氣吸式精量播種機主要特點及工作原理
由于氣(qi)吸(xi)式(shi)精(jing)量播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點低、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床平整(zheng)、籽粒分布均勻(yun)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深一(yi)致以及(ji)出苗整(zheng)齊等符合農藝要求的(de)(de)特點,越來(lai)越受到農工們的(de)(de)歡(huan)迎。在該(gai)機(ji)(ji)氣(qi)吸(xi)體上更換不同的(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤和(he)采用不同的(de)(de)傳動比,即可精(jing)量播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)棉花、玉米(mi)(mi)、油(you)葵以及(ji)甜菜等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)物。氣(qi)吸(xi)式(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)可膜上、膜下點播(bo),株、行距可調,通用性(xing)強,并能一(yi)次(ci)完成(cheng)鋪(pu)膜、施肥、開溝、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土和(he)鎮壓(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye),是滿足(zu)(zu)棉花、玉米(mi)(mi)、油(you)葵耕作(zuo)(zuo)模式(shi)中實(shi)現均衡增(zeng)產的(de)(de)更新機(ji)(ji)械。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)雖然有其(qi)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)優越性(xing),但(dan)也(ye)存在不足(zu)(zu)之處,需要使(shi)用者不斷總結經(jing)驗,發揮(hui)其(qi)長處,彌(mi)補其(qi)不足(zu)(zu)。
了解工作原理是用好氣吸式精量播種機的保證。
氣吸(xi)式(shi)播種(zhong)器工作時由高速(su)風(feng)機產生負(fu)壓(ya),傳給(gei)排(pai)種(zhong)單體的(de)真空(kong)(kong)室。排(pai)種(zhong)盤(pan)回轉時,在(zai)真空(kong)(kong)室負(fu)壓(ya)作用(yong)下吸(xi)附種(zhong)子,并隨排(pai)種(zhong)盤(pan)一起轉動。當種(zhong)子轉出真空(kong)(kong)室后,不再承受負(fu)壓(ya),就靠(kao)自重或在(zai)刮種(zhong)器作用(yong)下落在(zai)溝內。其工作質量可以用(yong)空(kong)(kong)穴(xue)率、重播率來評價。主要影(ying)響因素(su)有真空(kong)(kong)度、吸(xi)孔形狀、種(zhong)子尺寸以及(ji)刮種(zhong)器的(de)構造和(he)調整等。
(1)真空度。真空度越(yue)(yue)大(da)則吸(xi)附種(zhong)子的能(neng)力(li)越(yue)(yue)強,越(yue)(yue)不(bu)易產生空穴;但單個吸(xi)孔吸(xi)附幾粒(li)種(zhong)子的可能(neng)性加大(da),使重播(bo)率增大(da)。
(2)吸孔直徑。吸孔(kong)越大,吸孔(kong)處對種子的吸力越大,同樣可(ke)使(shi)空穴(xue)率減少、重播率增加。
(3)刮種器。它的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是刮(gua)去吸孔(kong)吸附的(de)(de)(de)多余種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),降低重播率。在工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)由于機具的(de)(de)(de)裝配質量不(bu)好或運(yun)動中(zhong)(zhong)碰撞,使刮(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)器與排種(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)距離(li)產生變化,或導致碎種(zhong)(zhong),或達不(bu)到刮(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。刮(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)器與排種(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)距離(li)應在0與種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)平均直徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)一半(ban)之(zhi)間,使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)無法進(jin)入刮(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)器與排種(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)之(zhi)間形成的(de)(de)(de)間隙。
(4)風機。它是產生負壓以供排種器吸附種子的關鍵部件,風機葉輪要高速旋轉以產生高的負壓。風機風力小、風管漏氣或風管直徑小均會產生排種器真空室真空度小、吸不上種子而產生漏播現象。