透水地(di)坪就是常說的(de)(de)透水路面,它的(de)(de)結構有多種:
1、具有較小蓄水(shui)能(neng)力的(de)透水(shui)路面
這種透(tou)(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)路面基層(ceng)(ceng)主(zhu)要由找平層(ceng)(ceng)、透(tou)(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)基層(ceng)(ceng)構成,透(tou)(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)基層(ceng)(ceng)有(you)很大的(de)(de)空隙率,但厚度不大,具有(you)很強的(de)(de)透(tou)(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)能力(li),適合降雨量(liang)較小(xiao)、墊層(ceng)(ceng)透(tou)(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)能力(li)很強且(qie)具有(you)較高的(de)(de)承載力(li)的(de)(de)地域。主(zhu)要適用于人行道(dao)(dao)、非(fei)機(ji)動(dong)車(che)道(dao)(dao)、廣場、停(ting)車(che)場、步行街、庭院路等場所(suo)。
2、具有較(jiao)大蓄水能力的透(tou)水基層的透(tou)水路面
這種基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)一般由找(zhao)平層(ceng)(ceng)、蓄水(shui)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)構(gou)成(cheng),蓄水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)厚度較(jiao)大(da)(da),且空(kong)隙率較(jiao)小,當降雨(yu)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)不能(neng)及(ji)時排出時,一部分(fen)雨(yu)水(shui)可以(yi)(yi)儲(chu)存在基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)中,避(bi)免路面(mian)積(ji)水(shui)。這種基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)適合(he)降雨(yu)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)的情況,可以(yi)(yi)邊(bian)蓄水(shui),邊(bian)排水(shui)。蓄水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)面(mian)是(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),其作用是(shi)保持墊層(ceng)(ceng)承(cheng)(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)大(da)(da)體可分(fen)為透(tou)(tou)水(shui)型(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)網格布(bu)和(he)非透(tou)(tou)永型(xing)防滲(shen)(shen)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)兩(liang)種。當土(tu)(tu)(tu)中含砂量較(jiao)大(da)(da)時,通常稱為砂土(tu)(tu)(tu),有一定的滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)能(neng)力(li)(li),并(bing)且雨(yu)水(shui)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)下(xia)去不會引起(qi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的承(cheng)(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)降低(di)及(ji)污染,這時可以(yi)(yi)選用滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)網格布(bu)以(yi)(yi)提高承(cheng)(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)。既需要提高承(cheng)(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)又要防止水(shui)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)造成(cheng)污染,應選用非透(tou)(tou)水(shui)型(xing)防滲(shen)(shen)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)。
3、內部具有溢(yi)流(liu)結構的透水路面
(1)墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)可以滲(shen)透且內(nei)(nei)部具有溢流(liu)(liu)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)結構的(de)(de)透水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)路面(mian):這種基層(ceng)(ceng)可暫時(shi)儲存透過路面(mian)的(de)(de)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),然(ran)后(hou)進一步(bu)滲(shen)透。其(qi)儲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)構造包(bao)括(kuo)找平層(ceng)(ceng)、碎石層(ceng)(ceng)和透水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)型土工網格布。當降(jiang)雨(yu)量較小,土基的(de)(de)滲(shen)透系數很大(da),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可以直接滲(shen)透到地下而不影響其(qi)承載力(不污(wu)染地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源的(de)(de)前提下)。當降(jiang)雨(yu)量較大(da)時(shi),雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)充滿整(zheng)個蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)基層(ceng)(ceng)時(shi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位高于(yu)內(nei)(nei)部設置(zhi)的(de)(de)溢流(liu)(liu)管(guan)管(guan)口,雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可以通過溢流(liu)(liu)管(guan)排(pai)出路外。溢流(liu)(liu)管(guan)應沿透水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)路面(mian)縱(zong)向且遠離機動車道均勻布置(zhi),溢流(liu)(liu)管(guan)的(de)(de)數量與間距應根據設計降(jiang)雨(yu)量、面(mian)層(ceng)(ceng)及墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)滲(shen)透系數選取。
(2)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)能滲透(tou)且內部(bu)具有溢(yi)流排水結(jie)構的透(tou)水路面(mian):這(zhe)種基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可長時間儲存滲入基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的雨水,在基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)間設置(zhi)非透(tou)水型土工(gong)布,雨水不(bu)能直接滲透(tou)到地下,而是通(tong)過內部(bu)地下管道排出路外。這(zhe)種基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)適(shi)用于降雨量大、土基(ji)滲透(tou)系數小、墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)滲水后承載力(li)很低、有可能造(zao)成(cheng)污染(ran)水源的位置(zhi)。