【生物殺蟲劑】生物殺蟲劑的施用原則 生物殺蟲劑與化學合成殺蟲劑的區別

生物殺蟲劑的施用原則

1、對癥施治。生物殺蟲劑的特異性和良好的選(xuan)擇(ze)性，決定了其殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)種(zhong)類、寄(ji)主范圍都較(jiao)專一。如蘇(su)云金桿(gan)菌(jun)、昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)毒等由昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)致(zhi)病(bing)微(wei)生(sheng)物制成的殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑，不但能防除(chu)棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、菜青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等鱗翅目害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。也能防除(chu)象(xiang)甲、美(mei)洲斑潛蠅等害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。所以使用生(sheng)物殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑時、應根據害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)的種(zhong)類，有針(zhen)對(dui)性地選(xuan)擇(ze)。

2、適期(qi)防(fang)治。生物(wu)殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑殺蟲(chong)(chong)機理有(you)別于(yu)化學農(nong)藥，一般要(yao)經過侵染寄(ji)生、積蓄(xu)繁殖(zhi)、起效胃毒等環節才能發(fa)揮作用。在(zai)施用時(shi)，要(yao)抓住卵孵化盛期(qi)或(huo)幼蟲(chong)(chong)低齡期(qi)用藥。既能使藥劑浸入蟲(chong)(chong)卵或(huo)附在(zai)卵殼上，待幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵化時(shi)染病而死，又能保證害蟲(chong)(chong)取食后死亡。

3、科(ke)學施用(yong)(yong)。生物(wu)(wu)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)多具有“活性”，施藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環境(jing)和科(ke)學的使用(yong)(yong)方(fang)法都是其發(fa)揮良好防效(xiao)(xiao)的關(guan)鍵。如(ru)施用(yong)(yong)蘇云金(jin)桿菌、昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)毒(du)等(deng)病(bing)菌微生物(wu)(wu)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)時，一般(ban)宜選(xuan)擇暖濕天氣的傍(bang)晚(wan)或陰天施藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，并嚴禁(jin)與殺(sha)菌劑(ji)(ji)、堿(jian)性農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)同期或復配(pei)使用(yong)(yong)。植物(wu)(wu)浸(jin)提液殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)，不宜久(jiu)置擱放(fang)、應現配(pei)現用(yong)(yong)，以免(mian)降低藥(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)。

生物殺蟲劑化學殺蟲劑有什么區別

有機殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑是化學殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑，兩者的本質區別像生(sheng)(sheng)物武器(qi)和化學武器(qi)，通俗的說生(sheng)(sheng)物殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑是讓害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)感冒而死，化學殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑是直接讓害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)毒死。凡是(shi)種(zhong)植農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)人(ren)都(dou)知道(dao)害蟲(chong)所帶來(lai)的(de)一系列危害，尤其是(shi)那(nei)些吃(chi)掉農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)葉子和果(guo)實的(de)害蟲(chong)。

從(cong)古希(xi)臘和羅(luo)馬(ma)時代以來，農(nong)民(min)們(men)就嘗(chang)試著用殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)與蟲(chong)害作斗爭(zheng)。在20世紀，科學家們(men)尋(xun)找著一(yi)(yi)種能用于(yu)大規模農(nong)業生產的(de)(de)真(zhen)正強有力的(de)(de)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)。1939年(nian)，發(fa)生了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)突破。當時瑞士科學家保羅(luo)·米勒發(fa)現，一(yi)(yi)種叫做"DDT"(二(er)(er)氯二(er)(er)苯三(san)氯乙烷)的(de)(de)化學藥(yao)品是強有力的(de)(de)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)。

微生(sheng)物殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)種類(lei)很多(duo)，已發現(xian)的有(you)2000多(duo)種，按(an)照微生(sheng)物的分類(lei)可分為細菌(jun)、真菌(jun)、病毒、原生(sheng)動物和線(xian)蟲(chong)等。目前，國內研究開發應用并形(xing)成商品(pin)化產品(pin)的主要有(you)細菌(jun)類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)、真菌(jun)類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)、病毒類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)和抗生(sheng)素類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)。

生物(wu)殺蟲劑主要分為(wei)：蘇云金桿菌(jun)、昆蟲病(bing)毒、植物(wu)浸提(ti)液(ye)3大類(lei)，具(ju)有取材方便，成本低廉、控(kong)制期長，高效、經濟、安(an)全、無污染，與(yu)環境高度(du)相容等特點，是當前生產無公害綠色(se)蔬(shu)菜生產的最佳農藥選擇。

1、 細菌殺蟲劑

細菌(jun)(jun)類殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑是(shi)(shi)國內研(yan)究(jiu)開發較(jiao)早的生(sheng)(sheng)產量最大(da)、應用(yong)最廣的微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑。目前，研(yan)究(jiu)應用(yong)的品種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)蘇(su)云(yun)(yun)金(jin)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)、青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)菌(jun)(jun)、日(ri)本金(jin)龜(gui)子芽(ya)孢桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)和球形芽(ya)孢桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)，其中蘇(su)云(yun)(yun)金(jin)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)最具有(you)(you)(you)代表性的品種(zhong)。蘇(su)云(yun)(yun)金(jin)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(Bt)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)能產生(sheng)(sheng)伴(ban)孢晶體毒(du)素，昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄主譜較(jiao)廣的重要(yao)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病原菌(jun)(jun)，是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)胃毒(du)性殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑。蘇(su)云(yun)(yun)金(jin)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)對多(duo)種(zhong)農業害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)不同程度的毒(du)殺(sha)(sha)作(zuo)用(yong)，這些害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)包括棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、煙(yan)青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、銀紋夜蛾、斜紋夜蛾、甜菜(cai)夜蛾、小地老虎、稻縱卷葉螟、玉米螟、小菜(cai)蛾和茶毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)，對森林害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)松毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)好效(xiao)果(guo)。另外(wai)，還可(ke)用(yong)于防治蚊類幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和儲糧蛾類害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)

2、 真菌殺蟲劑

真菌殺蟲劑是一類寄生譜較廣的昆蟲病原真菌，是一種觸殺性微生物殺蟲劑。目前，研究(jiu)利用的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)種類有：白僵菌、綠(lv)僵菌、擬青霉、座殼孢(bao)菌和輪(lun)枝菌。

（1）白(bai)僵菌白(bai)僵菌是我國(guo)研究時間最長和應用面積最大的真菌殺蟲劑。

（2）綠(lv)僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)綠(lv)僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)是一種廣譜的昆(kun)蟲病原菌(jun)(jun)，在國(guo)外應用(yong)其防治害蟲的面積超過了白僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)，防治效果可與(yu)白僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)媲美。