拖拉機的工作原理及基本組成
一、拖拉機的工作原理
(一)輪式拖拉機的工作原理
1、拖拉機的行駛
拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)是靠內燃機的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)經(jing)傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統,使驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)獲得驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)扭(niu)矩(ju)Mk,獲得驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)扭(niu)矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)再通過輪(lun)(lun)胎花紋和(he)輪(lun)(lun)胎表面(mian)給(gei)地(di)(di)面(mian)小、向后的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(切線力(li)(li)(li)),而地(di)(di)面(mian)對驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)大(da)小相等(deng)、方(fang)向相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)飯作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)Pk,這(zhe)個Pk飯作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)就是推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機向前行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(也(ye)稱喂推進(jin)力(li)(li)(li))。當驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)Pk足以(yi)克(ke)服前后車(che)輪(lun)(lun)向前滾動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)所帶(dai)農具的(de)(de)(de)(de)牽引阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)時(shi),拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機便(bian)向前行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)。若將驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)支離地(di)(di)面(mian),即驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)Pk等(deng)于(yu)零,則驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)只能(neng)(neng)原(yuan)地(di)(di)空轉,拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機不(bu)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi);若滾動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)牽引阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)和(he)大(da)于(yu)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)Pk時(shi),拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)。由此可見輪(lun)(lun)式拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)是由驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)扭(niu)矩(ju)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)與(yu)地(di)(di)面(mian)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)相互作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)而實現的(de)(de)(de)(de),并且驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)要大(da)于(yu)滾動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)牽引阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)和(he)。下(xia)面(mian)我們再分(fen)析一(yi)下(xia)影(ying)響拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)(la)機行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)(shi)(shi)有主要因素。
2、影響拖拉機行駛的主要因素
(1)滾動阻力
拖(tuo)拉(la)機的(de)(de)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li),主(zhu)要(yao)是由(you)于輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing)而產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de),在(zai)(zai)拖(tuo)拉(la)機的(de)(de)重(zhong)量(liang)作用下(xia)(xia),輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)被壓(ya)(ya)(ya)扁、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)被壓(ya)(ya)(ya)實。車輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)在(zai)(zai)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過程中(zhong)、輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)沿圓(yuan)周(zhou)圍方(fang)向(xiang)與地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)相接觸的(de)(de)各(ge)個部上(shang)繼被壓(ya)(ya)(ya)扁變形(xing)(xing),且把(ba)車輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)前(qian)面(mian)(mian)高出土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)(xia)去使(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)(xia)去使(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)變形(xing)(xing)而形(xing)(xing)成輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轍(che),即(ji)產(chan)(chan)生了阻(zu)(zu)礙車輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)向(xiang)前(qian)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)。影響滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)的(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)很多,主(zhu)要(yao)與地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)堅(jian)實和(he)潮濕程度上(shang)的(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)載荷的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)等因(yin)素(su)有關。對同(tong)一(yi)臺拖(tuo)拉(la)機來(lai)說,若地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)條件(jian)不(bu)同(tong),其滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong),如在(zai)(zai)瀝青(qing)和(he)水泥或(huo)干(gan)硬地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)行駛(shi)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)小(xiao),拖(tuo)拉(la)機牽引(yin)力(li)就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)(da),在(zai)(zai)同(tong)樣使(shi)用條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),若加在(zai)(zai)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)量(liang)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)在(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da)。一(yi)般說來(lai),減(jian)少(shao)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)本身的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing),有利于減(jian)少(shao)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)。若拖(tuo)拉(la)機在(zai)(zai)松軟地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)行駛(shi),采(cai)用低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai),加大(da)(da)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)支承(cheng)面(mian)(mian)積,則(ze)可減(jian)小(xiao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)在(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing),降低(di)(di)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li),從而提高牽引(yin)力(li)。由(you)于拖(tuo)拉(la)機主(zhu)要(yao)用于田間作業(ye),多在(zai)(zai)松軟地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)行駛(shi),為減(jian)小(xiao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)在(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing),因(yin)此拖(tuo)拉(la)機一(yi)般采(cai)用的(de)(de)最低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai),采(cai)用加寬(kuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)也(ye)是同(tong)樣的(de)(de)道理。在(zai)(zai)我們經營中(zhong)應注意低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)、加寬(kuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用上(shang)的(de)(de)區(qu)別。
(2)牽引阻力
牽引(yin)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)(li)是拖(tuo)拉機(ji)帶動(dong)農機(ji)具(ju)進行作業所(suo)要克服的(de)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)(li),它等于拖(tuo)拉機(ji)通過(guo)連接裝置傳給(gei)農機(ji)具(ju)的(de)牽引(yin)力(li)(li)。由(you)于牽引(yin)力(li)(li)等于驅(qu)動(dong)減去滾動(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)(li),因此,增加驅(qu)動(dong)力(li)(li)和減少滾動(dong)阻(zu)(zu)力(li)(li)是提高牽引(yin)力(li)(li)的(de)有效(xiao)措施。
(3)驅動力
它是(shi)(shi)路面(mian)對驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)的(de)水平反作用力。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci),內(nei)(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)通過傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)傳(chuan)到驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)上的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)扭矩(ju)Mk的(de)大小,表明(ming)了拖拉機(ji)的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力Pk也(ye)越大。但(dan)由于Mk是(shi)(shi)由內(nei)(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)的(de)功率(lv)決定(ding)(ding)的(de),因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)Pk也(ye)受到內(nei)(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)功率(lv)的(de)限(xian)(xian)制。同(tong)時Pk又受土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)限(xian)(xian)制,不能(neng)無(wu)限(xian)(xian)增加(jia)(jia),因(yin)(yin)(yin)為當土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)反作用力即驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力Pk增加(jia)(jia)到一定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度時同(tong),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)被破壞,驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)嚴重打滑,驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力Pk不能(neng)再(zai)增加(jia)(jia)了。我們把土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)對驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)輪(lun)所能(neng)產生的(de)最大反作用力叫做“附著力”。由此(ci)可(ke)見,驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)力Pk的(de)最大值(zhi)除(chu)了受內(nei)(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)率(lv)限(xian)(xian)制外,還受土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)附著力的(de)限(xian)(xian)制,而不能(neng)無(wu)限(xian)(xian)增加(jia)(jia)國。
附(fu)著力(li)反映了驅動與(yu)土(tu)壤間(jian)產生最(zui)大(da)驅動力(li)的(de)(de)能力(li)。影響附(fu)著力(li)的(de)(de)因(yin)素很多,主要與(yu)地(di)面的(de)(de)條件,輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)氣(qi)壓(ya)、尺寸(cun)、花紋(wen)和作(zuo)用在(zai)(zai)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)上的(de)(de)垂(chui)直載荷的(de)(de)大(da)小等因(yin)素有(you)關。對拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)來(lai)說,在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)(de)土(tu)壤條件下,在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)(de)范圍(wei)內降低輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)氣(qi)壓(ya)、增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)支承面積、改善車輪(lun)(lun)(lun)對土(tu)壤的(de)(de)抓(zhua)著能力(li)、增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)車輪(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)附(fu)著重(zhong)量(liang)等,都(dou)有(you)利于(yu)提(ti)高拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)附(fu)著力(li),在(zai)(zai)拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)上普遍采(cai)用低壓(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai),有(you)的(de)(de)拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用了加(jia)寬輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)和高花紋(wen)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)胎(tai)(tai)以及在(zai)(zai)拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動輪(lun)(lun)(lun)上加(jia)配(pei)重(zhong)鐵,都(dou)是為了增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)附(fu)著力(li),提(ti)高拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)牽引能力(li)而采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)措施。但(dan)應指出驅動輪(lun)(lun)(lun)上加(jia)配(pei)重(zhong)鐵,雖然可(ke)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)附(fu)著力(li),但(dan)同時也增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了土(tu)壤在(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直方(fang)向上的(de)(de)變形(xing),增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了滾動阻(zu)力(li),因(yin)此是否加(jia)配(pei)重(zhong)鐵,還要視具體使(shi)用條件,權衡總的(de)(de)效果進行取(qu)舍。
拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)輪與地面間產生的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)附(fu)著能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和抵抗打(da)滑的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li),稱為拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)附(fu)著性能(neng)(neng)(neng)。若(ruo)附(fu)著性能(neng)(neng)(neng)好,打(da)滑較(jiao)輕(qing),則驅(qu)動(dong)扭矩(ju)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)分利(li)用(yong),內燃(ran)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)也(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)得到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)發揮,拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)在(zai)工作時(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)顯得有(you)勁。若(ruo)附(fu)著性能(neng)(neng)(neng)差,打(da)滑嚴重(zhong),則驅(qu)動(dong)扭矩(ju)就(jiu)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)分利(li)用(yong),內燃(ran)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)就(jiu)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)得到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)發揮,拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)在(zai)工作時(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)顯得有(you)勁使(shi)不出來(lai),或者說(shuo)拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)沒(mei)有(you)多(duo)大(da)勁。驅(qu)動(dong)輪嚴重(zhong)打(da)滑,會使(shi)拖拉(la)(la)(la)機(ji)行駛速度(du)降低,生產和經濟性下降,同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)加(jia)快了驅(qu)動(dong)輪輪胎(tai)的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)損(sun),此外土壤的(de)(de)(de)結構也(ye)會遭到(dao)破壞。
(二)履帶式拖拉機的工作原理
履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)與(yu)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)式(shi)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)不同(tong),它是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)一(yi)條卷繞的(de)(de)(de)環形履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)支(zhi)承在(zai)地面上(shang)(shang)(shang)。履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)接觸地面,履(lv)(lv)刺插(cha)入土內,驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工不接地。驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)在(zai)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)扭矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下,通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)齒和(he)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)板節(jie)銷之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)嚙(nie)合連續不斷地把(ba)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)從后方(fang)卷起。接地那部分履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)給(gei)地面一(yi)個向(xiang)(xiang)后的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)力(li)(li),而需也相應地給(gei)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)個前的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)用(yong)力(li)(li)Pk,這個Pk反作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)向(xiang)(xiang)前行駛的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)式(shi)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)直接傳給(gei)行走輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de),而履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)不同(tong),它的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)Pk是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)卷繞在(zai)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)傳給(gei)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou),再由(you)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)體傳到驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。當驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)足(zu)以(yi)克服滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻力(li)(li)和(he)所帶(dai)(dai)(dai)農具的(de)(de)(de)牽(qian)引阻力(li)(li)時(shi),支(zhi)重輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)在(zai)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)表面向(xiang)(xiang)前滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),從而使(shi)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)向(xiang)(xiang)前行駛。由(you)于(yu)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)不斷地把(ba)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)節(jie)一(yi)節(jie)卷送到前方(fang),再經導向(xiang)(xiang)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)將其鋪(pu)在(zai)地面上(shang)(shang)(shang),因此(ci)(ci)支(zhi)重輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)可連續地在(zai)用(yong)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪(pu)設的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)道上(shang)(shang)(shang)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)。由(you)此(ci)(ci)可知,履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式(shi)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)行使(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)扭矩(ju)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)使(shi)履(lv)(lv)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)與(yu)地面間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相互作(zuo)用(yong)而實現的(de)(de)(de),并(bing)且驅(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)大于(yu)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)阻力(li)(li)與(yu)牽(qian)引阻力(li)(li)之(zhi)和(he)。
驅動力(li)(li)的(de)(de)最大值與(yu)輪式拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)一(yi)樣(yang),它一(yi)方面取決于(yu)內燃(ran)機(ji)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li),另(ling)一(yi)方面又受(shou)(shou)到(dao)履(lv)(lv)帶與(yu)地面間附(fu)著(zhu)條件的(de)(de)限制。一(yi)般說(shuo)來(lai),拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)的(de)(de)功率越(yue)大,驅動力(li)(li)就越(yue)大。影響附(fu)著(zhu)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)因素很多,就其拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)本身的(de)(de)結(jie)構來(lai)說(shuo),合理的(de)(de)選擇履(lv)(lv)刺、履(lv)(lv)帶的(de)(de)形狀尺寸,在一(yi)定(ding)限度內增加履(lv)(lv)帶的(de)(de)承受(shou)(shou)重量等,均可提(ti)高(gao)附(fu)著(zhu)力(li)(li),增加拖(tuo)拉(la)(la)機(ji)的(de)(de)牽引力(li)(li)。
履帶式拖拉機(ji)的(de)滾(gun)動阻(zu)力是由土(tu)壤在垂直方向(xiang)上的(de)變(bian)形(xing)和行走(zou)系(xi)各機(ji)件間的(de)相(xiang)互摩(mo)擦作用而形(xing)成的(de),減小滾(gun)動阻(zu)力,可增加拖拉機(ji)的(de)牽引(yin)力。
二、拖拉機的基本組成
拖拉機(ji)雖是一種比較復雜的機(ji)器,其(qi)型(xing)式和大小也各不相同(tong),但它(ta)們都(dou)是由發動機(ji)、底盤和電器設備三大部分組成(cheng)的。
(一)發動機
它是拖(tuo)拉(la)機產生動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)裝置,其作用是將燃料的(de)(de)熱(re)能轉變為機械(xie)能向外輸出動(dong)力(li)。我國目前生產的(de)(de)農用拖(tuo)拉(la)機都采用柴油(you)機。
(二)底盤
它(ta)是拖(tuo)(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)遞動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。其作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是將(jiang)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力傳(chuan)遞給驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)裝置(zhi)(zhi)使拖(tuo)(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行駛,并完成(cheng)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)業或固定作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。這個(ge)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是通(tong)過傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、行走系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、轉向系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)相互配(pei)合、協調工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)來實現的(de)(de)(de),同(tong)時它(ta)們又(you)構(gou)成(cheng)了拖(tuo)(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)骨架和身軀。因此,我們把上述的(de)(de)(de)四大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和一大裝置(zhi)(zhi)統(tong)(tong)稱為(wei)底盤(pan)。也就是說,在拖(tuo)(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)整體中,除發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)器(qi)設備以外的(de)(de)(de)所有其他(ta)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和裝置(zhi)(zhi),統(tong)(tong)稱為(wei)拖(tuo)(tuo)拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)底盤(pan)。
(三)電器設備
它是保證拖拉機用電的裝置。其作用是解決照明、安全信號和發動機的起動。