一、電動車電機的工作原理

電動車電機是(shi)把電(dian)能(neng)轉換成機械能(neng)的(de)一種設備(bei)。它(ta)是(shi)利用通電(dian)線圈（也就是(shi)定子繞組）產生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)并作用于轉子鼠籠式(shi)式(shi)閉合鋁框形(xing)成磁(ci)電(dian)動力旋(xuan)(xuan)轉扭矩。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)同(tong)分為直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)速(su)與轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)保持同(tong)步速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由定子(zi)(zi)(zi)與轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)組成(cheng)，通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)線(xian)在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受力運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)和磁(ci)(ci)感線(xian)（磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)）方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)有關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作原(yuan)理是(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)受力的(de)(de)作用，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

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二、電動車電機的組成結構

電動車電機普(pu)遍采用永磁直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)動車(che)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)通電(dian)形式(shi)來分(fen)，可分(fen)為有刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)兩大(da)類；按照電(dian)機(ji)(ji)總成(cheng)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械結構來分(fen)，一般分(fen)為“有齒(chi)”（電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速高，需要經(jing)過(guo)齒(chi)輪減(jian)速）和(he)“無(wu)齒(chi)”（電(dian)機(ji)(ji)扭矩輸出不經(jing)過(guo)任(ren)何減(jian)速）兩大(da)類。

1、永磁式直流電機

由定(ding)子磁極、轉子、電刷、外(wai)殼(ke)等(deng)組(zu)成。

定子磁(ci)極(ji)采用永(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)（永(yong)久(jiu)磁(ci)鋼），有鐵(tie)氧體(ti)、鋁鎳鈷、釹鐵(tie)硼等材料。按其(qi)結構形式可分(fen)為圓(yuan)筒(tong)型和瓦塊(kuai)型等幾種。

轉子一般采用硅鋼片(pian)(pian)疊壓而成(cheng)，漆包線繞(rao)在(zai)轉子鐵心的兩槽(cao)之間（三槽(cao)即有三個繞(rao)組），其各(ge)接頭(tou)分別(bie)焊在(zai)換向器的金屬片(pian)(pian)上。

電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)是連(lian)接電(dian)(dian)源與(yu)轉子(zi)繞組(zu)的導電(dian)(dian)部件(jian)，具備導電(dian)(dian)與(yu)耐磨兩種性能。永磁電(dian)(dian)機的電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)使用單(dan)性金屬片(pian)或金屬石墨電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)、電(dian)(dian)化石墨電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)。

2、無刷直流電機

由(you)永磁(ci)體轉子、多極繞(rao)組(zu)定子、位置(zhi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等組(zu)成(cheng)。無(wu)刷直流電(dian)(dian)機的(de)特(te)點是無(wu)刷，采用半(ban)導體開關器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件（如(ru)霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件）來實現電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)的(de)，即(ji)用電(dian)(dian)子開關器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件代替(ti)傳統的(de)接觸式換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)刷。它具有可靠性高(gao)、無(wu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)火花、機械噪聲低等優(you)點。如(ru)圖1所示。

位(wei)置傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)按(an)轉(zhuan)子位(wei)置的(de)(de)變化，沿(yan)著一定次序(xu)對定子繞(rao)(rao)組的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)進行換(huan)流(liu)(liu)（即檢測轉(zhuan)子磁極(ji)相對定子繞(rao)(rao)組的(de)(de)位(wei)置，并在確定的(de)(de)位(wei)置處(chu)產生位(wei)置傳(chuan)感(gan)信號，經信號轉(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)路處(chu)理后去控制功(gong)率開關電(dian)路，按(an)一定的(de)(de)邏輯關系進行繞(rao)(rao)組電(dian)流(liu)(liu)切(qie)換(huan)）。

3、高速永磁無刷電機

由定子鐵心、磁鋼轉子、太陽輪、減速離合器、輪轂外殼(ke)等組成(cheng)。

電機蓋子(zi)上(shang)面可以裝上(shang)霍爾(er)傳感器，用以測速。

位置傳(chuan)感器有磁(ci)敏式、光電式和電磁(ci)式三(san)種類型。

采用(yong)磁(ci)敏式位置(zhi)傳感器的無刷直流電(dian)(dian)動機，其磁(ci)敏傳感器件(jian)（例如(ru)霍爾(er)元件(jian)、磁(ci)敏二極管(guan)、磁(ci)敏詁(gu)極管(guan)、磁(ci)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器或專用(yong)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路等）裝在(zai)定子組件(jian)上(shang)，用(yong)來檢(jian)測永磁(ci)體、轉子旋轉時產生的磁(ci)場變(bian)化。電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)多用(yong)的是霍爾(er)元件(jian)。

采用光(guang)(guang)電式位置傳感器的(de)(de)無刷直流(liu)電動機，在定(ding)(ding)子(zi)組件(jian)(jian)上(shang)按一定(ding)(ding)位置配置了(le)光(guang)(guang)電傳感器件(jian)(jian)，轉子(zi)上(shang)裝有(you)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)，光(guang)(guang)源(yuan)為發光(guang)(guang)二極管或(huo)小(xiao)燈泡。轉子(zi)旋轉時，由于遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)作用，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)上(shang)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)元器件(jian)(jian)將會按一定(ding)(ding)頻率間(jian)歇間(jian)生(sheng)脈沖信號。

采用(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)位置(zhi)傳(chuan)感器的(de)無刷直流電(dian)動機，是在定子(zi)組件(jian)上安裝有電(dian)磁(ci)傳(chuan)感器部件(jian)（例如(ru)耦合變壓器、接近開關(guan)、LC諧振電(dian)路等），當永磁(ci)體轉子(zi)位置(zhi)發生變化時(shi)，電(dian)磁(ci)效應(ying)將使電(dian)磁(ci)傳(chuan)感器產生高(gao)頻調制信號（其幅值隨轉子(zi)位置(zhi)而變化）。

定子(zi)繞組的工(gong)作電壓由位置傳感(gan)器輸出(chu)控(kong)制的電子(zi)開(kai)關電路提供。