一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始終保持不(bu)變(bian)，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等(deng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)由(you)(you)于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)(jian)升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)(jian)下降，為(wei)保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)致因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)必須逐漸(jian)(jian)升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始終不(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)自動化程(cheng)度要求較高，一般簡陋的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是不(bu)能(neng)(neng)滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)允許的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以(yi)縮短。若從時間上(shang)考慮(lv)，采(cai)用(yong)此法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)利的(de)。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)時由(you)(you)于(yu)大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡過(guo)多而(er)顯沸騰(teng)狀，這(zhe)不(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，而(er)且容易使極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)活性物質大(da)量(liang)脫落(luo)，溫升過(guo)高，造(zao)成極(ji)板(ban)彎曲(qu)，容量(liang)迅速下降而(er)提前報廢。所(suo)以(yi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)很(hen)少采(cai)用(yong)。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始終保(bao)持(chi)不變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。由(you)于恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始至(zhi)后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始終保(bao)持(chi)一定(ding)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當大(da)(da)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)。但(dan)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸減小。當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至(zhi)最小甚至(zhi)為零。由(you)此可見，采(cai)用恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)優點在于，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)避(bi)免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)而(er)造成極板(ban)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)脫落和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)損(sun)失。但(dan)其缺點是，在剛開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)體(ti)積變化收(shou)縮(suo)太快，影響(xiang)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)的(de)機械強度，致(zhi)使(shi)其脫落。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又過小，使(shi)極板(ban)深處的(de)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應(ying)，形成長(chang)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用壽命。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)一般只適用于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)較簡陋的(de)特殊場合，如汽車(che)上蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)5號干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)用等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。采(cai)用等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：酸(suan)性蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左(zuo)右(you)，堿性蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左(zuo)右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)補救恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)缺點而采用(yong)的(de)(de)一種方法。即在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間串聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可以調整。但有時最大充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到(dao)限制(zhi)，因此(ci)隨充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)(de)進行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)上(shang)升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻幾乎(hu)成為(wei)直線衰減。有時使用(yong)兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值，約(yue)在(zai)2.4V時，從(cong)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻轉換到(dao)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，以減少出(chu)氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜(zong)合恒(heng)流和恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的特點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期用較大的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，經過一段時間(jian)改(gai)用較小(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，至充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期改(gai)用更小(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，即不同(tong)階(jie)段內以(yi)不同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的方法，叫做階(jie)段恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法。階(jie)段恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法，一般可分(fen)為兩個(ge)階(jie)段進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，也可分(fen)為多個(ge)階(jie)段進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。

階(jie)段等流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所(suo)(suo)需(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間短(duan)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果也好(hao)。由于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較(jiao)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣減(jian)少了氣泡(pao)對極板活性物質的(de)(de)沖刷，減(jian)少了活性物質的(de)(de)脫落。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能延長(chang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底(di)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)是(shi)當前常用的(de)(de)一種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一般蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第(di)一階(jie)段以(yi)10h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)二階(jie)段以(yi)20h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階(jie)段充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)長(chang)短(duan)，各(ge)種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)具體(ti)要求(qiu)和標準(zhun)不(bu)一樣。

3階段充電法是鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池理想充電(dian)(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或僅在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一(yi)些特殊場合使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)固定(ding)型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)般均采(cai)用(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)優點主要(yao)在(zai)于(yu)能減少(shao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)析氣率，并可防止(zhi)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時由于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池同直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池瞬時輸(shu)出大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這有助(zhu)于(yu)鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)缺點是個別(bie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)均衡(heng)(heng)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要(yao)進(jin)行定(ding)期的(de)均衡(heng)(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是所(suo)有失效的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都(dou)能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)，如出(chu)(chu)現了短路和斷路的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板上(shang)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)脫(tuo)落的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)損壞，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形和嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)底部(bu)出(chu)(chu)現大面積漏液的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是不能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)以可修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是因失水嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)而失效、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)發生嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸鹽化(hua)而失效的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以及因磕碰(peng)、摔打、跌落等原(yuan)因使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)上(shang)部(bu)出(chu)(chu)現微(wei)弱裂縫而漏液造成失效的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，即結(jie)構(gou)輕微(wei)失效的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。所(suo)以鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)可分為對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)失效的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)和對(dui)塑料殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構(gou)件失效的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能(neng)失效的鉛酸蓄電池修(xiu)復(fu)可分為化(hua)學方法(fa)修(xiu)復(fu)和物理方法(fa)修(xiu)復(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學方(fang)法對電(dian)性(xing)能失效的鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的修復(fu)通常是采用加入化(hua)學活化(hua)劑方(fang)法，如添加納米碳溶(rong)膠(jiao)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)活化(hua)劑，它是以納米石墨為溶(rong)質主要(yao)成(cheng)份的水溶(rong)液。

A、對失水嚴重(zhong)的(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池在加入(ru)活化(hua)劑(ji)前要先加入(ru)濃度為5%~10%的(de)稀硫酸電解液，補加的(de)電解液量控制在上下液面線之間偏(pian)上線的(de)位置。

B、按活(huo)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用添加(jia)量要求(qiu)通過氣塞孔均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)從四周(zhou)及(ji)中(zhong)間加(jia)入到每個(ge)單(dan)體蓄電池內(nei)部并搖動均勻(yun)。納米(mi)碳(tan)溶膠活(huo)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)加(jia)完后電解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)液面線(xian)接(jie)近液面標示線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)上線(xian)。

C、立(li)即對修復(fu)的電池充(chong)(chong)電，開始(shi)活化(hua)充(chong)(chong)電時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)要大于(yu)正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)的50%左右(you)，以便使納米(mi)石墨在電場的作用(yong)下盡(jin)快的吸附到電極里面，大(da)約(yue)充(chong)進40%左右的電量時(shi)再(zai)進行正常(chang)充電。首次活化的充電量為理論(lun)容量的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能就能得(de)以恢復，其放電(dian)(dian)容量在額定容量的98%以上的可認為(wei)修復完成。電池(chi)活化修復后對電解液(ye)液(ye)面偏高的要抽出(chu)多余的電解液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池(chi)(chi)，應把電解液全部倒出(chu)（或吸(xi)出(chu)）并用電池(chi)(chi)用純凈(jing)水清洗2次，然(ran)后再(zai)加(jia)入使用(yong)濃度的硫(liu)酸電(dian)解液，再(zai)按前述方(fang)法對電(dian)池進行活(huo)化(hua)修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)修復也有一(yi)定(ding)效(xiao)果；但對膠(jiao)體(ti)電(dian)解(jie)質電(dian)池(chi)的(de)修復效(xiao)果不明(ming)顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法(fa)對電性能失效的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池修復是用充電設備提(ti)供的(de)充電模式創新—充電電流(liu)的(de)變化(hua)來(lai)實現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)預放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可以使電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液更(geng)容(rong)易浸潤到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極內部，使表(biao)面已生(sheng)成(cheng)鈍(dun)化(hua)層的活(huo)性物質（硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)）在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生(sheng)比較疏松(song)的硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)分子，這有助于鈍(dun)化(hua)的硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)活(huo)化(hua)并再度參(can)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負(fu)脈沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單(dan)體電(dian)池電(dian)壓控制在(zai)2.63V~2.70V之間。充電電流會隨電池(chi)的電壓(ya)升高而逐步(bu)下降，這可以避免長(chang)時間大電流充電造成電極的損壞和失水。一般修復充電的充電容量控制在額定容量的120%左右，時間控制在(zai)10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢察(cha)電池(chi)的開路電壓，若一切正(zheng)常可(ke)按要求的放電電流放電，放至單體電壓到1.75V，放(fang)出的容量(liang)應不少于額定容量(liang)的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以(yi)上；需要對(dui)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)恢復(fu)到額定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)80%以上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行第二次(ci)修復(fu)(fu)。第二次(ci)修復(fu)(fu)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法與第一次(ci)相同。一般只是電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能失(shi)效的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)第二次(ci)修復(fu)(fu)后(hou)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)可(ke)以恢復(fu)(fu)到額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)的98%以(yi)上；這時可(ke)認(ren)為修(xiu)復完成，電池再充電后就可(ke)以(yi)提交(jiao)使用。如果第二次修(xiu)復放電容量低于額定容量的(de)85%則認(ren)為該電池徹底(di)失效不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振頻率技(ji)術（裝置）對落后(hou)或電性(xing)能(neng)失效電池的修復(fu)操作(zuo)

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的電(dian)池進(jin)行補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)解液，方(fang)法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振(zhen)頻率裝置連接到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（組(zu)）的正、負極上，按使用要(yao)求(qiu)對落(luo)后(hou)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能失效的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行修復(fu)。為防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作狀(zhuang)態對修復(fu)的干(gan)擾在線路中應串一(yi)個同步干(gan)擾抑制模(mo)塊。

C、測量被修(xiu)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和內阻(zu)(zu)，失效的或落后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和內阻(zu)(zu)與其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本一(yi)致時可以(yi)認(ren)為修(xiu)復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系(xi)統(tong)、衛星地面站等設施的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)機房。該(gai)技術（裝置）的(de)最(zui)大特點(dian)是(shi)落后或(huo)失效的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以在(zai)(zai)線修(xiu)(xiu)復，不必把有問題的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)從(cong)供配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中取下，是(shi)屬于(yu)在(zai)(zai)線智(zhi)能修(xiu)(xiu)復，可(ke)無需人員(yuan)值(zhi)班，修(xiu)(xiu)復激(ji)活(huo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時也不會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)帶來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電池在使用過程中有時(shi)會出現碰撞(zhuang)、跌落、摔打的現象，這就會造成電池的塑料(liao)殼體被損壞(huai)。對于只有輕微損壞(huai)（如外殼有輕微縫隙、漏電解液并不嚴重、內(nei)部電極并未(wei)損壞(huai)）的可以進行修復(fu)，但(dan)修復(fu)后不應(ying)影響電池在設備上的裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料料粒的配(pei)比(bi)配(pei)制(zhi)膠(jiao)液(ye)，不斷(duan)搖動，使固(gu)體(ti)料粒完全(quan)溶解并成均(jun)勻液(ye)，待用（膠(jiao)液(ye)用后密封好，可以長期(qi)使用）。把鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)外殼(ke)損傷(shang)處(chu)擦拭(shi)潔(jie)凈，粘接面上(shang)不能(neng)有(you)粉(fen)塵(chen)，粉(fen)狀顆(ke)粒，油(you)污及電(dian)解液(ye)并應平整。取(qu)潔(jie)凈的尺寸適度的ABS（或SAN）塑料板(ban)塊(kuai)（板(ban)塊(kuai)的尺寸各方向上要大(da)于裂縫5mm以(yi)上，厚度和電池外(wai)殼壁相當(dang)，待(dai)用。取適量的膠液涂抹于鉛酸(suan)蓄電池外(wai)殼的損(sun)傷處及周(zhou)邊5mm以上(shang)的(de)(de)地(di)帶(dai)，再把裁剪好的(de)(de)塑料板塊緊壓(ya)在涂好膠的(de)(de)電池外殼損(sun)傷處并平壓(ya)緊，12小(xiao)時(shi)以后待膠液完(wan)全干涸后檢查不漏(lou)，可(ke)以認為修復完(wan)成(cheng)，可(ke)提交使(shi)用。應注意(yi)的(de)是粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)面必需平整，粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)處必需平壓緊。被修復的(de)電(dian)池在修復前若漏(lou)電(dian)解液較多時(shi)應補加使(shi)用濃度的(de)硫酸(suan)電(dian)解液在充(chong)電(dian)活化后方可(ke)提交使(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴(qing)、苯(ben)乙烯、丁二(er)烯共聚物），改性(xing)ABS工程(cheng)塑料，SAN工程塑料（苯乙(yi)烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以(yi)上，損傷縫隙粘(zhan)合膠(jiao)面的(de)(de)厚度不小于電池外殼的(de)(de)壁厚，熱熔膠(jiao)合面可以(yi)適(shi)當加(jia)壓(ya)有(you)利(li)于粘(zhan)合牢(lao)固(gu)，自然冷卻12小時后檢查(cha)不(bu)漏，可(ke)以認(ren)為修復(fu)完成，可(ke)提交使用。

熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合(he)修復可以用(yong)熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)棒，也(ye)可以用(yong)與(yu)電池殼(ke)體相同材(cai)料的(de)棒（板）材(cai)料，作(zuo)為(wei)熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)合(he)材(cai)料，后者效果(guo)會更好。對熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘合(he)修復前(qian)失液(ye)過(guo)多的(de)電池修復后應補加(jia)使(shi)用(yong)濃(nong)度的(de)電解液(ye)到液(ye)面線的(de)中(zhong)間(jian)部(bu)位并充電后再提交(jiao)使(shi)用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改性增(zeng)強PP（滑石粉強化(hua)的聚丙烯）等。

對(dui)于極拄處，或蓋子上(shang)出現(xian)的輕微縫隙也可以用上(shang)述(shu)熱熔粘合方法進(jin)行(xing)修復(fu)。

聲明：以上方法源于程序系統索引或網民分享提供，僅供您參考使用，不代表本網站的研究觀點，證明有效，請注意甄別內容來源的真實性和權威性。申請刪除>> 糾錯>>