電弧是什么

電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)是一(yi)(yi)束高溫電(dian)(dian)離氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)，是一(yi)(yi)種氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)現象，是氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)中最強(qiang)烈的一(yi)(yi)種自持(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，也是一(yi)(yi)種等離子體(ti)(ti)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過某些絕緣介質（例如(ru)空氣(qi)）所產生(sheng)的瞬間(jian)火花，就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)，電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)最顯著的外觀特(te)征是明亮的弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光柱和電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)斑點(dian)，通常可分為長弧(hu)(hu)(hu)和短(duan)(duan)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)兩類。長弧(hu)(hu)(hu)中弧(hu)(hu)(hu)柱起(qi)重要作用，短(duan)(duan)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)長度(du)在幾毫米(mi)以下，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)區和陽極(ji)(ji)區起(qi)主要作用。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)在外(wai)力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)下，如氣流，外(wai)界磁場甚(shen)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)本身產生(sheng)的磁場作(zuo)用(yong)下會(hui)迅速移動（每秒(miao)可達幾(ji)百米），拉長、卷曲形成十分(fen)復雜的形狀，電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的孳生(sheng)點也會(hui)快速移動或(huo)跳(tiao)動。電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)可用(yong)于焊接(jie)、冶煉、照明、噴涂(tu)等(deng)，主要是利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)的高溫、高能(neng)量(liang)密度、易控(kong)制等(deng)特點，在這些應用(yong)中，都需使電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)穩定放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)具有(you)超強的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，能(neng)瞬間使心臟停跳(tiao)，所以，利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)而工作(zuo)的人們需要小心。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)接(jie)(jie)是工業生產(chan)中(zhong)應用(yong)最廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)方(fang)法，將(jiang)(jiang)要(yao)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)金屬作為一(yi)極(ji)(ji)，焊(han)條作為另一(yi)極(ji)(ji)，兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)近時產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧，利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)(de)熱量(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)焊(han)條與工件互相熔化并在(zai)冷(leng)凝后(hou)形(xing)成(cheng)焊(han)縫，從而獲得牢固接(jie)(jie)頭的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)過程。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)實質是氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧所(suo)在(zai)的(de)(de)空間中(zhong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)性(xing)氣體在(zai)一(yi)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作用(yong)下分(fen)解成(cheng)帶正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)正離子和(he)(he)帶負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離，這兩(liang)種帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質點分(fen)別向兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)方(fang)向運動，使局(ju)部氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)熱能(neng)，加熱和(he)(he)熔化金屬，形(xing)成(cheng)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)頭。

電弧焊接方法有哪些

1、手工電弧焊

手工電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)(han)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過帶藥皮的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)條和(he)被(bei)焊(han)(han)金(jin)(jin)屬間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧將被(bei)焊(han)(han)金(jin)(jin)屬加熱，從而(er)達到焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。焊(han)(han)條和(he)工件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起(qi)的(de)(de)，它(ta)提供熱能(neng)并將母材、填充(chong)金(jin)(jin)屬以及藥皮融化，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧向(xiang)右移動，焊(han)(han)接金(jin)(jin)屬得以凝(ning)固(gu)并在(zai)表面形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)焊(han)(han)渣。手工電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)(han)中最(zui)主要(yao)的(de)(de)要(yao)素是(shi)(shi)焊(han)(han)條本身(shen)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)由金(jin)(jin)屬芯外覆一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)粒(li)狀焊(han)(han)劑(ji)和(he)某種粘接劑(ji)制(zhi)作(zuo)而(er)成的(de)(de)。所有的(de)(de)碳(tan)鋼和(he)低合金(jin)(jin)鋼焊(han)(han)條基本上都用低碳(tan)鋼絲做(zuo)芯，而(er)合金(jin)(jin)元素則(ze)來自于(yu)藥皮，這也是(shi)(shi)較為經濟的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種合金(jin)(jin)化方法。

2、氣體保護電弧焊

氣(qi)體保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過焊槍連續不斷的(de)(de)送絲(si)(si)，由(you)焊絲(si)(si)和(he)(he)工(gong)件之(zhi)間(jian)產生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)熱量將母材和(he)(he)焊絲(si)(si)熔化，從(cong)而(er)達(da)到焊接的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。氣(qi)體保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊很重要的(de)(de)一個特點是(shi)(shi)焊接過程的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護氣(qi)體也(ye)是(shi)(shi)由(you)焊槍輸送，這些氣(qi)體有惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)，也(ye)有非惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)。惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)體如(ru)氬、氦(hai)可(ke)用(yong)于某些焊接當中，它(ta)(ta)們可(ke)單(dan)獨使用(yong)，也(ye)可(ke)混合使用(yong)，或(huo)與(yu)其它(ta)(ta)非惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)體如(ru)氮氣(qi)、氧氣(qi)或(huo)二(er)氧化碳混合使用(yong)。多數氣(qi)體保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊使用(yong)二(er)氧化碳作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)護氣(qi)體，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)與(yu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)體相比，它(ta)(ta)價格較為(wei)(wei)便宜(yi)。氣(qi)體保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極是(shi)(shi)實芯焊絲(si)(si)。

3、藥芯焊絲電弧焊

藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)與氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)非常相似，差別在(zai)于藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)焊(han)(han)(han)采用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)管狀(zhuang)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)，其中(zhong)裝有(you)粒狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑，而不是(shi)氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)所用的(de)(de)(de)實芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)。管狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)通過(guo)焊(han)(han)(han)槍中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)嘴(zui)送進，并在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)和工(gong)件之(zhi)間(jian)產生電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)。隨著向前(qian)焊(han)(han)(han)接而熔敷焊(han)(han)(han)縫金屬，和手工(gong)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)一樣，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)縫金屬上覆(fu)蓋著一層焊(han)(han)(han)渣。根據使用的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)類型不同，可(ke)以對(dui)藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)附(fu)帶或不附(fu)帶額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)氣(qi)體(ti)。有(you)些(xie)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)被設計成靠內(nei)部焊(han)(han)(han)劑提(ti)供所有(you)需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)，它們被稱為自保護(hu)性。其它的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)要求(qiu)附(fu)加的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)氣(qi)體(ti)提(ti)供附(fu)加的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)。

4、鎢極氣體保護電弧焊

鎢(wu)極(ji)(ji)氣體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)是電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)接過程中不(bu)會消耗。它(ta)采用(yong)(yong)純鎢(wu)或(huo)(huo)鎢(wu)合金制(zhi)造，具有(you)(you)(you)承受高溫的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)，甚至(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)高溫。因(yin)而，當電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過時，就在(zai)(zai)(zai)鎢(wu)極(ji)(ji)和工(gong)件(jian)之間建(jian)立起電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)。當需要(yao)(yao)填充金屬時，必須額外添(tian)加，通(tong)常采用(yong)(yong)手工(gong)方式，或(huo)(huo)采用(yong)(yong)機械送絲系統。電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)和金屬采用(yong)(yong)惰性(xing)氣體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，這些氣體從包(bao)圍著鎢(wu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)噴嘴中流出。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)焊(han)(han)劑，熔敷金屬不(bu)需要(yao)(yao)清渣。鎢(wu)極(ji)(ji)氣體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)(zai)許多工(gong)業領域有(you)(you)(you)著廣泛的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)，它(ta)能焊(han)(han)接幾乎所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)接過程沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)熔化，具有(you)(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)(ji)低(di)電(dian)(dian)流情況(kuang)下(xia)焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)，使(shi)得(de)鎢(wu)極(ji)(ji)氬弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)可用(yong)(yong)于極(ji)(ji)薄材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)接。它(ta)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)清潔和操作可控特(te)性(xing)，使(shi)它(ta)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)苛刻條件(jian)下(xia)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)首選，這些應用(yong)(yong)如(ru)太空、食品(pin)和藥品(pin)加工(gong)，石化和動力(li)管道工(gong)業。

5、埋弧焊

埋弧焊(han)(han)(han)通過用實芯焊(han)(han)(han)絲連(lian)續送(song)進，焊(han)(han)(han)絲產生的(de)電(dian)弧完全(quan)被顆粒(li)(li)狀的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑層所覆蓋(gai)，因而被命名成“埋弧”焊(han)(han)(han)，這種(zhong)方(fang)法是(shi)目前(qian)所提及的(de)在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)縫金屬熔(rong)敷(fu)效率上最高的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)典型焊(han)(han)(han)接方(fang)法。對(dui)于埋弧焊(han)(han)(han)工藝，顆粒(li)(li)狀焊(han)(han)(han)劑被置于焊(han)(han)(han)絲的(de)前(qian)部或周圍來(lai)實現對(dui)熔(rong)化金屬的(de)保護。在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)接過程中，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)道上有一(yi)層焊(han)(han)(han)渣和(he)仍(reng)然為顆粒(li)(li)狀的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑。