一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始終保持(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中由于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸下降(jiang)，為(wei)保持(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)(bu)致因蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而減小，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)必(bi)須逐漸升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以維持(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始終不(bu)(bu)變，這對(dui)于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的自動化程(cheng)度要求(qiu)較高，一般簡(jian)陋的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求(qiu)的。恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大允許的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)情況下，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可以縮短。若(ruo)從時(shi)間上考慮，采用此法(fa)有利(li)的。但在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變，這時(shi)由于(yu)大部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水(shui)上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出氣泡過(guo)(guo)多而顯沸騰狀，這不(bu)(bu)僅消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而且(qie)容易(yi)使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上活性物質大量脫(tuo)落，溫(wen)升過(guo)(guo)高，造成極(ji)板(ban)(ban)彎曲(qu)，容量迅速下降(jiang)而提前報廢。所以，這種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保持(chi)不(bu)變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。由于恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)至(zhi)后(hou)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保持(chi)一定，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當(dang)大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)(guo)正(zheng)常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小。當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相等時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至(zhi)最小甚至(zhi)為(wei)零。由此(ci)可(ke)見，采用(yong)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)優(you)點在(zai)(zai)于，可(ke)以避(bi)免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)大(da)而造(zao)成極(ji)板活性物質(zhi)脫(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)損失。但其(qi)缺點是，在(zai)(zai)剛開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活性物質(zhi)體(ti)積變化收縮太快，影響活性物質(zhi)的(de)機械強(qiang)度，致使(shi)其(qi)脫(tuo)落。而在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又(you)過(guo)(guo)小，使(shi)極(ji)板深(shen)處的(de)活性物質(zhi)得不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影響蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。所(suo)以這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)一般只適用(yong)于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較簡陋的(de)特殊(shu)場合(he)，如(ru)汽車上蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)5號干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右，堿性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救(jiu)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而采用(yong)的一種方法。即在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間(jian)串(chuan)聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，這樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可以(yi)(yi)調整。但有時(shi)最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到限制，因(yin)此隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上升(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻幾乎成為直線衰減。有時(shi)使用(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值，約(yue)在2.4V時(shi)，從低電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)轉換到高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，以(yi)(yi)減少出氣(qi)。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)和恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)法的特點(dian)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)初(chu)期用(yong)(yong)較大的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，經過(guo)一段(duan)時間改用(yong)(yong)較小的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)期改用(yong)(yong)更小的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，即(ji)不同階段(duan)內以不同的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進行(xing)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的方法，叫做階段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)法。階段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)法，一般可分(fen)為兩(liang)個階段(duan)進行(xing)，也可分(fen)為多(duo)個階段(duan)進行(xing)。

階(jie)段等流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電法(fa)所(suo)需充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電時間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電效(xiao)果也好。由于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電后期(qi)改用較小電流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電，這(zhe)樣減(jian)少了氣泡對極板活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)沖刷，減(jian)少了活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)脫(tuo)落。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電法(fa)能(neng)延長(chang)蓄(xu)電池使用壽(shou)命，并節省(sheng)電能(neng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電又徹(che)底(di)，所(suo)以(yi)是當(dang)前常用的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電方法(fa)。一(yi)(yi)般蓄(xu)電池第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段以(yi)10h率電流進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電，第二階(jie)段以(yi)20h率電流進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電。各階(jie)段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電時間的(de)(de)長(chang)短(duan)，各種(zhong)(zhong)蓄(xu)電池的(de)(de)具體要求和標準(zhun)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電池理想充電法。

（5）浮充電法

間(jian)歇使用(yong)(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅(jin)在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使用(yong)(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一些特(te)殊場合使用(yong)(yong)的固定(ding)型蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的優點(dian)主要在(zai)于(yu)能(neng)減(jian)少蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的析氣率，并(bing)可防止過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時由于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同(tong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并(bing)聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時輸出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，這有助(zhu)于(yu)鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的缺點(dian)是個別蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)衡和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以需要進行(xing)定(ding)期的均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是所有失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都能(neng)進行(xing)(xing)修復(fu)，如出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了短路(lu)和(he)斷(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)嚴(yan)重脫落(luo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板(ban)嚴(yan)重損(sun)壞，嚴(yan)重變形的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料殼體(ti)嚴(yan)重變形和(he)嚴(yan)重破裂(lie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料殼體(ti)底部(bu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)大面積漏液的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不能(neng)進行(xing)(xing)修復(fu)的(de)(de)。所以可修復(fu)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)重而失(shi)(shi)效、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)發生嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)硫酸鹽化而失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌落(luo)等(deng)原因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)上(shang)部(bu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)微弱裂(lie)縫而漏液造成失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結(jie)構(gou)輕微失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。所以鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)修復(fu)可分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)修復(fu)和(he)對塑(su)料殼體(ti)結(jie)構(gou)件失(shi)(shi)效的(de)(de)修復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池修(xiu)復可分為(wei)化學方法(fa)修(xiu)復和物(wu)理方法(fa)修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學(xue)方法對電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的修(xiu)復通常(chang)是采用加入化學(xue)活化劑方法，如(ru)添(tian)加納(na)米碳溶(rong)(rong)膠蓄電(dian)池活化劑，它(ta)是以納(na)米石墨為(wei)溶(rong)(rong)質主要成份的水溶(rong)(rong)液。

A、對(dui)失水嚴重的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池在(zai)加(jia)入活化劑(ji)前要(yao)先(xian)加(jia)入濃度為5%~10%的稀(xi)硫酸電(dian)解液，補(bu)加的電(dian)解液量控制在上下液面線之間(jian)偏(pian)上線的位置。

B、按活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)的(de)使用添加(jia)量要求通過(guo)氣塞孔均勻的(de)從(cong)四(si)周及(ji)中(zhong)間加(jia)入到每個單體蓄電池(chi)內部(bu)并搖動均勻。納(na)米碳溶膠活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)加(jia)完(wan)后電解液(ye)的(de)液(ye)面線(xian)(xian)接(jie)近液(ye)面標(biao)示線(xian)(xian)的(de)上線(xian)(xian)。

C、立即對(dui)修復的(de)電(dian)池充電(dian)，開(kai)始活化充電(dian)時充電(dian)電(dian)流要大于正常充電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)50%左右，以(yi)便使(shi)納米石墨在電場的作用(yong)下盡快的吸(xi)附(fu)到電極里面，大約充進40%左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)時再進行正常(chang)充電(dian)(dian)。首次活化(hua)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)量(liang)為(wei)理論(lun)容量(liang)的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后(hou)電池的(de)(de)電性能(neng)就(jiu)能(neng)得以恢復，其放電容量在額定容量的(de)(de)98%以(yi)上的可認為修復完成。電池活化修復后對電解(jie)液(ye)液(ye)面偏高的要抽(chou)出多(duo)余的電解(jie)液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應把電(dian)(dian)解液全部倒出（或吸出）并用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)用純凈(jing)水清洗2次，然后再加入(ru)使用濃度的硫酸(suan)電解(jie)液，再按(an)前述(shu)方(fang)法對電池進行活化修復(fu)。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電池的修復(fu)也有一(yi)定效(xiao)果(guo)；但對膠(jiao)體(ti)電解質(zhi)電池的修復(fu)效(xiao)果(guo)不明顯(xian)。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法對電性能(neng)失效的鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)修(xiu)復(fu)是用充(chong)電設備(bei)提(ti)供的充(chong)電模式創新—充(chong)電電流的變(bian)化來實現的。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方(fang)法(fa)見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流預放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液更容易浸潤到電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)內部，使(shi)表面已生成鈍(dun)化層的(de)活(huo)性物質（硫酸鉛(qian)）在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生比較(jiao)疏(shu)松的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)分(fen)子(zi)，這有助(zhu)于鈍(dun)化的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)活(huo)化并再度參加電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反(fan)應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電(dian)流一(yi)般≥0.1C，終止時單體電(dian)池電(dian)壓控制在2.63V~2.70V之間(jian)(jian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)會隨電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而逐步下(xia)降，這可以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)長時間(jian)(jian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)極的損壞和失水。一般修(xiu)復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量控制在額定(ding)容(rong)量的120%左右，時間控制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小(xiao)時(shi)，其(qi)后檢(jian)察電(dian)(dian)池的開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，若(ruo)一切正常可(ke)按要求的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，放至單體電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)到1.75V，放(fang)出(chu)的容(rong)量應不(bu)少于額定容(rong)量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上(shang)；需(xu)要對容量恢復到(dao)額定容量80%以上的(de)電(dian)池(chi)進行第二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復。第二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)充電(dian)方(fang)法(fa)與第一次(ci)相(xiang)同。一般只是電(dian)性能失效的(de)電(dian)池(chi)第二次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)復后其電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)以恢復到額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)98%以上(shang)；這(zhe)時可認為(wei)修復完成，電(dian)(dian)池再充電(dian)(dian)后就(jiu)可以提交使用。如果第二次(ci)修復放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)低于(yu)額定容量(liang)的85%則認為該(gai)電池徹(che)底失效不可修復(fu)。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共(gong)振頻率技術（裝置）對落后或(huo)電性(xing)能失(shi)效(xiao)電池的修復(fu)操作

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的電池(chi)進行補充(chong)電解液，方法(fa)同(tong)3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描(miao)共振頻率裝置連接(jie)到電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（組）的正、負極上，按(an)使用(yong)要求對(dui)落(luo)后或電(dian)(dian)性能失(shi)效的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)修(xiu)復。為防止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作狀態對(dui)修(xiu)復的干(gan)擾在線路中應串一(yi)個同步干(gan)擾抑制(zhi)模塊。

C、測量被修(xiu)復(fu)電路中電池的電壓(ya)和內阻，失效的或落后的電池電壓(ya)和內阻與其它電池基本一致時可以認為修(xiu)復(fu)完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系(xi)統(tong)、衛星地面站(zhan)等設(she)施的電(dian)(dian)池機(ji)房。該技術（裝置）的最大(da)特點是落后或失效的電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以在(zai)線(xian)修復，不必把(ba)有問題的電(dian)(dian)池從供配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中取下，是屬于在(zai)線(xian)智能修復，可(ke)無(wu)需人員值班，修復激活電(dian)(dian)池時也不會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)池帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)使用(yong)過程中有(you)時(shi)會出現碰撞、跌落、摔打的現象，這就(jiu)會造成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的塑料殼(ke)體被損(sun)壞。對于只有(you)輕微(wei)損(sun)壞（如外(wai)殼(ke)有(you)輕微(wei)縫隙、漏電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)并不(bu)嚴重、內部電(dian)極并未損(sun)壞）的可以進行修復，但修復后(hou)不(bu)應影響電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)設(she)備上(shang)的裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)料(liao)粒的(de)配比配制膠液(ye)，不斷搖動，使固體料(liao)粒完(wan)全溶(rong)解(jie)并成(cheng)均勻液(ye)，待用(yong)（膠液(ye)用(yong)后密封好，可(ke)以長期使用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄(xu)電池外殼損傷處擦拭(shi)潔凈，粘接(jie)面上不能有粉塵，粉狀顆粒，油污及電解(jie)液(ye)并應平整(zheng)。取潔凈的(de)尺寸適度(du)的(de)ABS（或SAN）塑料板塊（板塊的尺寸各方向上要大于裂縫(feng)5mm以上，厚度和電池(chi)外殼壁相當，待(dai)用。取適量(liang)的膠(jiao)液(ye)涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池(chi)外殼的損傷處(chu)及周邊5mm以上的(de)地帶，再把裁剪好(hao)的(de)塑料板塊緊壓在涂好(hao)膠(jiao)的(de)電池外殼損(sun)傷處并平壓緊，12小時以后待膠液(ye)(ye)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)干涸(he)后檢查不(bu)漏，可(ke)以認為修復完(wan)(wan)成，可(ke)提交使(shi)用。應注意的是(shi)粘接(jie)面(mian)必需(xu)平(ping)整，粘接(jie)處必需(xu)平(ping)壓緊(jin)。被修復的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在修復前(qian)若漏電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)較多時應補加使(shi)用濃度(du)的硫(liu)酸電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)在充電(dian)(dian)活化(hua)后方可(ke)提交使(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙烯、丁二烯共聚物），改(gai)性ABS工(gong)程塑料(liao)，SAN工(gong)程塑料(liao)（苯乙(yi)烯、丙(bing)烯晴共(gong)聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷(shang)縫隙粘(zhan)合膠面的厚度不小于(yu)(yu)電池外(wai)殼的壁厚，熱熔膠合面可以適當加壓有利于(yu)(yu)粘(zhan)合牢固，自然冷(leng)卻12小時后檢查(cha)不漏，可以認為修復完(wan)成，可提交使用。

熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)粘(zhan)(zhan)合修復可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)棒，也可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)與電池殼體相(xiang)同材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)棒（板）材(cai)料(liao)，作為熱(re)(re)熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)合材(cai)料(liao)，后者(zhe)效果會(hui)更(geng)好。對熔(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)粘(zhan)(zhan)合修復前失液過多的(de)(de)電池修復后應補加(jia)使用(yong)濃度(du)的(de)(de)電解(jie)液到(dao)液面線的(de)(de)中(zhong)間部位并充電后再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙(bing)烯），改(gai)性(xing)增(zeng)強PP（滑石粉(fen)強化的聚(ju)丙(bing)烯）等。

對于極拄(zhu)處，或蓋子(zi)上出現(xian)的(de)輕微縫(feng)隙也可(ke)以用上述熱熔粘合方(fang)法(fa)進行修復。

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