一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于負極(ji)的(de)鎘(ge)(Cd)和氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)(NaOH)中的(de)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根離(li)子(OH-)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)，并附(fu)著在陽極(ji)上，同時也放出電子。電子沿著電線(xian)至陰極(ji)，和陰極(ji)的(de)二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)與(yu)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)中的(de)水反應形成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)和氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根離(li)子，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)會(hui)附(fu)著在陽極(ji)上，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根離(li)子則又回到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)中，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)濃度不(bu)會(hui)隨著時間(jian)而下(xia)降(jiang)。

鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質由氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳粉(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)石墨粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，石墨不(bu)參加(jia)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)，其(qi)主(zhu)要作用是(shi)增(zeng)強導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性。負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質由氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)作用是(shi)使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)擴散性，防止結塊，并增(zeng)加(jia)極(ji)板(ban)的(de)容量。活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質分別包在穿孔鋼帶中(zhong)，加(jia)壓成(cheng)型后(hou)即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)。極(ji)板(ban)間用耐堿的(de)硬橡膠絕(jue)緣棍或有(you)孔的(de)聚氯乙烯瓦(wa)楞板(ban)隔(ge)開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)通常用氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉀溶液(ye)。與其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相比(bi)，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)使用時失去(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)速率(lv)超(chao)科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))適中(zhong)。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在使用過程中(zhong)，如果放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)就(jiu)又充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下次再放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)放出(chu)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。比(bi)如，放出(chu)80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量后(hou)再充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只能(neng)(neng)放出(chu)80%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。這就(jiu)是(shi)所謂(wei)的(de)記憶(yi)效應(ying)。當然，幾(ji)次完(wan)整的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將使NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)恢復正常工作。由于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)記憶(yi)效應(ying)，若未完(wan)全(quan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應(ying)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以(yi)下。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電池(chi)可重(zhong)復500次以(yi)上的(de)充放電，非常的(de)經濟。

2、內阻小，可供大電(dian)流的(de)放電(dian)，當它(ta)放電(dian)時電(dian)壓的(de)變化很小，作為直(zhi)流電(dian)源是一(yi)種質量極佳的(de)電(dian)池。

3、因為采用完全密(mi)封式，因此(ci)不會有電解(jie)液(ye)漏(lou)出的(de)現象，也完全不需(xu)要補充電解(jie)液(ye)。

4、與其他(ta)種類電池相比之下，鎳鎘(ge)電池可耐過(guo)充電或放過(guo)電，操(cao)作(zuo)簡(jian)單方便。

5、長時間的放置下也不會使(shi)性能劣化，當十分充(chong)完電后即可恢復原來的特性。

6、可使用在很廣的溫(wen)度范圍內(nei)。

7、因為它采(cai)用金屬容器而作成，有機(ji)械性的堅(jian)固。

8、鎳鎘電池在非常(chang)嚴(yan)格的(de)品質管理下被制造完成，有非常(chang)優良的(de)品質性賴性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)可以提供500次以上的(de)充(chong)放電周期，壽命幾乎(hu)等同于使(shi)用該種電池(chi)(chi)的(de)設備的(de)服(fu)務(wu)期。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)的情況下(xia)，鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)具有低內阻(zu)和高電(dian)壓的放(fang)電(dian)特(te)性(xing)，因而應用(yong)廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)儲存壽命(ming)長而且限制條(tiao)件少(shao)，在長期(qi)儲存后(hou)仍可正常充(chong)電(dian)。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘電池(chi)可(ke)根(gen)據應用需要進行快速充(chong)(chong)電, 滿充(chong)(chong)時(shi)(shi)間僅為1.2小時(shi)(shi)。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通(tong)型鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以應用(yong)于較高(gao)(gao)或較低溫(wen)度環(huan)(huan)境。高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)型電(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以在70攝氏度或者更高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)度的(de)環(huan)(huan)境中使用(yong)。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥(fa)提供了免(mian)維護(hu)功能。鎳鎘電池在充(chong)放電或者儲存過程中可以(yi)自由使(shi)用。由于密封圈(quan)使(shi)用的是特殊材料(liao)，再加上密封劑的作用，使(shi)得鎳鎘電池很少出(chu)現(xian)漏液現(xian)象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量(liang)從100mAh 至 7000mAh不(bu)等。通常使用(yong)(yong)的有標準型(xing)(xing)(xing)，消(xiao)費型(xing)(xing)(xing)，高溫型(xing)(xing)(xing)和大電流放電型(xing)(xing)(xing)等四(si)大類，可應用(yong)(yong)于任何無線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在(zai)日常(chang)工(gong)作中(zhong)，應該熟悉自己使用電(dian)池所屬類型，它所具有(you)(you)的基本(ben)特點(dian)和性能(neng)。這對(dui)于(yu)指導我們正確(que)的使用和保養，具有(you)(you)十分重要的意義，對(dui)于(yu)延長(chang)電(dian)池的使用壽命也是極為(wei)重要的。

2、充電(dian)(dian)時，室溫最(zui)好(hao)控制在10℃－30℃之(zhi)間進行(xing)，右高于(yu)30攝(she)氏度最(zui)好(hao)采取降溫措施(shi)，避免(mian)因電(dian)(dian)池內部過熱發生變形；室溫低于(yu)5攝(she)氏度時，會造(zao)成充電(dian)(dian)不足，影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用壽命。

3、電(dian)(dian)池經一段(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)使用(yong)后(hou)，由(you)于放電(dian)(dian)程(cheng)度不同和老化或(huo)多或(huo)少(shao)的(de)存在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足(zu)和性能下(xia)降的(de)情況，一般情況下(xia)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池可在10次(ci)左右(you)的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環之后(hou)，進行(xing)一次(ci)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。方法是延(yan)長(chang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)比正(zheng)常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)延(yan)長(chang)一倍左右(you)。具體舉(ju)例如下(xia)：用(yong)SONY的(de)BC--1WA(B)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在綠燈閃爍(shuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)為快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，綠燈停(ting)止閃爍(shuo)長(chang)亮(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)結(jie)束點(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)開始，延(yan)長(chang)點(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，點(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)為過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)以3－4小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)為宜(yi)。

4、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)應嚴格按要(yao)求規范操作，切忌(ji)長期過(guo)充、過(guo)放(fang)或經常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)徹底、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用時長期小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流深度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或短(duan)路都(dou)是造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)下降、壽命(ming)縮短(duan)的重要(yao)因素。長此以(yi)往違(wei)章使(shi)用操作不(bu)僅(jin)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)使(shi)用，而且勢必會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的容量(liang)與壽命(ming)。

5、在(zai)常用(yong)BC-1WA(B)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程應一次(ci)完成，不可中(zhong)途斷電(dian)(dian)或在(zai)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)結束后，電(dian)(dian)池處于(yu)高溫狀態，而重新接通電(dian)(dian)源，使得充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器再次(ci)給電(dian)(dian)池快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，結果會造成過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在(zai)使用(yong)中(zhong)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)池告警(jing)指示燈閃(shan)爍告警(jing)時(shi)，應及時(shi)更(geng)換電(dian)(dian)池，避免電(dian)(dian)池過(guo)量放電(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長期不用時(shi)勿需充電(dian)(dian)保存(cun)，但須(xu)將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)至終止電(dian)(dian)壓后(攝(she)錄機電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)告警燈閃爍)方可封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)存(cun)放在原包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)紙盒(he)或用布、紙包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后，置于干燥、通風處存(cun)放。