一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于(yu)負極的鎘(Cd)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)(na)(NaOH)中(zhong)的氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)(OH-)化(hua)合成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鎘，并附著在陽極上，同時也放出電(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)子(zi)沿著電(dian)線至(zhi)陰極，和(he)陰極的二氧(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)與氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)(na)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的水反應形成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)會附著在陽極上，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)根離子(zi)則又回到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)(na)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)(na)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃度不會隨著時間而下降。

鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)活性物質(zhi)由氧化(hua)(hua)鎳粉(fen)(fen)和石(shi)墨粉(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不(bu)參加(jia)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)，其主(zhu)要作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是增強導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性。負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)活性物質(zhi)由氧化(hua)(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)和氧化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，氧化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是使氧化(hua)(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)散性，防止(zhi)結(jie)塊(kuai)，并增加(jia)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量。活性物質(zhi)分別包在(zai)穿(chuan)孔鋼帶中，加(jia)壓成(cheng)型后即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)。極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)間用(yong)(yong)(yong)耐堿的(de)(de)(de)硬橡膠絕緣棍或有(you)孔的(de)(de)(de)聚氯乙(yi)烯瓦楞(leng)板(ban)(ban)隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)通常用(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)氧化(hua)(hua)鉀(jia)溶液(ye)。與其它(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比(bi)，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)時失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)速率(lv)超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))適中。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中，如果放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)就(jiu)又充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下次再放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)放出全(quan)(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。比(bi)如，放出80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量后再充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只能(neng)放出80%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。這就(jiu)是所謂的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)。當然，幾次完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將使NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)恢(hui)復(fu)正(zheng)常工作。由于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)，若未完(wan)全(quan)(quan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應(ying)在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以(yi)下。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電池可(ke)重(zhong)復500次以(yi)上的充放電，非常的經濟(ji)。

2、內阻小，可供大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的放電(dian)(dian)，當(dang)它放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓的變化很小，作為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是一種質量極佳(jia)的電(dian)(dian)池。

3、因(yin)為(wei)采用(yong)完全密封式，因(yin)此不會有電解液(ye)漏出的現象，也完全不需要補充(chong)電解液(ye)。

4、與(yu)其他種類電(dian)(dian)池相比之下，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)耐過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)或放(fang)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長時間的放置下(xia)也不會(hui)使性能劣化，當十(shi)分充完(wan)電后(hou)即可恢復(fu)原(yuan)來的特性。

6、可使(shi)用在很廣的溫(wen)度范(fan)圍內(nei)。

7、因為它采用(yong)金(jin)屬容器而作成，有機(ji)械性的(de)堅固。

8、鎳(nie)鎘電池在非常嚴格的品質(zhi)管(guan)理(li)下被制(zhi)造完成(cheng)，有非常優良的品質(zhi)性(xing)賴性(xing)。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電池可以(yi)提(ti)供500次(ci)以(yi)上的充放(fang)電周期(qi)，壽命(ming)幾乎等同于使用該種電池的設(she)備的服務期(qi)。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電流放(fang)電的情況下(xia)，鎳鎘電池具有低內阻和(he)高電壓的放(fang)電特性，因(yin)而應(ying)用廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘電池儲(chu)存(cun)壽命長(chang)而且(qie)限制條件少，在長(chang)期儲(chu)存(cun)后仍可正常(chang)充(chong)電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池可(ke)根(gen)據應用需(xu)要進行(xing)快速充(chong)電(dian), 滿(man)充(chong)時間僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型鎳鎘電池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)應用(yong)于較(jiao)高(gao)或較(jiao)低溫度環境。高(gao)溫型電池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)在70攝氏度或者(zhe)更高(gao)溫度的環境中使用(yong)。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥(fa)提供了(le)免維(wei)護功能(neng)。鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)在(zai)充放(fang)電或(huo)者(zhe)儲存過程中可以自由使(shi)用。由于密封圈使(shi)用的(de)是特殊材(cai)料(liao)，再(zai)加上(shang)密封劑的(de)作用，使(shi)得(de)鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)很少出現漏液現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從100mAh 至 7000mAh不等(deng)。通常使用的有(you)標(biao)準型，消(xiao)費型，高溫(wen)型和大電流放(fang)電型等(deng)四大類，可應(ying)用于任何無線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日常工作中，應該(gai)熟悉(xi)自己使用電池所屬(shu)類型(xing)，它所具有的基本特(te)點和性能。這(zhe)對于(yu)指導我們正(zheng)確的使用和保養，具有十分(fen)重要的意義，對于(yu)延長(chang)電池的使用壽命也是極為重要的。

2、充電(dian)時(shi)，室溫(wen)(wen)最(zui)好控制在10℃－30℃之間進行，右高于30攝氏度最(zui)好采(cai)取降溫(wen)(wen)措施，避免因電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部過熱發生(sheng)變形；室溫(wen)(wen)低于5攝氏度時(shi)，會造成充電(dian)不足，影(ying)響電(dian)池(chi)的使用(yong)壽(shou)命。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經一段(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的使用(yong)后，由于放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同和老(lao)化或多或少的存在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和性能下(xia)降的情況，一般情況下(xia)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)在10次左右的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)之后，進行(xing)一次過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是(shi)延長(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)比(bi)正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)延長(chang)一倍(bei)左右。具體(ti)舉例如下(xia)：用(yong)SONY的BC--1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在綠燈(deng)閃爍時(shi)(shi)(shi)為快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠燈(deng)停止閃爍長(chang)亮時(shi)(shi)(shi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始，延長(chang)點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)為過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)以3－4小時(shi)(shi)(shi)為宜(yi)。

4、電(dian)(dian)池充放電(dian)(dian)應嚴格按要求規范(fan)操作(zuo)，切(qie)忌(ji)長期(qi)過充、過放或經常充電(dian)(dian)不足。放電(dian)(dian)不徹底、電(dian)(dian)池使用時長期(qi)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流深度(du)放電(dian)(dian)或短路都是(shi)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池容量下降、壽命縮短的(de)重要因素。長此以往違章使用操作(zuo)不僅會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)使用，而且勢必會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量與壽命。

5、在常用(yong)BC-1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程應一次完成，不可中(zhong)途斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或在快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處于高(gao)溫狀(zhuang)態，而重新接通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結果會造成過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在使用(yong)中(zhong)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)告(gao)警(jing)指示燈閃爍告(gao)警(jing)時(shi)(shi)，應及時(shi)(shi)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過量放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期不(bu)用時勿需充電(dian)(dian)(dian)保存，但(dan)須將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)(攝(she)錄(lu)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)告警燈閃爍)方可封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)存放(fang)(fang)在原(yuan)包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)紙盒(he)或(huo)用布(bu)、紙包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后(hou)，置(zhi)于干燥、通風處(chu)存放(fang)(fang)。