一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于(yu)負極(ji)的鎘(Cd)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉(na)(NaOH)中(zhong)的氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(OH-)化合成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鎘，并(bing)附著在(zai)陽極(ji)上(shang)，同時也放出(chu)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)沿著電(dian)線(xian)至陰極(ji)，和(he)陰極(ji)的二(er)氧(yang)化鎳(nie)與氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的水反(fan)應形(xing)成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鎳(nie)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)(zi)(zi)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鎳(nie)會(hui)附著在(zai)陽極(ji)上(shang)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)(zi)(zi)則又回到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)濃度不會(hui)隨著時間而(er)下降。

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質由氧化(hua)鎳(nie)粉(fen)和石(shi)墨粉(fen)組成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不參加(jia)化(hua)學反應，其主要作用(yong)是(shi)增(zeng)強導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)。負極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質由氧化(hua)鎘粉(fen)和氧化(hua)鐵(tie)粉(fen)組成(cheng)，氧化(hua)鐵(tie)粉(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)使氧化(hua)鎘粉(fen)有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散性(xing)，防止(zhi)結塊，并增(zeng)加(jia)極(ji)(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)。活(huo)性(xing)物質分別包在(zai)穿(chuan)孔鋼(gang)帶中，加(jia)壓成(cheng)型(xing)后即成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正負極(ji)(ji)板。極(ji)(ji)板間用(yong)耐堿的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬橡(xiang)膠絕緣棍或有孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚氯乙烯瓦(wa)楞(leng)板隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液通常(chang)用(yong)氫氧化(hua)鉀溶液。與(yu)其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相比，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不使用(yong)時失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))適中。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)使用(yong)過(guo)程中，如果放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不完(wan)全就(jiu)又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下次再放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)不能放出(chu)(chu)(chu)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。比如，放出(chu)(chu)(chu)80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)后再充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只能放出(chu)(chu)(chu)80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。這就(jiu)是(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶效應。當然，幾次完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)將使NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)恢(hui)復正常(chang)工作。由于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶效應，若未完(wan)全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將每(mei)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以下。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電池可重復500次以上的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電，非常的(de)經濟。

2、內阻小，可供(gong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)放電(dian)(dian)，當它放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)變化很小，作為直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)一種質量極佳的(de)電(dian)(dian)池。

3、因為采用完(wan)全(quan)密封式，因此不會有電解液(ye)漏出的(de)現象，也完(wan)全(quan)不需要補充電解液(ye)。

4、與其(qi)他種類(lei)電(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比之下(xia)，鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)可耐(nai)過(guo)充電(dian)或放(fang)過(guo)電(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長(chang)時間(jian)的放置下也不會使性(xing)能劣(lie)化，當十分充完電后即可恢復原來的特性(xing)。

6、可(ke)使用在很廣的溫度范(fan)圍內。

7、因為(wei)它采用金屬容器而作成，有機械性(xing)的(de)堅固。

8、鎳鎘(ge)電池在非(fei)常嚴格的品質(zhi)管理下被制造完成，有非(fei)常優良的品質(zhi)性賴性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電(dian)池可以提供(gong)500次以上的充放電(dian)周期，壽(shou)命(ming)幾乎等(deng)同于(yu)使用(yong)該種電(dian)池的設備(bei)的服務期。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電流放電的(de)情(qing)況下，鎳(nie)鎘電池具(ju)有低(di)內阻和高(gao)電壓的(de)放電特性(xing)，因而應用廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳(nie)鎘電池儲(chu)存壽(shou)命(ming)長而且限制條件少，在(zai)長期儲(chu)存后仍可正常(chang)充(chong)電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘電池可根據應用需要進(jin)行快(kuai)速充電, 滿充時間僅為1.2小(xiao)時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型(xing)(xing)鎳鎘電池可以(yi)應用于較(jiao)高或(huo)較(jiao)低溫度環境(jing)。高溫型(xing)(xing)電池可以(yi)在70攝氏(shi)度或(huo)者(zhe)更(geng)高溫度的環境(jing)中使用。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥提供了免(mian)維護功能。鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池在充放(fang)電(dian)或者儲存過(guo)程中可以自(zi)由(you)使用。由(you)于(yu)密封圈使用的(de)是特殊材料(liao)，再加上密封劑的(de)作用，使得(de)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池很少出現漏液現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從(cong)100mAh 至 7000mAh不等。通常使用的有標準型，消(xiao)費型，高溫型和大電流(liu)放(fang)電型等四大類，可應(ying)用于任何無線(xian)設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日常工作中，應該熟悉自(zi)己(ji)使用(yong)電(dian)池所屬(shu)類型(xing)，它所具有的(de)基本特點和(he)(he)性能。這對于指導我(wo)們正確的(de)使用(yong)和(he)(he)保養(yang)，具有十分重要(yao)的(de)意義，對于延長電(dian)池的(de)使用(yong)壽命也是極為重要(yao)的(de)。

2、充電時(shi)，室溫最好控制在(zai)10℃－30℃之間進(jin)行，右高于(yu)30攝氏(shi)度(du)最好采取(qu)降(jiang)溫措施，避免因電池內部過熱(re)發生(sheng)變形；室溫低于(yu)5攝氏(shi)度(du)時(shi)，會(hui)造成充電不足，影響電池的使用(yong)壽命。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經一段時(shi)間(jian)的(de)使用(yong)后，由于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同(tong)和老化或(huo)多或(huo)少的(de)存在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)和性(xing)能(neng)下降的(de)情況，一般情況下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)在(zai)10次(ci)左右的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環之后，進行一次(ci)過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是延(yan)(yan)長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)比正常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)延(yan)(yan)長一倍左右。具體(ti)舉(ju)例如(ru)下：用(yong)SONY的(de)BC--1WA(B)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)綠燈閃爍時(shi)為(wei)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠燈停止閃爍長亮時(shi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點(dian)(dian)滴充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)，延(yan)(yan)長點(dian)(dian)滴充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)時(shi)，點(dian)(dian)滴充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)以3－4小時(shi)為(wei)宜。

4、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)應嚴格按要求規范操作(zuo)，切忌長(chang)期(qi)過充、過放(fang)或經常(chang)充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)徹(che)底、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)用(yong)時長(chang)期(qi)小電(dian)(dian)流深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)或短(duan)路都是造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量下降(jiang)、壽命縮短(duan)的(de)重(zhong)要因素。長(chang)此以往違章使(shi)用(yong)操作(zuo)不(bu)僅會(hui)(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)使(shi)用(yong)，而且勢(shi)必會(hui)(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量與壽命。

5、在常用BC-1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程應一次(ci)完成，不(bu)可中(zhong)(zhong)途斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)在快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處(chu)于(yu)高溫(wen)狀態，而重新接(jie)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，使得充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次(ci)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結果會造成過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在使用中(zhong)(zhong)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)告警指(zhi)示燈閃爍告警時(shi)，應及時(shi)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)量放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳(nie)鎘電池長期不用(yong)時勿(wu)需充電保存，但(dan)須(xu)將電池放(fang)電至終止電壓后(hou)(攝錄機電池告警燈(deng)閃爍)方可(ke)封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)存放(fang)在原包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)紙盒(he)或用(yong)布、紙包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后(hou)，置于干燥、通風處(chu)存放(fang)。