一、電動車電機的工作原理

電動車電機是(shi)把電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換成機(ji)械能的一種設備。它是(shi)利用(yong)通電(dian)線圈（也就是(shi)定(ding)子繞組）產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場并作用(yong)于轉(zhuan)子鼠籠式式閉合鋁框形(xing)成磁電(dian)動力旋轉(zhuan)扭矩。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)同分為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)者(zhe)是異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速不(bu)保持同步速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)由定子(zi)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)組(zu)成，通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在磁(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)力運動(dong)的方(fang)向(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)和磁(ci)感(gan)線（磁(ci)場(chang)方(fang)向(xiang)）方(fang)向(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作原理是磁(ci)場(chang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)受(shou)力的作用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)。

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二、電動車電機的組成結構

電動車電機普遍采(cai)用永磁直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的通電(dian)(dian)形式(shi)來分(fen)(fen)，可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)兩大類(lei)(lei)；按照電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)總成的機(ji)(ji)械結構來分(fen)(fen)，一般分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“有齒”（電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速高，需(xu)要(yao)經(jing)過齒輪減(jian)(jian)速）和(he)“無(wu)齒”（電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)扭矩(ju)輸出(chu)不經(jing)過任(ren)何減(jian)(jian)速）兩大類(lei)(lei)。

1、永磁式直流電機

由定子磁極、轉子、電(dian)刷、外殼等組成。

定子磁(ci)極(ji)采用(yong)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)（永(yong)(yong)久磁(ci)鋼(gang)），有鐵氧(yang)體(ti)、鋁鎳鈷、釹鐵硼等材料(liao)。按其結構形式可(ke)分為圓筒型和瓦塊(kuai)型等幾種。

轉子(zi)一般采用(yong)硅鋼片疊壓而成，漆包線繞(rao)(rao)在轉子(zi)鐵心的(de)兩槽(cao)之(zhi)間（三(san)槽(cao)即有三(san)個繞(rao)(rao)組），其各接頭分別焊在換向器(qi)的(de)金屬片上。

電(dian)刷(shua)是(shi)連接電(dian)源與轉(zhuan)子繞組的導電(dian)部件，具(ju)備導電(dian)與耐磨兩種性能。永(yong)磁電(dian)機的電(dian)刷(shua)使(shi)用單性金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)片(pian)或金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)石墨電(dian)刷(shua)、電(dian)化石墨電(dian)刷(shua)。

2、無刷直流電機

由(you)永磁(ci)體轉子、多極繞(rao)組定(ding)子、位置傳(chuan)感(gan)器等組成。無(wu)刷(shua)直流電(dian)機(ji)的(de)特(te)點是無(wu)刷(shua)，采用半導體開關器件(jian)（如(ru)霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)）來實(shi)現電(dian)子換(huan)向的(de)，即用電(dian)子開關器件(jian)代替傳(chuan)統的(de)接觸式換(huan)向器和電(dian)刷(shua)。它具有可靠性高、無(wu)換(huan)向火花、機(ji)械噪聲低等優點。如(ru)圖1所示。

位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)感器按轉(zhuan)子位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的變化，沿(yan)著一定(ding)次序對定(ding)子繞組的電流進(jin)行(xing)換(huan)流（即檢測轉(zhuan)子磁極相對定(ding)子繞組的位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，并在(zai)確(que)定(ding)的位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處產生位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)感信號，經信號轉(zhuan)換(huan)電路處理后去控制功率開關電路，按一定(ding)的邏輯(ji)關系進(jin)行(xing)繞組電流切換(huan)）。

3、高速永磁無刷電機

由(you)定子鐵心、磁鋼(gang)轉子、太陽輪、減(jian)速離(li)合(he)器、輪轂外殼等組成。

電機蓋(gai)子上(shang)面可以裝上(shang)霍爾(er)傳感器，用以測速(su)。

位置傳(chuan)感器有磁(ci)敏式(shi)、光電式(shi)和電磁(ci)式(shi)三種類型。

采用磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)式位(wei)置(zhi)傳感器(qi)的無刷直流電(dian)(dian)動機，其磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)傳感器(qi)件（例(li)如霍爾元件、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)二極管、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)詁極管、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻器(qi)或專用集成電(dian)(dian)路等）裝在定(ding)子組(zu)件上，用來檢(jian)測永磁(ci)(ci)體、轉子旋轉時產(chan)生的磁(ci)(ci)場變化(hua)。電(dian)(dian)動汽車多用的是霍爾元件。

采用光(guang)(guang)電(dian)式位置(zhi)傳感(gan)器的(de)(de)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)動機(ji)，在定(ding)子(zi)(zi)組件上(shang)按(an)(an)一(yi)定(ding)位置(zhi)配置(zhi)了光(guang)(guang)電(dian)傳感(gan)器件，轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)上(shang)裝有遮光(guang)(guang)板，光(guang)(guang)源(yuan)為發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二極(ji)管或(huo)小燈泡。轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)時，由于遮光(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，定(ding)子(zi)(zi)上(shang)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏元器件將會(hui)按(an)(an)一(yi)定(ding)頻率間歇間生脈沖信號。

采用電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式位(wei)置傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)無刷直流電(dian)(dian)動機，是在定子(zi)組件上安裝有電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)部件（例如耦合變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、接近開關、LC諧(xie)振電(dian)(dian)路等），當永磁(ci)體轉子(zi)位(wei)置發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)時，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)效應將使電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)產生(sheng)高頻調制信號（其幅值隨轉子(zi)位(wei)置而變(bian)化(hua)）。

定子繞組(zu)的工(gong)作電壓由位置傳感器(qi)輸出控制的電子開關電路提供。