一、電動車電機有幾種類型
1、按工作(zuo)電源種(zhong)類劃分(fen):可分(fen)為直流電機(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)。
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji):按(an)結(jie)構及工作(zuo)原理可劃(hua)分(fen):無刷直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和有刷直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。又(you)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)材料又(you)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)稀土、鐵氧體、鋁鎳鈷永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)勵(li)(li)磁(ci)方式又(you)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)串勵(li)(li)、并(bing)勵(li)(li)、他(ta)勵(li)(li)和復勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。
交流電機(ji)(ji)可分(fen):單(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)和三(san)相(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)。
2、按(an)結構(gou)和工作(zuo)原理劃分:可分為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速總是略低于旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的(de)(de)同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速。同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速與負載大小無關而(er)始終保持為同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速。
3、按用途分:有驅動電機和(he)控制用電機。
4、按運轉速(su)度分:有高速(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、低(di)速(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、恒速(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)調速(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。低(di)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)又分為齒輪(lun)減(jian)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)磁減(jian)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)爪極同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)等(deng)。
最后(hou)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)肯定(ding)有分品牌、國產或(huo)者是進口的,車(che)子(zi)的價格也(ye)決定(ding)著電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的質量,所以(yi)老是想買便(bian)宜車(che)的朋友,可以(yi)多(duo)多(duo)了解這些電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的區別,再選購。
二、電動車常用電機的優缺點
1、串勵直流電動機
優勢:超大扭矩
串(chuan)勵(li)直流電機(ji)是(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電機(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)王者,啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時能夠輸出巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)扭矩,絕對可以(yi)稱(cheng)得上是(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力之王!裝有(you)串(chuan)勵(li)直流電機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che),起(qi)步(bu)稍稍加油,就可以(yi)燒胎起(qi)步(bu)絕塵(chen)而去,留下兩道長(chang)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)黑色輪(lun)胎印。裝備串(chuan)勵(li)直流電機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che),0~100Km/h加速(su)只需要3.8秒,由于串(chuan)勵(li)直流電機(ji)具有(you)體積(ji)小、輸出扭矩大(da)的(de)(de)(de)特性,在電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方程式賽(sai)車(che)(che)中也有(you)應(ying)用。
串勵直流電(dian)機(ji)名(ming)字聽起來很復雜(za),但在生活(huo)中大部分人都(dou)用過,那就是電(dian)鉆(zhan),所以(yi)知(zhi)道電(dian)鉆(zhan)的(de)力(li)很大的(de)原(yuan)因了吧。串勵直流電(dian)機(ji)啟動時巨大的(de)扭(niu)矩輸出特(te)(te)性,特(te)(te)別適用于(yu)陡坡(po)工況(kuang),并且不需(xu)要變速機(ji)構,就能輸出燃油車(che)無法達到的(de)扭(niu)矩。
劣勢:高速特性差
串(chuan)勵直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)在輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)上有(you)天(tian)生的(de)優(you)勢,但(dan)串(chuan)勵直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)并不(bu)(bu)完美(mei),其中最顯著的(de)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)在勻速(su)(su)狀態下適應(ying)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu),這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)早期的(de)電動(dong)汽車選擇(ze)串(chuan)勵直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)后(hou)又(you)放棄的(de)原因,串(chuan)勵直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)的(de)這(zhe)一致命缺點(dian)導致電動(dong)汽車中高速(su)(su)性能(neng)較(jiao)差,影(ying)響使用體(ti)驗(yan),如果強行大(da)功(gong)率輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)和轉速(su)(su),還會加速(su)(su)電機(ji)(ji)自身的(de)損壞(huai)。
2、永磁直流電機
優勢:超低成本
早期的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)出于(yu)技(ji)術和(he)成本(ben)的原因,選擇安裝(zhuang)永(yong)磁直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機作為動(dong)力來(lai)源,永(yong)磁直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機的確(que)結(jie)構簡(jian)單、穩定可靠、成本(ben)低廉(lian),越來(lai)越多(duo)地用在(zai)低速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具車(che)上。
劣勢:噪音較大
永磁直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的一大缺(que)點是(shi)噪聲(sheng)很大,并且(qie)噪聲(sheng)的頻(pin)率隨電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)提高而增加,達到一定(ding)轉(zhuan)速(su)時就變(bian)得非常刺耳無法讓人(ren)接(jie)受(shou)且(qie)無法消(xiao)除,同樣地(di),電(dian)動(dong)汽車很快也放棄(qi)了直(zhi)流永磁電(dian)機(ji)(ji),但直(zhi)流永磁電(dian)機(ji)(ji)在“老年人(ren)代步車”上大放異彩(cai),盡管這類電(dian)動(dong)汽車不(bu)是(shi)合(he)規電(dian)動(dong)汽車。
3、三相交流電動機
優勢:超控性好
三相交流電機與前面兩種直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)工(gong)作原理不同,在可控性(xing)(xing)方面表(biao)現良好,直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)很難做到精確控制轉動角度,因此裝有直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車,在堵車工(gong)況慢(man)速行駛時非常(chang)考(kao)驗(yan)駕駛技巧(qiao),一加油門就竄動導致(zhi)駕駛體驗(yan)很糟糕。三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)除了可控性(xing)(xing)很好以外,還(huan)有大扭矩、高轉速輸出特性(xing)(xing)。
劣勢:配套設備多
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池輸出直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),要(yao)驅動三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)工作,就要(yao)配套專門的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控制器,將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變成三(san)相需要(yao)波形(xing)的(de)(de)三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),同時增加(jia)了(le)系統復雜度和成本(ben)。另外為了(le)三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)較(jiao)高(gao),使用三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)還需要(yao)配備減速(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)構,也(ye)就是(shi)一個簡(jian)單的(de)(de)變速(su)(su)箱,將轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)與扭(niu)矩以最(zui)合適的(de)(de)狀態輸出。
目前主(zhu)流(liu)(liu)的(de)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)都是使用(yong)三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che),日漸成(cheng)熟的(de)三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機技(ji)術(shu)已經成(cheng)為了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)標配(pei)。