制動液的分類及選購標準

制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)俗(su)稱“剎車(che)(che)(che)油”，它(ta)是機(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)中傳遞壓力、制(zhi)止車(che)(che)(che)輪轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)介質，目前，90%的(de)車(che)(che)(che)輛均采用液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)。因其(qi)特殊性，它(ta)必須要有(you)適宜的(de)高溫(wen)粘度和良(liang)好的(de)低(di)溫(wen)流動(dong)(dong)性；有(you)良(liang)好的(de)化學穩(wen)定性；有(you)較高的(de)平衡回流沸點；有(you)較低(di)的(de)吸(xi)濕性；有(you)良(liang)好的(de)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)適應性；有(you)良(liang)好的(de)金屬抗腐蝕(shi)性。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)既然重要，那什么時(shi)候(hou)更換、怎么選擇(ze)合(he)適的(de)型號(hao)以及要注(zhu)意哪些問題也是許(xu)多車(che)(che)(che)友(you)急于(yu)想了解的(de)。

制動液的分類

由于(yu)配制(zhi)(zhi)的原料不同，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液的種類(lei)比(bi)較多，目(mu)前(qian)大(da)體上分(fen)為3種類(lei)型(xing)：醇(chun)型(xing)、礦物油(you)型(xing)和(he)合成型(xing)。其中醇(chun)型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液有醇(chun)型(xing)1號(hao)(蓖麻油(you)＋乙醇(chun))和(he)醇(chun)型(xing)3號(hao)(蓖麻油(you)＋丁醇(chun))，醇(chun)型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液工藝簡單、潤滑性好且(qie)價格低廉，但在炎熱(re)季(ji)節使(shi)用時易產生氣阻，在嚴(yan)寒地區的冬季(ji)使(shi)用時會(hui)變(bian)稠分(fen)層，使(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)沉重，甚(shen)至失靈，故已被淘(tao)汰(tai)。

礦物(wu)油(you)型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液是(shi)以精(jing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的輕(qing)柴油(you)餾分(fen)(fen)經深(shen)度(du)脫臘得(de)到的C12~C19異構烷烴及(ji)烷烴組分(fen)(fen)經添加稠化劑、抗氧劑和助劑調合而成。按運動(dong)粘(zhan)度(du)分(fen)(fen)為7號和9號兩種類型。礦物(wu)型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)適應(ying)范(fan)圍(wei)很寬(kuan)，可以從-50℃~150℃，低(di)溫(wen)(wen)流動(dong)性和潤(run)滑性較好，對金屬(shu)無腐蝕作用(yong)。但對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)系統的橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)部(bu)件(如(ru)皮(pi)碗(wan))有溶解作用(yong)，如(ru)使用(yong)這(zhe)種類型的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液，必須(xu)換用(yong)耐礦物(wu)油(you)的橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)零(ling)件。

目前使用(yong)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)普遍的是合(he)(he)成(cheng)型制動(dong)液，它是以有機溶劑(ji)中的醇、醚(mi)和(he)酯為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎，加入(ru)添加劑(ji)調制而(er)成(cheng)。合(he)(he)成(cheng)性制動(dong)液的成(cheng)分比較(jiao)復(fu)雜，性質差異(yi)很大，為(wei)(wei)此國家頒(ban)布了合(he)(he)成(cheng)型制動(dong)液標準。有1號(hao)(hao)、4603、4603~1和(he)4604等牌(pai)號(hao)(hao)。4603和(he)4603~l號(hao)(hao)合(he)(he)成(cheng)制動(dong)液適(shi)用(yong)于各類(lei)載貨汽車(che)的制動(dong)系(xi)；4604則適(shi)用(yong)于高檔轎車(che)和(he)各種汽車(che)的制動(dong)系(xi)。

合成型制動(dong)(dong)液沸點較高，不易產生(sheng)氣阻；良(liang)好(hao)的低(di)溫(wen)(wen)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)，不因低(di)溫(wen)(wen)而粘度增大、流(liu)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)變差(cha)，使制動(dong)(dong)發(fa)硬；吸水性(xing)小，不影響沸點和低(di)溫(wen)(wen)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)；良(liang)好(hao)的化學穩(wen)定性(xing)，對金屬(shu)有(you)防腐(fu)、防銹作用，不易分解變質(zhi)而產生(sheng)沉淀(dian)物；對橡(xiang)膠(jiao)件的腐(fu)蝕和溶(rong)脹性(xing)小，以保(bao)證密封件不會嚴重變形等。這類制動(dong)(dong)液在我國(guo)各地(di)一年(nian)四(si)季均可使用，因而正逐漸成為通用型制動(dong)(dong)液。

制動液的質量等級

制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)與機油一樣，也有質量等(deng)(deng)級之分(fen)(fen)。國產制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)的質量等(deng)(deng)級：國產制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)根據其平衡回流、沸點(dian)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)JG3、JG4、JG5三(san)個質量等(deng)(deng)級。序(xu)號(hao)越(yue)大平衡回流沸點(dian)越(yue)高，高溫抗氣阻性(xing)越(yue)好(hao)，行車制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)安(an)全性(xing)越(yue)高。我國還(huan)將(jiang)合成制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：HZY3、HZY4和HZY5。

國(guo)(guo)外(wai)制動(dong)(dong)液的(de)(de)質量等(deng)級：美(mei)國(guo)(guo)汽(qi)車(che)工程學會(SAE)規格有SAEJ1704(高溫地(di)區(qu)使用(yong)(yong))、SAEJ1703(正常)、SAEJ1702(嚴(yan)寒地(di)區(qu)使用(yong)(yong))。另外(wai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)聯(lian)邦機動(dong)(dong)車(che)輛安(an)全標準(zhun)規格分(fen)為(wei)(wei)DOT3、DOT4和(he)DOT5等(deng)，后者比(bi)前者的(de)(de)綜合性(xing)能好(hao)。DOT3與DOT4的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)之(zhi)處主要在于(yu)沸點(dian)不(bu)同(tong)，DOT4比(bi)DOT3更耐高溫。DOT3和(he)DOT4級制動(dong)(dong)液是以(yi)聚二醇(chun)為(wei)(wei)基礎和(he)乙二醇(chun)及乙二醇(chun)衍生物(wu)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)醇(chun)醚型合成制動(dong)(dong)液，再(zai)加潤滑劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、稀(xi)釋(shi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、防銹劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、橡膠抑制劑(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)調和(he)而(er)成，也是各國(guo)(guo)汽(qi)車(che)最普遍使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)種制動(dong)(dong)液。JG3、JG4、JG5分(fen)別對應(ying)DOT3、DOT4、DOT5級別。

這里需(xu)要給大家說明一下的(de)是(shi)，目前國內(nei)家用(yong)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)多(duo)(duo)(duo)使用(yong)合(he)成型(xing)制動液(ye)，所采用(yong)的(de)標(biao)準也多(duo)(duo)(duo)以美國聯邦機動車(che)(che)(che)輛安(an)全標(biao)準規格的(de)DOT標(biao)準為主。而國標(biao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)用(yong)在(zai)商用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)以及(ji)貨車(che)(che)(che)等(deng)大型(xing)車(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)制動液(ye)上。

級別

制動液主要特性

對應牌號

推薦使用范圍

JG3

具有(you)良好(hao)的高溫(wen)抗氣阻性能和優良的低(di)溫(wen)性能

DOT3、HZY3

SAEJ1703

我國(guo)廣(guang)大地區均(jun)可使用

JG4

具有良(liang)好的高溫(wen)抗氣阻性能和良(liang)好的低溫(wen)性能

DOT4、HZY4

SAEJ1704

我國廣大(da)地區均(jun)可使用，適用于制動操(cao)作時溫(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)轎車

JG5

具有優(you)異的高溫抗(kang)氣阻(zu)性能和低溫性能

DOT5、HZY5

SAEJ1705

有特殊要求的車輛使用制動液的更換和選用

當今汽(qi)車的設(she)計車速越來(lai)越高(gao)、結構越來(lai)越緊湊，導致制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的工作溫度很高(gao)而散熱通風條(tiao)件較差，因此，對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的性(xing)能要求也越來(lai)越高(gao)。目(mu)前(qian)，世界各國使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)一般(ban)都(dou)是合成(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)。關(guan)于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的更(geng)(geng)換(huan)周期(qi)，目(mu)前(qian)尚無統一規定，通常是根據汽(qi)車生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)商或制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)商規定的時間進(jin)行更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的更(geng)(geng)換(huan)周期(qi)主要以行駛里(li)(li)(li)程和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間來(lai)確定。一般(ban)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)低級別制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的中、低檔車輛，換(huan)油周期(qi)為(wei)每年1次(ci)或者(zhe)2~4萬公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)；使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中、高(gao)級別制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)的中、高(gao)檔車輛，換(huan)油周期(qi)為(wei)每兩(liang)年1次(ci)或者(zhe)4~5萬公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)；另外在對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動系(xi)統進(jin)行修理和更(geng)(geng)換(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動主缸(gang)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動輪(lun)缸(gang)的活塞(sai)、皮碗等零部(bu)件的同(tong)時需要更(geng)(geng)換(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)。在實際使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中，如果出現(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動踏板忽(hu)(hu)輕忽(hu)(hu)重、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動皮碗溶脹、換(huan)季(ji)時(尤(you)其在冬季(ji))出現(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動無力這些情況就需要及時對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動液(ye)進(jin)行更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。

對(dui)于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)問(wen)題(ti)，原則(ze)上根據汽車生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠家使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo)明書(shu)(shu)推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)等級(ji)、品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)、型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)等進行選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)。按照國(guo)標(biao)或DOT標(biao)準選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)等級(ji)，盡量(liang)(liang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，并優先(xian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高等級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)；車輛使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo)明書(shu)(shu)在(zai)給出(chu)了標(biao)準品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)號(hao)(hao)外，一(yi)般(ban)還提供(gong)(gong)了可(ke)供(gong)(gong)代用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)號(hao)(hao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶應盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，缺(que)乏(fa)時(shi)才(cai)考慮選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)代用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)。如(ru)果推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)代用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)也(ye)缺(que)乏(fa)，才(cai)可(ke)以選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)相(xiang)應等級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)；對(dui)有(you)特殊要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，應加注(zhu)特定(ding)牌(pai)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)溫(wen)(wen)度范圍在(zai)-60℃~60℃之間，低溫(wen)(wen)下粘度比較小(xiao)，非常(chang)適合(he)(he)于(yu)(yu)嚴(yan)寒地(di)區冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；如(ru)果汽車制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)膠零(ling)件是(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)油(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，應優先(xian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)礦物(wu)油(you)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，它不(bu)受(shou)地(di)區、季(ji)(ji)節和(he)車型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，潤滑性好，無腐(fu)蝕作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，換油(you)周(zhou)期長；但制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統橡(xiang)膠零(ling)件不(bu)是(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)油(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，則(ze)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)礦物(wu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)；不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)由于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)分不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，混合(he)(he)后可(ke)能(neng)(neng)發生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)學反應，堵塞(sai)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，所以通常(chang)不(bu)允許混用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)般(ban)相(xiang)溶(rong)性較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)混用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，以防(fang)相(xiang)互間產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)學反應，影響制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效果；選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正規優質(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，避免使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)低劣產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)購制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)，首先(xian)看(kan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)說(shuo)明書(shu)(shu)或標(biao)簽上的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明，是(shi)(shi)什么(me)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，有(you)無質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標(biao)，若沒(mei)有(you)標(biao)注(zhu)這(zhe)些內容則(ze)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，而只標(biao)有(you)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應慎用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。千(qian)萬(wan)不(bu)要選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)國(guo)家早已淘汰的(de)(de)(de)(de)醇型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)很多，顏色各(ge)異(yi)，要注(zhu)意其質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標(biao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度范圍，常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)低溫(wen)(wen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)粘度、透明度，有(you)無沉淀和(he)異(yi)味(wei)。

有ABS裝置的車輛的制動系統產生的摩擦熱比未裝ABS裝置的車高，制動液的惡化變質也可能會相對早地出現，如果在制動液變質的情況下繼續使用，將會使制動主缸、輪缸、油壓控制器等產生損傷、吸濕率增加，使制動力下降。因此，要對裝有ABS裝置車輛的制動液從嚴選用，嚴格遵守汽車制造廠商推薦的更換周期。另外還要根據使用條件，在必要時提前進行更換。有ABS系統的車輛一般都選用DOT4的制動液。盡管DOT5的制動液具有更高的沸點，但是，由于DOT5是硅基制動液.會對橡膠件產生較強的損害。因此。在ABS系統中，一般不選用DOT5的制動液。但是，由于DOT3和DOT4是醇基制動液，具有較強的吸濕性，隨著使用時間的延長，其中的含水量會不斷增多。當制動液中含有較多的水分時，會使制動壓力調節裝置中的精密零件發生銹蝕；在寒冷的氣候條件下，還會使制動液的粘度變大，影響制動液在制動系統中的流動，使制動變得遲緩，從而導致制動距離延長。另外，制動液中的含水量會對制動液的沸點產生非常明顯的影響，發生氣阻現象。DOT3和DOT4制動液一般經過12個月的使用以后其中的含水量為2%，經過18個月的使用以后.其中的含水量平均可達3%。因此建議每12個月更換一次制動液。