用(yong),缺點(dian)是高頻性能差,時間常數(shu)大。
b.碳(tan)合成電阻器(qi)由碳(tan)及合成塑(su)膠壓制成而成。
c.碳膜(mo)電阻(zu)器在瓷管上(shang)鍍上(shang)一(yi)層(ceng)碳而成(cheng)(cheng),將結晶碳沉積(ji)在陶瓷棒骨架上(shang)制成(cheng)(cheng)。碳膜(mo)電阻(zu)器成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)低、性能穩定、阻(zu)值(zhi)范圍寬、溫(wen)度系(xi)(xi)數和電壓系(xi)(xi)數低,是目前(qian)應用最廣泛(fan)的(de)電阻(zu)器。
d.金屬膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器在瓷管上鍍(du)上一層金屬而(er)成,用真空蒸(zheng)發的方法將合(he)金材料蒸(zheng)鍍(du)于陶瓷棒骨架表面。金屬膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)比碳膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的精度高,穩定性好,噪聲,溫(wen)度系數(shu)小。在儀器儀表及通訊(xun)設備中大量采(cai)用。
e.金(jin)屬氧(yang)化膜電(dian)阻器在(zai)瓷管上(shang)鍍上(shang)一層氧(yang)化錫而成,在(zai)絕(jue)緣棒上(shang)沉積一層金(jin)屬氧(yang)化物。由于其本身(shen)即(ji)是氧(yang)化物,所以高溫(wen)下(xia)穩定,耐(nai)熱沖擊(ji),負(fu)載能力強。按用途分(fen),有(you)通用、精(jing)密、高頻、高壓、高阻、大(da)功率和電(dian)阻網絡等。
3、特殊電阻器
a.保(bao)險(xian)(xian)電(dian)阻(zu):又叫熔斷(duan)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi),在(zai)正常(chang)情況下起(qi)著電(dian)阻(zu)和(he)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)(de)雙重(zhong)作用,當電(dian)路出現故障而使其功(gong)率超過(guo)額定功(gong)率時,它(ta)會像保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)一(yi)樣熔斷(duan)使連接電(dian)路斷(duan)開。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)電(dian)阻(zu)一(yi)般電(dian)阻(zu)值都小(0.33Ω~10KΩ),功(gong)率也較(jiao)小。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)常(chang)用型(xing)號(hao)有:RF10型(xing)、RF111-5保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)符號(hao)型(xing)、RRD0910型(xing)、RRD0911型(xing)等。
b.敏(min)(min)感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)器:是指其電(dian)阻(zu)值對(dui)于某種物理(li)量(如(ru)溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)、光(guang)照、電(dian)壓、機械力、以及氣體(ti)濃度(du)等)具有敏(min)(min)感(gan)特性,當(dang)這(zhe)些(xie)物理(li)量發生變化(hua)時(shi),敏(min)(min)感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)阻(zu)值就會隨物理(li)量變化(hua)而發生改變,呈現不同的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)值。根據對(dui)不同物理(li)量敏(min)(min)感(gan),敏(min)(min)感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)器可分為熱敏(min)(min)、濕(shi)敏(min)(min)、光(guang)敏(min)(min)、壓敏(min)(min)、力敏(min)(min)、磁敏(min)(min)和(he)氣敏(min)(min)等類型敏(min)(min)感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)。敏(min)(min)感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)器所用的(de)材(cai)料幾乎都(dou)是半導體(ti)材(cai)料,這(zhe)類電(dian)阻(zu)器也稱為半導體(ti)電(dian)阻(zu)器。
c.熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)隨溫(wen)度(du)(du)變化(hua)(hua)而變化(hua)(hua),溫(wen)度(du)(du)升(sheng)高阻(zu)(zu)為(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數(NTC)熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。應(ying)用較多的(de)是(shi)負(fu)(fu)(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),又可分(fen)為(wei)普(pu)通型負(fu)(fu)(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu);穩壓型負(fu)(fu)(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu);測溫(wen)型負(fu)(fu)(fu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數熱敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)等。光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)隨入(ru)射(she)(she)光的(de)強(qiang)弱變化(hua)(hua)而改變,當入(ru)射(she)(she)光增(zeng)強(qiang)時,光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)減(jian)小,入(ru)射(she)(she)光減(jian)弱時電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)增(zeng)大。
二、電阻器選用的方法
1、固定電阻器的選用
固定電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器有多種類(lei)型,選(xuan)擇(ze)哪一(yi)種材料和(he)結構的電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,應根據應用電(dian)路的具體(ti)要求(qiu)而(er)定。高頻電(dian)路應選(xuan)用分(fen)布(bu)電(dian)感和(he)分(fen)布(bu)電(dian)容小(xiao)的非(fei)線(xian)繞電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,例(li)如碳(tan)(tan)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器、金(jin)屬電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器和(he)金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,薄膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,厚膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,合金(jin)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,防腐蝕鍍膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器等。高增(zeng)益小(xiao)信號放大(da)電(dian)路應選(xuan)用低噪(zao)聲(sheng)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,例(li)如金(jin)屬膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器、碳(tan)(tan)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器和(he)線(xian)繞電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,而(er)不能使用噪(zao)聲(sheng)較大(da)的合成(cheng)碳(tan)(tan)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器和(he)有機實心電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器。
所(suo)選(xuan)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)值應(ying)(ying)(ying)接近應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)計算值的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)標稱值,應(ying)(ying)(ying)優先選(xuan)用(yong)標準(zhun)系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)。一(yi)般電(dian)路(lu)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)允許誤差為±5%~±10%。精密儀器(qi)及特殊電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi),應(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)精密電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi),對精密度為1%以內的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu),如0.01%,0.1%,0.5%這(zhe)些量級的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)采用(yong)捷比信電(dian)阻(zu)。所(suo)選(xuan)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)額定功率(lv),要(yao)符合應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)對電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)功率(lv)容量的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,一(yi)般不應(ying)(ying)(ying)隨意加大或(huo)減小電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)。
若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)路要(yao)求是(shi)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)型電(dian)(dian)阻器,則其(qi)額定功(gong)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)高于實際應用(yong)電(dian)(dian)路要(yao)求功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)1~2倍。
2、熔斷電阻器的選用
熔斷電(dian)阻器具(ju)有保(bao)護(hu)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)阻器。選用(yong)(yong)時應考(kao)慮其(qi)雙重性(xing)能(neng),根據電(dian)路的(de)具(ju)體要求選擇其(qi)阻值(zhi)和功(gong)率等參數。既要保(bao)證(zheng)它在(zai)(zai)過負荷時能(neng)快速熔斷,又(you)要保(bao)證(zheng)它在(zai)(zai)正常條件下(xia)能(neng)長期穩(wen)定的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)。電(dian)阻值(zhi)過大或功(gong)率過大,均不能(neng)起到保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
三、電阻器選用的基本原則
1、選擇通過(guo)認證(zheng)機構(gou)認證(zheng)的(de)生產線(xian)制(zhi)造出的(de)執行高(gao)水平標準(zhun)的(de)電阻(zu)器。
2、選擇具(ju)備功能(neng)優勢(shi)(shi)、質量(liang)優勢(shi)(shi)、效率優勢(shi)(shi)、功能(neng)價格比優勢(shi)(shi)、服務(wu)優勢(shi)(shi)的(de)制造商生產(chan)的(de)電(dian)阻器。
3、選擇能滿足上述要求的上型號目錄的制造商,并向其直接訂購電阻器。