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世界人種的分類及分布概況 全球劃分為幾大人種 你屬于哪種人

本文章由 MAIGOO編(bian)輯 上傳提供 ★★★ 評論 發布 反饋 0
摘要:不同的人種雖然在膚色、眼色、發色、發型、頭型、身高等特征上有所區別,但這些特征差異是由于人類在一定地域內長期適應當地自然環境,又經長期隔離所形成的。世界上根據人類膚色將人分為四大人種:歐羅巴人種(又稱白色人種或高加索人種或歐亞人種)、蒙古人種(又稱黃色人種或亞美人種)、尼格羅人種(又稱黑色人種或赤道人種)和澳大利亞人種(又稱大洋洲人種或棕色人種),俗稱白種人、黃種人、黑種人和棕種人。那么世界上的四大人種分布在世界上的哪些地區呢?那就詳細閱讀下文吧!

一、人種的劃分方式

(1)根據膚色(se)劃分

通(tong)常根據膚色(se)、發(fa)形等(deng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)質特(te)征把全世界的人(ren)(ren)劃分為4個人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):蒙古(gu)利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)(Mongoloid)或稱(cheng)(cheng)黃(huang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren),膚色(se)黃(huang)、頭(tou)發(fa)直、臉扁平、鼻(bi)扁、鼻(bi)孔寬(kuan)大,體(ti)(ti)(ti)毛(mao)中等(deng);高(gao)加索人(ren)(ren)(Caucasoid)或稱(cheng)(cheng)白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)。皮膚白、鼻(bi)子高(gao)而狹,眼睛(jing)顏(yan)色(se)和(he)頭(tou)發(fa)類型多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多樣(yang),體(ti)(ti)(ti)毛(mao)多;尼(ni)格羅人(ren)(ren)(Negroid)或稱(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren),皮膚黑(hei)(hei)(hei)、嘴唇厚、鼻(bi)子寬(kuan)、頭(tou)發(fa)卷(juan)曲,體(ti)(ti)(ti)毛(mao)少;澳大利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)(Australoid)或稱(cheng)(cheng)棕(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren),皮膚棕(zong)色(se)或巧克力色(se),頭(tou)發(fa)棕(zong)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)而卷(juan)曲,鼻(bi)寬(kuan),胡須及體(ti)(ti)(ti)毛(mao)發(fa)達。

(2)根(gen)據基因(yin)的頻率(lv)

人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)是(shi)根據(ju)某(mou)(mou)些(xie)體質特征所作的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學的(de)劃(hua)分,而不(bu)是(shi)文化上(shang)的(de)分類,應(ying)該嚴格地將它同(tong)“民(min)族(zu)”這樣的(de)概念區別開(kai)來。人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作為生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學概念,我們(men)必須看(kan)到以(yi)下(xia)幾點(dian):首(shou)先,任何(he)(he)一個人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)某(mou)(mou)個或某(mou)(mou)些(xie)專有(you)(you)(you)的(de)基(ji)(ji)因,人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)差別僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)某(mou)(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或某(mou)(mou)些(xie)基(ji)(ji)因的(de)頻率不(bu)同(tong)。例如,決定血型(xing)的(de)IA等位基(ji)(ji)因在(zai)歐洲白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中頻率比較高,IB等位基(ji)(ji)因在(zai)亞(ya)洲黃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中頻率比較高。Ii等位基(ji)(ji)因在(zai)南美(mei)印第(di)安(an)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中比較高。但它們(men)都(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)(you) Ii、IA、IB3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等位基(ji)(ji)因。其次,由于(yu)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中間(jian)(jian)(jian)類型(xing)的(de)存在(zai),各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)可逾(yu)越的(de)界限。例如,埃塞俄比亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)南印度人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)特征介于(yu)白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)黑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間(jian)(jian)(jian),南西伯(bo)利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)烏拉(la)爾(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)特征介于(yu)白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)黃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間(jian)(jian)(jian),而千島人(ren)(ren)(ren)則具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、黃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、黑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3個主要人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)特征。我們(men)還應(ying)看(kan)到,雖然在(zai)一定條件(jian)下(xia),不(bu)同(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)存在(zai)地理隔離(li)和(he)文化隔離(li),但是(shi)這些(xie)并(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)導致生(sheng)殖隔離(li)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)在(zai)遺傳上(shang)是(shi)“開(kai)放”的(de),不(bu)同(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)可以(yi)通婚(hun),都(dou)(dou)能產生(sheng)生(sheng)命力強的(de)后裔。人(ren)(ren)(ren)類是(shi)遷徙(xi)能力很強的(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各樣的(de)隔離(li)都(dou)(dou)會由于(yu)遷徙(xi)而引起(qi)的(de)相互作用(yong)所打破。由此(ci)可知,任何(he)(he)企(qi)圖進行“純”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)分類的(de)想法都(dou)(dou)是(shi)錯誤(wu)的(de)。

(3)根據人種所在(zai)的地的氣候(hou)因素和環境地理因素等外在(zai)因素

人們(men)通常按(an)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)、鼻形(xing)等體質特征來(lai)劃(hua)分(fen)人種(zhong)(zhong),這些特征主要(yao)(yao)是由于對氣候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適應而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。造成(cheng)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)差異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)即是血管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布和一定皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)區(qu)域中(zhong)(zhong)黑色(se)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)。黑色(se)素(su)(su)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)顯黑色(se),中(zhong)(zhong)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯黃色(se),很少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯淺色(se)。黑色(se)素(su)(su)有吸收太(tai)陽(yang)光中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫外(wai)(wai)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在橫跨(kua)赤道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黑種(zhong)(zhong)人和西太(tai)平(ping)洋赤道附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棕種(zhong)(zhong)人具有深色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu),可(ke)使皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)至因(yin)(yin)過多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫外(wai)(wai)線(xian)照(zhao)射而受損害。紫外(wai)(wai)線(xian)可(ke)以刺激(ji)維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)D的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),因(yin)(yin)而,深色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)可(ke)以防止(zhi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)D,而導致(zhi)維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)D中(zhong)(zhong)毒。相反(fan),白種(zhong)(zhong)人原先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在北歐(ou),那里陽(yang)光不(bu)像赤道附(fu)近那么(me)強烈,陽(yang)光中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫外(wai)(wai)線(xian)不(bu)會危害身體,而且能(neng)刺激(ji)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)D的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng),因(yin)(yin)而北歐(ou)白人皮(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)素(su)(su)極少。

鼻形也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)如此。生活在(zai)熱帶(dai)森林的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),鼻孔(kong)一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)寬闊的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候溫暖(nuan)(nuan)濕潤(run),鼻子的(de)(de)(de)溫暖(nuan)(nuan)濕潤(run)空氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)很(hen)重要。而生活在(zai)高緯度的(de)(de)(de)白人(ren)(ren)有(you)較長而突的(de)(de)(de)鼻子,可以幫(bang)助(zhu)暖(nuan)(nuan)化(hua)(hua)和(he)濕潤(run)進(jin)入肺部的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)。黃種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)褶可能(neng)(neng)與亞(ya)洲中(zhong)部風沙(sha)地帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候有(you)關;扁(bian)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)臉型和(he)半滿(man)的(de)(de)(de)脂(zhi)肪層能(neng)(neng)夠保護臉部不(bu)(bu)受(shou)凍傷(shang)。這(zhe)些(xie)種(zhong)族特征大約(yue)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)化(hua)(hua)石智人(ren)(ren)階段(duan)形成的(de)(de)(de)。由于人(ren)(ren)類物質(zhi)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步(bu),大多數種(zhong)族特征早已(yi)失去(qu)適應上的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。今天,一(yi)個(ge)黑人(ren)(ren)可以很(hen)好地生活在(zai)高緯度的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)歐,他完全(quan)不(bu)(bu)需要靠陽光(guang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)紫外(wai)光(guang)去(qu)產(chan)生維(wei)生素D,而可以從食物中(zhong)獲得必要的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)生素D,白種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)可以借(jie)助(zhu)衣服、帽(mao)子以及房屋等設施很(hen)好地生活在(zai)赤道(dao)附(fu)近。

二、人種的分類以及分布地區

根據人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的自(zi)然體質(zhi)特征,生(sheng)物學家以(yi)本質(zhi)主義方式(shi)(即以(yi)體質(zhi)特征為(wei)標準)通常(chang)將全世界的現代人(ren)(ren)類劃分為(wei)四(si)大人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):歐羅巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(又(you)稱白色(se)(se)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)高加索人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)歐亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、蒙古人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(又(you)稱黃色(se)(se)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)亞(ya)美人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、尼格羅人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(又(you)稱黑色(se)(se)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)赤(chi)道人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和(he)澳(ao)大利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(又(you)稱大洋洲人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)棕色(se)(se)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),俗稱白種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)、黃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)、黑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)和(he)棕種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)。

(1)歐(ou)羅巴人種(zhong)(又稱白色人種(zhong)或高加索(suo)人種(zhong)或歐(ou)亞人種(zhong))

白(bai)(bai)色人(ren)(ren)種,又(you)稱歐羅(luo)巴人(ren)(ren)種、高加索人(ren)(ren)種,指具有特定體(ti)貌特征的(de)一個人(ren)(ren)種,是(shi)體(ti)質人(ren)(ren)類學的(de)概(gai)念。白(bai)(bai)種人(ren)(ren)是(shi)世(shi)界上人(ren)(ren)數最多、分布最廣的(de)人(ren)(ren)種,占世(shi)界人(ren)(ren)口(kou)的(de)百分之五(wu)十四(si)左(zuo)右。

主要(yao)集中分(fen)布地區:歐洲(zhou)(zhou)、北(bei)非(fei)、西亞(ya)(ya)、中亞(ya)(ya)、南(nan)亞(ya)(ya)、北(bei)美洲(zhou)(zhou)、南(nan)美洲(zhou)(zhou)和(he)大洋(yang)洲(zhou)(zhou)。白種人原生地是歐洲(zhou)(zhou)、北(bei)非(fei)、西亞(ya)(ya)、中亞(ya)(ya)和(he)南(nan)亞(ya)(ya)。而美洲(zhou)(zhou)和(he)大洋(yang)洲(zhou)(zhou)的白種人主要(yao)是歐洲(zhou)(zhou)人后裔。

體貌(mao)特(te)征(zheng):地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中海地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)歐(ou)洲白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)膚(fu)色(se)(se)白、體毛(mao)重、眼(yan)窩深、顴骨(gu)(gu)較低、顎骨(gu)(gu)較平、鼻子高(gao)大(da)、嘴唇較薄,毛(mao)發(fa)卷曲且兒童期(qi)以(yi)(yi)紅棕色(se)(se)、金(jin)黃色(se)(se)為主,虹膜(mo)以(yi)(yi)藍(lan)綠色(se)(se)為主。環地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中海地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)相對前者(zhe)膚(fu)色(se)(se)深,毛(mao)發(fa)和(he)虹膜(mo)均以(yi)(yi)黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)為主。南亞(ya)白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)膚(fu)色(se)(se)偏黑(hei)。白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)隨著年(nian)齡增長(chang),虹膜(mo)和(he)毛(mao)發(fa)含有的(de)(de)黑(hei)色(se)(se)素(su)會逐漸(jian)增多(duo),所以(yi)(yi)大(da)多(duo)數白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)成年(nian)期(qi)相對兒童期(qi)的(de)(de)虹膜(mo)和(he)毛(mao)發(fa)顏色(se)(se)會不(bu)同程度地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)加深。偶(ou)有成年(nian)期(qi)是“金(jin)發(fa)碧眼(yan)”的(de)(de)白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren),僅見(jian)于(yu)祖先是地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中海地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)歐(ou)洲白種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)。

(2)蒙(meng)古人種(又稱(cheng)黃色人種或亞美人種)

蒙古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong),又(you)稱黃(huang)色(se)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)、黃(huang)種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、亞(ya)美人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)、蒙古(gu)利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)數量(liang)在(zai)四(si)大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)中排名(ming)第二。約占世(shi)界人(ren)(ren)(ren)口的37%。所謂的黑白黃(huang)三大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong),是作為(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)概念(nian)登上歷(li)史舞臺的,具有(you)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)意義。

主要分布地(di)區(qu):烏拉爾地(di)區(qu)、東(dong)亞(ya)、北(bei)亞(ya)、東(dong)北(bei)亞(ya)、西伯利(li)亞(ya)地(di)區(qu)、南(nan)亞(ya)、東(dong)南(nan)亞(ya)、馬達加斯加、美洲(zhou)、大洋洲(zhou)。

體質特(te)征:部(bu)分蒙古(gu)語(yu)族(zu)具有獨(du)立(li)的(de)淺色(se)(se)特(te)質(金發(fa)碧(bi)眼(yan)(yan)),是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)獨(du)立(li)的(de)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)征;其膚色(se)(se)多呈白色(se)(se)、淡黃(huang)色(se)(se),部(bu)分較(jiao)為紅潤;黑色(se)(se)且較(jiao)為細(xi)直的(de)毛發(fa),胡須和體毛不發(fa)達;下巴(ba)不凸出,但是(shi)有些(xie)人(ren)(ren)較(jiao)尖,有些(xie)則為較(jiao)扁(bian);鼻(bi)寬度中(zhong)等(deng)(deng),鼻(bi)尖點(dian)指數中(zhong)等(deng)(deng);眼(yan)(yan)裂中(zhong)等(deng)(deng),褐色(se)(se)虹膜,上眼(yan)(yan)瞼褶發(fa)達,大(da)多眼(yan)(yan)有內眥褶遮蓋淚(lei)阜;上門(men)齒舌面(mian)的(de)鏟形結構也是(shi)黃(huang)色(se)(se)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)顯(xian)著(zhu)特(te)征之一;美洲印第安人(ren)(ren)的(de)面(mian)部(bu)不像(xiang)北(bei)亞說(shuo)蒙古(gu)語(yu)族(zu)的(de)人(ren)(ren)的(de)面(mian)部(bu)那樣(yang)扁(bian)平鼻(bi)根較(jiao)矮(ai),大(da)多為長顱型,鼻(bi)子的(de)突出度也稍(shao)大(da)。

(3)尼格(ge)羅人種(又稱黑色人種或赤道人種)

黑(hei)(hei)色人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)即黑(hei)(hei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren),又稱尼格羅人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),黑(hei)(hei)色人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占世(shi)界人(ren)(ren)口(kou)的(de)15%。尼格羅澳(ao)大利亞(ya)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、赤道人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是根據體(ti)質上可(ke)遺傳的(de)性狀而劃分(fen)的(de)人(ren)(ren)群。

主(zhu)要分布地(di)區(qu):主(zhu)要分布在非洲撒(sa)哈拉以南的地(di)區(qu)和(he)非洲撒(sa)哈拉以北的地(di)區(qu),除了非洲大陸,在北美也有黑色(se)人種,他們是(shi)當(dang)年黑奴的后裔,此外,印度(du)和(he)斯(si)里蘭卡也有黑色(se)人種。

體質特征:黑(hei)色(se)呈小卷(juan)曲狀的毛發,一般分(fen)成南非(fei)(fei)和北非(fei)(fei)兩個(ge)類型(xing),前者(zhe)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在非(fei)(fei)洲撒哈拉(la)以南的地區(qu),鼻矮,通常為(wei)圓顱型(xing),膚色(se)極黑(hei);后者(zhe)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在非(fei)(fei)洲薩赫勒地區(qu),鼻小唇厚(hou),通常為(wei)長(chang)顱型(xing),膚色(se)較(jiao)黑(hei)。

(4)澳大(da)利亞人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(又稱大(da)洋洲人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或棕(zong)色人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),俗稱白(bai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)、黃種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)、黑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)和(he)棕(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)。

主要分布地區:目(mu)前只有美拉尼西亞(ya)人(ren)和巴布亞(ya)人(ren)仍是大(da)洋(yang)洲島嶼的主要居民,其余人(ren)群(qun)(qun)僅分布在澳洲、南亞(ya)次大(da)陸、南洋(yang)群(qun)(qun)島部分偏僻地區的深山或沙漠里。

體(ti)質特征:澳大(da)利亞人(ren)種(zhong)在同(tong)其他(ta)三(san)大(da)人(ren)種(zhong)相比(bi),有(you)著最粗壯的眉弓;通常為長(chang)顱型、黑色卷發、下顎(e)粗大(da)、突頜、巧(qiao)克力(li)色膚色、眼睛深棕色或者黑色。

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