一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位(wei)于負極的鎘(ge)(Cd)和氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(NaOH)中的氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根(gen)(gen)離(li)子(zi)(OH-)化(hua)(hua)合(he)成(cheng)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)，并附(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)陽極上(shang)，同時也放出(chu)電(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)子(zi)沿(yan)著(zhu)電(dian)線(xian)至陰極，和陰極的二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳與氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中的水反應形成(cheng)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳和氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根(gen)(gen)離(li)子(zi)，氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳會附(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)陽極上(shang)，氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根(gen)(gen)離(li)子(zi)則又回到氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中，故氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液濃度不會隨(sui)著(zhu)時間而下降。

鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物質(zhi)由氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)粉(fen)和(he)石(shi)墨粉(fen)組成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不(bu)參加(jia)(jia)化(hua)學反應，其主(zhu)要作用(yong)是增強導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)。負(fu)極板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物質(zhi)由氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)和(he)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鐵粉(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鐵粉(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散性(xing)，防止結(jie)塊，并增加(jia)(jia)極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)。活性(xing)物質(zhi)分別包在穿孔(kong)鋼帶中，加(jia)(jia)壓成(cheng)型后(hou)即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)負(fu)極板。極板間用(yong)耐堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬橡膠(jiao)絕緣棍(gun)或有孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)瓦楞板隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液通常(chang)用(yong)氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉀溶液。與其它(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比(bi)，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)使用(yong)時(shi)失(shi)去電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速率(lv)超科(ke)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi))適(shi)中。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用(yong)過(guo)程中，如果(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)完全就又充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，下(xia)次再(zai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，就不(bu)能放出全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。比(bi)如，放出80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)后(hou)再(zai)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)能放出80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。這(zhe)就是所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶(yi)(yi)效應。當(dang)然，幾(ji)次完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)/充電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將使NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)恢復正(zheng)常(chang)工作。由于(yu)NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶(yi)(yi)效應，若未(wei)完全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，應在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)前將每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以(yi)下(xia)。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電池可重復500次以(yi)上的充放電，非常(chang)的經濟。

2、內阻小(xiao)，可供(gong)大電流的放(fang)電，當(dang)它放(fang)電時電壓的變化很(hen)小(xiao)，作為直(zhi)流電源是一種質量極佳的電池。

3、因為采用完全密封式，因此不(bu)會(hui)有電(dian)解(jie)液漏(lou)出的現象，也(ye)完全不(bu)需要(yao)補充電(dian)解(jie)液。

4、與其他(ta)種類(lei)電(dian)(dian)池相比之下，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池可耐過充電(dian)(dian)或放過電(dian)(dian)，操作(zuo)簡(jian)單方便(bian)。

5、長時間的(de)放置下(xia)也(ye)不(bu)會使性能劣化(hua)，當十(shi)分充(chong)完電(dian)后(hou)即可恢復原來的(de)特(te)性。

6、可使用(yong)在很(hen)廣的溫度(du)范圍內。

7、因為它采用金屬(shu)容器而作(zuo)成，有機械性的(de)堅固。

8、鎳鎘電池在(zai)非常(chang)嚴格(ge)的(de)品(pin)(pin)質管理下被制造完成，有非常(chang)優(you)良(liang)的(de)品(pin)(pin)質性賴性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)可以提供500次以上的(de)充放電(dian)周(zhou)期(qi)，壽(shou)命幾(ji)乎等同于使用該種電(dian)池(chi)的(de)設備的(de)服務期(qi)。

2、優異的放電性能

在大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)情況下，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池具有低(di)內(nei)阻(zu)和高電(dian)壓的(de)放電(dian)特性(xing)，因(yin)而應(ying)用廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘(ge)電池儲(chu)存壽命長而且限制條件少，在長期儲(chu)存后仍可正常充電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘電(dian)池可根據應用需要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)快速充(chong)電(dian), 滿充(chong)時間僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型(xing)鎳鎘電(dian)池可以應用(yong)于(yu)較高或較低溫度(du)環境。高溫型(xing)電(dian)池可以在(zai)70攝氏度(du)或者更高溫度(du)的(de)環境中使用(yong)。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥提(ti)供了免維(wei)護功能。鎳(nie)鎘電池在充放電或者儲(chu)存過(guo)程中可以自由(you)使(shi)用(yong)。由(you)于密封圈使(shi)用(yong)的是特殊材料(liao)，再(zai)加上密封劑的作(zuo)用(yong)，使(shi)得鎳(nie)鎘電池很少出現漏液現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從100mAh 至 7000mAh不等(deng)。通(tong)常使用(yong)的(de)有標準型(xing)，消費型(xing)，高溫型(xing)和(he)大(da)(da)電流放電型(xing)等(deng)四大(da)(da)類，可應(ying)用(yong)于任(ren)何(he)無線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日常工作中，應該熟悉(xi)自己使用(yong)電(dian)池所屬類型，它所具(ju)有的(de)基本(ben)特點和性(xing)能。這對(dui)于指導(dao)我們正確(que)的(de)使用(yong)和保養，具(ju)有十分重要的(de)意(yi)義，對(dui)于延(yan)長電(dian)池的(de)使用(yong)壽命也是極為重要的(de)。

2、充(chong)電(dian)時，室溫(wen)最好控制(zhi)在10℃－30℃之間進行，右高(gao)于30攝氏(shi)(shi)度最好采(cai)取降(jiang)溫(wen)措施，避免因電(dian)池內(nei)部過(guo)熱(re)發生變形；室溫(wen)低于5攝氏(shi)(shi)度時，會(hui)造(zao)成充(chong)電(dian)不足，影響電(dian)池的使(shi)用壽命。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經一(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的使用后(hou)，由于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度(du)不同和(he)老化或多或少(shao)的存在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和(he)性能下降的情(qing)況，一(yi)般情(qing)況下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可在(zai)10次左右(you)的充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環之后(hou)，進行一(yi)次過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是延(yan)長(chang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)比正常充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)延(yan)長(chang)一(yi)倍左右(you)。具體舉例(li)如下：用SONY的BC--1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)綠燈閃爍時(shi)為快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠燈停(ting)止閃爍長(chang)亮時(shi)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始，延(yan)長(chang)點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)，點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)以3－4小(xiao)時(shi)為宜。

4、電(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)應嚴格按要求規范(fan)操作，切忌長(chang)期過充、過放(fang)(fang)或經(jing)常充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)徹底、電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)時長(chang)期小電(dian)(dian)流深度(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)或短(duan)(duan)路(lu)都是造成電(dian)(dian)池容量下(xia)降、壽命(ming)縮短(duan)(duan)的(de)重要因素(su)。長(chang)此以(yi)往違章使用(yong)操作不(bu)僅會影(ying)響使用(yong)，而且勢(shi)必會影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量與壽命(ming)。

5、在常(chang)用BC-1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程應一(yi)次(ci)完(wan)成，不可中(zhong)途斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或在快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處于高溫狀態，而(er)重(zhong)新接通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，使得充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次(ci)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結果會(hui)造成過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在使用中(zhong)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)告警指(zhi)示燈閃爍告警時(shi)，應及時(shi)更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過量(liang)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳鎘電(dian)池長期不用時勿需充電(dian)保(bao)存，但須將電(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)至終止電(dian)壓(ya)后(hou)(攝錄(lu)機電(dian)池告警燈(deng)閃爍)方可封裝(zhuang)存放(fang)在原包裝(zhuang)紙盒(he)或用布(bu)、紙包裝(zhuang)后(hou)，置于干(gan)燥、通風處存放(fang)。