一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終保持(chi)不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等(deng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)由于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)升高，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)降(jiang)，為(wei)保持(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)必須逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終不(bu)變，這對(dui)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的自動化程(cheng)度要(yao)求較高，一(yi)般簡陋的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)能滿足(zu)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求的。恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)(da)允許的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)情況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大(da)(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)就可以縮短。若(ruo)從時(shi)間(jian)上(shang)考慮，采用此法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)利的。但(dan)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍(reng)不(bu)變，這時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡(pao)過(guo)多而(er)顯沸騰狀，這不(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)且容易(yi)使極板上(shang)活性物質大(da)(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升過(guo)高，造成極板彎(wan)曲，容量(liang)迅速下(xia)降(jiang)而(er)提前報廢。所以，這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)很少采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保持不(bu)變，叫做(zuo)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由(you)于恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)至(zhi)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保持一定，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相當大，大大超過(guo)正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸升(sheng)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)。當蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相等(deng)(deng)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減至(zhi)最小(xiao)甚至(zhi)為(wei)零。由(you)此可(ke)見，采用恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)優點在(zai)于，可(ke)以(yi)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大而造成極板(ban)(ban)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)脫落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)損失。但其(qi)缺點是，在(zai)剛開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)體積變化收縮太快，影(ying)響活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機械強度，致使其(qi)脫落。而在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又(you)過(guo)小(xiao)，使極板(ban)(ban)深(shen)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)得(de)不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長(chang)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)，影(ying)響蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命。所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)一般只(zhi)適用于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較(jiao)簡(jian)陋的(de)(de)(de)特殊場合，如汽車上蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)至(zhi)5號(hao)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采用等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給(gei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右(you)，堿性蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補(bu)救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點而(er)采(cai)用的(de)一(yi)(yi)種方(fang)法。即在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之(zhi)間串聯一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，這樣充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以(yi)調整。但(dan)有時(shi)最大充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)到限(xian)制，因此隨充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻(que)幾乎成(cheng)為直線(xian)衰(shuai)減。有時(shi)使用兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值，約在2.4V時(shi)，從低電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)轉換到高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以(yi)減少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合(he)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)特(te)點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)用較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，經過一段(duan)(duan)時(shi)間(jian)改用較小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)改用更小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，即(ji)不同階(jie)段(duan)(duan)內以不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法(fa)，叫做階(jie)段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。階(jie)段(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，一般(ban)可分為兩個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行，也可分為多個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行。

階段等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)所(suo)需充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)短(duan)(duan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由(you)于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)減少了(le)氣泡對極板活性物(wu)質的(de)沖刷(shua)，減少了(le)活性物(wu)質的(de)脫落(luo)。這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)能(neng)延(yan)長(chang)(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽命，并(bing)節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所(suo)以(yi)是當前常用的(de)一(yi)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一(yi)般(ban)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第一(yi)階段以(yi)10h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二階段以(yi)20h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)(duan)，各(ge)種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)具體(ti)要求和(he)標準不一(yi)樣(yang)。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電池(chi)理想充電法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或僅在交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一(yi)些特殊(shu)場合使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)固定(ding)型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)般均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)優點主要(yao)在于(yu)能減少蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)析氣率，并(bing)(bing)可防止過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時(shi)由于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)同(tong)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并(bing)(bing)聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)瞬時(shi)輸出(chu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這有助于(yu)鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)缺點是個別蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)均衡和充(chong)不(bu)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)定(ding)期的(de)均衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是(shi)所有失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)能進(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)復，如出(chu)(chu)現了短路和(he)斷路的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)上活(huo)性(xing)物質嚴(yan)重(zhong)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)嚴(yan)重(zhong)損壞，嚴(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料殼(ke)體(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形和(he)嚴(yan)重(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料殼(ke)體(ti)底部出(chu)(chu)現大面積漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不能進(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)可(ke)修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)因(yin)失(shi)水嚴(yan)重(zhong)而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、電(dian)極(ji)上活(huo)性(xing)物質發生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)因(yin)磕碰(peng)、摔打、跌落(luo)等(deng)原因(yin)使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)殼(ke)體(ti)上部出(chu)(chu)現微(wei)弱裂縫而(er)漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)造(zao)成失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結構(gou)輕(qing)微(wei)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復可(ke)分(fen)為對電(dian)性(xing)能失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復和(he)對塑(su)料殼(ke)體(ti)結構(gou)件失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對(dui)電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池修復(fu)可(ke)分(fen)為化學方法修復(fu)和物理方法修復(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學(xue)方(fang)法對電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的修復通常是采用加(jia)入(ru)化(hua)學(xue)活化(hua)劑方(fang)法，如添加(jia)納(na)米碳(tan)溶(rong)膠蓄(xu)電(dian)池活化(hua)劑，它(ta)是以(yi)納(na)米石墨為溶(rong)質主要成份的水溶(rong)液。

A、對失水嚴重的鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池在(zai)加入(ru)活化劑前(qian)要先加入(ru)濃度(du)為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解液，補加的電解液量控制在上(shang)下液面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置(zhi)。

B、按活化(hua)劑的使用添加量要求通過氣塞孔均(jun)勻的從四周及中間(jian)加入到每個單體(ti)蓄(xu)電(dian)池內部并搖(yao)動均(jun)勻。納(na)米(mi)碳溶膠活化(hua)劑加完后電(dian)解液的液面線(xian)接近液面標示線(xian)的上線(xian)。

C、立即(ji)對修復的(de)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，開始活化充(chong)電(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流要大于正常充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)50%左右，以(yi)便使納米石墨在電場(chang)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下盡快的(de)(de)吸附到電極里(li)面，大約充(chong)進(jin)40%左右的電量時再進行正常充電。首(shou)次活化的充電量為理(li)論(lun)容(rong)量的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次(ci)后(hou)電池的電性能就能得以(yi)恢復，其放電容量(liang)在額定容量(liang)的98%以上的(de)可認為修(xiu)復(fu)完(wan)成。電(dian)(dian)池活(huo)化修(xiu)復(fu)后(hou)對電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液液面偏高的(de)要抽出多(duo)余的(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池，應把電解液全(quan)部倒(dao)出（或吸出）并用(yong)(yong)電池用(yong)(yong)純(chun)凈(jing)水清洗2次，然后再(zai)(zai)加(jia)入使用(yong)濃度的硫酸電解液，再(zai)(zai)按(an)前述方法對電池進行活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電池的修復(fu)也有一定效(xiao)果；但(dan)對膠(jiao)體電解(jie)質(zhi)電池的修復(fu)效(xiao)果不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方(fang)法對電(dian)性能失(shi)效的(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)池修復是用充電(dian)設(she)備提供的(de)充電(dian)模式創新—充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)變化來(lai)實(shi)現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方(fang)法見(jian)（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小(xiao)電流預放電可以(yi)使電解液更容易浸潤到電極內部，使表面已(yi)生(sheng)成鈍(dun)(dun)化層(ceng)的活(huo)性物質(zhi)（硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)）在小(xiao)電流放電時(shi)產生(sheng)比較疏松的硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)分子，這有助于(yu)鈍(dun)(dun)化的硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)活(huo)化并再度參(can)加電化學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單體電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓控(kong)制(zhi)在2.63V~2.70V之間。充(chong)電電流(liu)會隨電池的電壓升高而逐(zhu)步下降，這可以(yi)避免長時間大(da)電流(liu)充(chong)電造成(cheng)電極的損壞(huai)和失水。一般(ban)修(xiu)復充(chong)電的充(chong)電容量控制在額定容量的120%左右(you)，時間控(kong)制在10h~12h之間(jian)。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時(shi)，其(qi)后檢察電(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)壓，若一切正常可按(an)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，放至單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)壓到1.75V，放出的容量應不(bu)少于額定容量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上(shang)；需要對容量(liang)恢復到額定容量(liang)80%以(yi)上的電(dian)池進行第(di)二次(ci)修復(fu)。第(di)二次(ci)修復(fu)的充電(dian)方法(fa)與第(di)一次(ci)相(xiang)同。一般(ban)只(zhi)是電(dian)性能(neng)失效的電(dian)池第(di)二次(ci)修復(fu)后其電(dian)池容量可以(yi)恢復(fu)到額(e)定容量的98%以上；這時可認(ren)為(wei)修復完成，電(dian)池再充(chong)電(dian)后就可以提交使(shi)用(yong)。如果第(di)二次修復放電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)低(di)于額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)85%則認為該電池徹底失效不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃(sao)描共振頻(pin)率(lv)技術（裝置）對(dui)落后(hou)或電性(xing)能失效電池的(de)修復操(cao)作

A、對失(shi)水(shui)嚴重(zhong)的電池進行補(bu)充電解(jie)液，方法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描(miao)共振頻(pin)率(lv)裝置連接到(dao)電池(chi)（組(zu)）的正、負極上，按使用要求對落后或(huo)電性能失效的電池(chi)進(jin)行修(xiu)復。為防止電池(chi)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)對修(xiu)復的干擾(rao)在線(xian)路(lu)中應串一個同步干擾(rao)抑制模塊。

C、測(ce)量被修復電(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內(nei)阻(zu)，失(shi)效的(de)或落后(hou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內(nei)阻(zu)與其它電(dian)(dian)池基本一致(zhi)時(shi)可以認為修復完(wan)成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛星地面站等(deng)設施的電池(chi)機房(fang)。該技術（裝(zhuang)置）的最大特點(dian)是落后或失效的電池(chi)可以在(zai)線(xian)修(xiu)復，不必把有問題的電池(chi)從供配(pei)電系統中取下，是屬于在(zai)線(xian)智能修(xiu)復，可無需人員(yuan)值班，修(xiu)復激(ji)活(huo)電池(chi)時也不會給電池(chi)帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)使用過程中有(you)時會(hui)出(chu)現碰撞、跌落、摔打的(de)現象，這就會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)塑料(liao)殼體被損壞(huai)(huai)。對(dui)于只有(you)輕(qing)微損壞(huai)(huai)（如(ru)外殼有(you)輕(qing)微縫(feng)隙、漏電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液并(bing)不(bu)嚴(yan)重、內部電(dian)(dian)極并(bing)未損壞(huai)(huai)）的(de)可以進行修(xiu)復，但修(xiu)復后不(bu)應影響電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)設備上的(de)裝配(pei)。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)料(liao)粒的(de)配(pei)比(bi)配(pei)制(zhi)膠(jiao)液，不(bu)斷搖動，使(shi)固體料(liao)粒完全溶(rong)解并(bing)成(cheng)均勻液，待用（膠(jiao)液用后(hou)密封好(hao)，可以長(chang)期使(shi)用）。把鉛酸蓄(xu)電池外(wai)殼損傷處擦拭(shi)潔凈(jing)，粘接面上不(bu)能有粉塵(chen)，粉狀顆粒，油污及電解液并(bing)應(ying)平整。取潔凈(jing)的(de)尺(chi)寸適度的(de)ABS（或SAN）塑料板塊（板塊的(de)尺寸各方向上(shang)要大(da)于(yu)裂縫5mm以上，厚度(du)和電池外殼壁相當，待用。取適(shi)量的膠液(ye)涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池外殼的損(sun)傷(shang)處及周邊(bian)5mm以上的地帶，再把裁剪(jian)好的塑(su)料(liao)板塊緊壓在(zai)涂好膠的電池(chi)外殼損傷(shang)處并平(ping)壓緊，12小時以(yi)(yi)后(hou)待膠液(ye)完(wan)(wan)全干(gan)涸后(hou)檢查不漏(lou)，可以(yi)(yi)認(ren)為修(xiu)復完(wan)(wan)成，可提交使用。應注意的(de)是粘接面必需(xu)平整，粘接處必需(xu)平壓緊。被修(xiu)復的(de)電池在(zai)修(xiu)復前若漏(lou)電解液(ye)較多(duo)時應補加使用濃(nong)度的(de)硫酸電解液(ye)在(zai)充電活化(hua)后(hou)方可提交使用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙(bing)烯晴、苯乙烯、丁(ding)二烯共(gong)聚(ju)物），改(gai)性ABS工程(cheng)塑料，SAN工程塑料(liao)（苯乙烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫隙粘合膠(jiao)面(mian)(mian)的厚(hou)度不小于(yu)電池外殼的壁厚(hou)，熱(re)熔膠(jiao)合面(mian)(mian)可以適當加壓有利于(yu)粘合牢固，自然冷卻12小時(shi)后檢查不漏，可以認為(wei)修復完(wan)成，可提交使用。

熱(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)粘合修復(fu)(fu)可以用(yong)熱(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)棒，也可以用(yong)與電(dian)池殼體(ti)相(xiang)同材(cai)料的棒（板）材(cai)料，作(zuo)為熱(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)合材(cai)料，后(hou)者(zhe)效果(guo)會更好。對(dui)熔(rong)膠(jiao)粘合修復(fu)(fu)前失液(ye)過多的電(dian)池修復(fu)(fu)后(hou)應(ying)補加使用(yong)濃度(du)的電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)到液(ye)面線的中間部(bu)位并充電(dian)后(hou)再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改(gai)性增強PP（滑石粉強化的聚(ju)丙(bing)烯）等。

對于極拄處，或蓋(gai)子(zi)上出現的輕微縫隙也可以用上述熱熔粘合方(fang)法進(jin)行修復。

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