一、電動車電機的工作原理

電動車電機是把電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成機械能(neng)的一(yi)種設備。它是利用通電(dian)線(xian)圈（也(ye)就是定(ding)子繞組）產生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)并作(zuo)用于轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鼠籠式式閉合鋁(lv)框(kuang)形成磁電(dian)動力旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)扭矩。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不同分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)大部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)(shi)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不保持同步(bu)速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)主要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)組成，通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)受(shou)(shou)力運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)和(he)磁(ci)(ci)感線（磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)）方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作原理是(shi)(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)受(shou)(shou)力的(de)(de)作用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

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二、電動車電機的組成結構

電動車電機普(pu)遍采用永磁直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)形式(shi)來分(fen)，可分(fen)為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)兩大(da)類；按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)總成的(de)(de)機(ji)械結(jie)構來分(fen)，一般分(fen)為“有(you)齒(chi)”（電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速高(gao)，需要經過(guo)齒(chi)輪減(jian)速）和(he)“無齒(chi)”（電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)扭矩輸出(chu)不經過(guo)任何減(jian)速）兩大(da)類。

1、永磁式直流電機

由定子(zi)磁極、轉子(zi)、電刷(shua)、外(wai)殼等組(zu)成。

定(ding)子磁(ci)極采用永磁(ci)體(ti)（永久磁(ci)鋼），有鐵(tie)氧體(ti)、鋁鎳(nie)鈷(gu)、釹鐵(tie)硼等材料(liao)。按其結(jie)構形(xing)式(shi)可分為圓筒型(xing)和(he)瓦塊型(xing)等幾種。

轉子一般采用(yong)硅鋼片(pian)疊壓而(er)成，漆(qi)包線繞(rao)(rao)在轉子鐵心的(de)兩槽之間(jian)（三(san)槽即有三(san)個(ge)繞(rao)(rao)組），其各接(jie)頭分別焊在換向器的(de)金屬片(pian)上。

電(dian)刷(shua)是連(lian)接電(dian)源與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組的導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)件，具備(bei)導(dao)電(dian)與(yu)耐(nai)磨兩(liang)種性(xing)能。永磁電(dian)機的電(dian)刷(shua)使用單性(xing)金屬片(pian)或金屬石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)刷(shua)、電(dian)化石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)刷(shua)。

2、無刷直流電機

由永(yong)磁體(ti)轉子(zi)(zi)、多極繞組定子(zi)(zi)、位(wei)置(zhi)傳感器等(deng)組成。無刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)特(te)點是無刷，采用(yong)半導體(ti)開關(guan)器件（如霍爾元(yuan)件）來實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)換向(xiang)的(de)(de)，即用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)開關(guan)器件代替傳統的(de)(de)接觸式換向(xiang)器和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷。它具有(you)可(ke)靠性(xing)高、無換向(xiang)火花、機械噪聲(sheng)低等(deng)優(you)點。如圖1所示。

位(wei)(wei)置傳感器(qi)按轉子(zi)位(wei)(wei)置的(de)變化(hua)，沿著一定(ding)次(ci)序對(dui)定(ding)子(zi)繞組的(de)電流(liu)進行換(huan)流(liu)（即檢測轉子(zi)磁極相對(dui)定(ding)子(zi)繞組的(de)位(wei)(wei)置，并(bing)在(zai)確定(ding)的(de)位(wei)(wei)置處產(chan)生位(wei)(wei)置傳感信號(hao)，經信號(hao)轉換(huan)電路(lu)處理后去控制功率(lv)開關(guan)電路(lu)，按一定(ding)的(de)邏輯關(guan)系進行繞組電流(liu)切(qie)換(huan)）。

3、高速永磁無刷電機

由定(ding)子(zi)鐵心(xin)、磁(ci)鋼轉(zhuan)子(zi)、太陽輪、減(jian)速(su)離合器、輪轂外殼等組成。

電機(ji)蓋(gai)子上(shang)面(mian)可以裝上(shang)霍(huo)爾傳感器，用以測速(su)。

位(wei)置傳感器有磁(ci)敏(min)式(shi)(shi)、光電式(shi)(shi)和電磁(ci)式(shi)(shi)三種類型。

采用磁敏(min)(min)式位置(zhi)傳感器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)無刷直流電動機，其磁敏(min)(min)傳感器(qi)(qi)件(jian)（例如霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)、磁敏(min)(min)二極(ji)管、磁敏(min)(min)詁(gu)極(ji)管、磁敏(min)(min)電阻器(qi)(qi)或專(zhuan)用集成電路等(deng)）裝在定子組件(jian)上，用來檢測永磁體、轉子旋轉時產生的(de)(de)磁場(chang)變化(hua)。電動汽車(che)多(duo)用的(de)(de)是(shi)霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)。

采用光(guang)電式位(wei)置傳感器的(de)無刷直流(liu)電動機，在定(ding)子組件(jian)上按一定(ding)位(wei)置配置了(le)光(guang)電傳感器件(jian)，轉子上裝(zhuang)有遮光(guang)板(ban)(ban)，光(guang)源為(wei)發光(guang)二(er)極管或(huo)小(xiao)燈(deng)泡(pao)。轉子旋轉時(shi)，由于(yu)遮光(guang)板(ban)(ban)的(de)作用，定(ding)子上的(de)光(guang)敏(min)元器件(jian)將會按一定(ding)頻率間(jian)歇間(jian)生脈沖信號(hao)。

采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁式位(wei)置(zhi)傳(chuan)感器(qi)的無刷(shua)直流電(dian)(dian)動機，是在定子組件(jian)上安(an)裝有電(dian)(dian)磁傳(chuan)感器(qi)部件(jian)（例如耦合變壓器(qi)、接近開關、LC諧振電(dian)(dian)路等(deng)），當永磁體轉(zhuan)子位(wei)置(zhi)發生(sheng)變化(hua)時，電(dian)(dian)磁效應將使電(dian)(dian)磁傳(chuan)感器(qi)產生(sheng)高(gao)頻調制信號（其幅值隨轉(zhuan)子位(wei)置(zhi)而變化(hua)）。

定(ding)子繞組的工作電(dian)壓(ya)由位置傳感(gan)器(qi)輸出(chu)控制(zhi)的電(dian)子開(kai)關電(dian)路提供(gong)。