一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于負(fu)極(ji)的(de)鎘(Cd)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(NaOH)中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(OH-)化(hua)(hua)合(he)成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘，并附(fu)著(zhu)(zhu)在陽(yang)極(ji)上，同時(shi)也放出(chu)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)沿著(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)線至陰(yin)極(ji)，和(he)陰(yin)極(ji)的(de)二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)(nie)與(yu)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中(zhong)的(de)水反應形成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)(nie)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離(li)子(zi)(zi)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)(nie)會(hui)附(fu)著(zhu)(zhu)在陽(yang)極(ji)上，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離(li)子(zi)(zi)則又回(hui)到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中(zhong)，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液濃度不會(hui)隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)間而下降。

鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳粉(fen)(fen)和石墨(mo)粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，石墨(mo)不(bu)參加化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)，其主(zhu)要作用是(shi)增強導電(dian)(dian)性。負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是(shi)使(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散性，防止(zhi)結塊，并增加極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)。活性物(wu)質分別(bie)包在(zai)穿孔(kong)鋼帶中，加壓成(cheng)型后即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)。極(ji)(ji)板(ban)間(jian)用耐堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬橡膠絕緣棍或有孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)瓦楞板(ban)隔開。電(dian)(dian)解液通常用氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉀溶(rong)液。與(yu)其它電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相比，NiCd電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)(即電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)使(shi)(shi)用時失(shi)去(qu)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速率(lv)超科電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi))適中。NiCd電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用過程中，如果放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)完全(quan)就又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，下次(ci)再放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時，就不(bu)能放(fang)(fang)(fang)出全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。比如，放(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%電(dian)(dian)量(liang)后再充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只能放(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。這(zhe)就是(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)。當然，幾(ji)次(ci)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環將使(shi)(shi)NiCd電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)恢復正常工作。由(you)于(yu)NiCd電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)，若未完全(quan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，應(ying)(ying)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)前將每節電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)至1V以下。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)可重復500次以上(shang)的(de)充放電，非(fei)常(chang)的(de)經濟。

2、內(nei)阻小，可(ke)供大電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)，當它放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)變化(hua)很(hen)小，作為直流電(dian)(dian)源是一(yi)種(zhong)質量極佳的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池。

3、因(yin)為采(cai)用完全密封式，因(yin)此不會有電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)漏出的現象，也完全不需(xu)要補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)。

4、與其(qi)他種類電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比之下，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可耐(nai)過充電(dian)(dian)或放過電(dian)(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長時間的放置下也不會使性能劣化，當十分充完電后即可(ke)恢復原來的特性。

6、可使(shi)用在很廣的(de)溫度(du)范圍內(nei)。

7、因(yin)為它采用金屬容器而作成，有機械性的(de)堅固。

8、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池在非常嚴格的品質(zhi)管理下被(bei)制造完成，有非常優良(liang)的品質(zhi)性賴性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電池(chi)可以(yi)提供(gong)500次以(yi)上的充放電周(zhou)期，壽(shou)命幾乎(hu)等同于使用(yong)該種電池(chi)的設備(bei)的服務期。

2、優異的放電性能

在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的情況下，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有低內阻和高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)特性，因而應用(yong)廣(guang)泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘電池儲存壽(shou)命長(chang)而且限(xian)制(zhi)條(tiao)件少(shao)，在(zai)長(chang)期(qi)儲存后仍(reng)可正(zheng)常充電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘電池可根據應用(yong)需要進行快速充電, 滿充時間僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型鎳鎘電池(chi)可(ke)以應用(yong)于較(jiao)高(gao)或(huo)較(jiao)低溫(wen)度環境(jing)。高(gao)溫(wen)型電池(chi)可(ke)以在70攝氏度或(huo)者更高(gao)溫(wen)度的環境(jing)中使用(yong)。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥提供(gong)了免維護功(gong)能。鎳鎘電(dian)池在充放電(dian)或者儲存過程中可以自由使用(yong)。由于密(mi)封圈使用(yong)的是特殊材料(liao)，再(zai)加(jia)上(shang)密(mi)封劑的作用(yong)，使得(de)鎳鎘電(dian)池很少出(chu)現漏液現象(xiang)。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容(rong)量從100mAh 至 7000mAh不(bu)等(deng)。通常使用的有標準型(xing)，消(xiao)費(fei)型(xing)，高溫型(xing)和(he)大(da)電流(liu)放電型(xing)等(deng)四大(da)類，可(ke)應用于任何無線設(she)備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日(ri)常工作中，應該熟悉(xi)自己使(shi)(shi)用電池所屬類(lei)型，它(ta)所具有(you)(you)的(de)基本特(te)點和性能。這對于指導我們正確的(de)使(shi)(shi)用和保養(yang)，具有(you)(you)十分(fen)重要(yao)的(de)意義(yi)，對于延長(chang)電池的(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命也(ye)是極為重要(yao)的(de)。

2、充(chong)電時(shi)，室(shi)溫最好(hao)控制在10℃－30℃之(zhi)間進(jin)行(xing)，右高于(yu)30攝氏度最好(hao)采取降溫措施，避免(mian)因電池(chi)內部過熱發生變形(xing)；室(shi)溫低(di)于(yu)5攝氏度時(shi)，會造成充(chong)電不足，影響電池(chi)的使用(yong)壽命。

3、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經一段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)使用后，由(you)于放電(dian)(dian)程度不同和老化或多或少的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足和性能下降的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，一般情(qing)況(kuang)下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可在(zai)10次左右(you)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)之后，進行一次過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。方法(fa)是延(yan)長充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)比正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)延(yan)長一倍左右(you)。具體舉(ju)例如下：用SONY的(de)(de)BC--1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)綠(lv)燈閃爍時(shi)(shi)為快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，綠(lv)燈停止(zhi)閃爍長亮時(shi)(shi)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)結束點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)開始，延(yan)長點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)，點(dian)滴充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)以3－4小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)為宜。

4、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)應嚴格(ge)按要(yao)求規范操作，切忌長(chang)期(qi)過(guo)充(chong)、過(guo)放(fang)或經常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)不徹(che)底、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用(yong)時長(chang)期(qi)小電(dian)(dian)流深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)或短路都是造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量下降、壽命縮短的重要(yao)因素。長(chang)此(ci)以往違(wei)章使用(yong)操作不僅會影響使用(yong)，而(er)且勢必(bi)會影響電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量與壽命。

5、在常用BC-1WA(B)充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)中，電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)過程應一次(ci)完(wan)成(cheng)，不可中途(tu)斷電(dian)或(huo)在快速(su)充電(dian)結束后，電(dian)池(chi)處于高溫狀態，而重新(xin)接(jie)通電(dian)源，使(shi)得充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)再次(ci)給電(dian)池(chi)快速(su)充電(dian)，結果(guo)會造成(cheng)過充電(dian)。在使(shi)用中當電(dian)池(chi)告警指示燈(deng)閃爍告警時(shi)，應及時(shi)更換(huan)電(dian)池(chi)，避免電(dian)池(chi)過量放電(dian)。

6、鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)長(chang)期(qi)不用(yong)時勿需充電(dian)(dian)保存(cun)，但須將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)至終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后(攝錄機電(dian)(dian)池(chi)告警燈閃爍(shuo))方可(ke)封裝存(cun)放(fang)(fang)在原包裝紙盒或用(yong)布、紙包裝后，置于干燥(zao)、通風處存(cun)放(fang)(fang)。