起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法
一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作
主要是因電動葫蘆沒接通額定工(gong)作電(dian)壓，而無法工(gong)作，一般(ban)有3 種情況：
1、不通電。供電系(xi)統是否對電動葫蘆(lu)電源送(song)電，一般(ban)用試電筆(bi)測試，如沒送(song)電，等送(song)電后再工(gong)作。
2、缺相。葫蘆主、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器損壞、線路(lu)(lu)斷開(kai)(kai)或(huo)接(jie)觸不良(liang)，也會使葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)缺相(xiang)無法正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)，出(chu)現(xian)這種情況，需檢(jian)修(xiu)主、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，檢(jian)修(xiu)時，為了(le)防(fang)止主、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)送給三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)缺相(xiang)而燒毀(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，或(huo)葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)突然得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)運轉(zhuan)，產(chan)生(sheng)危害，一定要(yao)將葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線路(lu)(lu)上斷開(kai)(kai)，只給主、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)，然后點動(dong)起動(dong)和(he)停(ting)止開(kai)(kai)關，檢(jian)查分析控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器及線路(lu)(lu)的工(gong)作(zuo)情況，對有(you)問(wen)題的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器或(huo)線路(lu)(lu)進行修(xiu)復或(huo)更換，當(dang)確認主、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)無故障，方可重新(xin)試(shi)車。
3、電壓過低。葫(hu)蘆(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低10%以上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機起動轉矩過小，使葫(hu)蘆(lu)起吊不動貨物(wu)，而無法工作，檢查(cha)時，用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表或電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表等測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸入端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。
二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲
電(dian)動葫蘆的(de)(de)(de)很多故(gu)障(zhang)，例(li)如控制(zhi)電(dian)器、電(dian)機或減速器等出現的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)，往往伴隨(sui)著異常(chang)噪(zao)聲(sheng)，這(zhe)些噪(zao)聲(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)位置及高(gao)低和(he)音別(bie)隨(sui)故(gu)障(zhang)原(yuan)因不同而(er)有區別(bie)，檢(jian)修(xiu)時，要多聽多看(kan)，可以利用(yong)或根據(ju)故(gu)障(zhang)響(xiang)聲(sheng)特點，確(que)定發出響(xiang)聲(sheng)位置，尋找(zhao)和(he)檢(jian)修(xiu)故(gu)障(zhang)。
1、異常噪(zao)聲發生在控制回路上，發出(chu)“哼”的(de)噪(zao)聲，一般(ban)是接觸(chu)器(qi)出(chu)現了故障(zhang)（如交流接觸(chu)器(qi)觸(chu)頭(tou)接觸(chu)不(bu)良、電壓等(deng)級不(bu)符、磁芯被(bei)卡等(deng)等(deng)），應對(dui)故障(zhang)接觸(chu)器(qi)進行檢修(xiu)，無法檢修(xiu)時必(bi)須更換，處理后，噪(zao)聲自(zi)行消除(chu)。
2、電機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出異常噪(zao)聲，應(ying)立即停機(ji)(ji)，檢(jian)查(cha)電機(ji)(ji)是否(fou)單相(xiang)運轉(zhuan)，或軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞、聯軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心(xin)不(bu)正(zheng)及“掃(sao)膛(tang)(tang)”等故(gu)障，這些都會使電機(ji)(ji)有異常響(xiang)聲，不(bu)同故(gu)障的(de)響(xiang)聲位置及高(gao)低和音別(bie)不(bu)同，單相(xiang)運轉(zhuan)時(shi)，整個電機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出有規(gui)律忽(hu)強忽(hu)弱的(de)“嗡嗡”聲；而軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞時(shi)，會在軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)附(fu)近(jin)，發(fa)出伴隨著(zhu)“咯噔-咯噔”的(de)“嗡嗡”聲；而聯軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心(xin)不(bu)正(zheng)時(shi)，或電機(ji)(ji)輕微掃(sao)膛(tang)(tang)，整個電機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出極高(gao)的(de)“嗡嗡”聲，并不(bu)時(shi)伴隨著(zhu)尖銳刺耳(er)的(de)聲音。總之(zhi)，應(ying)根據噪(zao)聲的(de)不(bu)同，找出故(gu)障，進行逐項檢(jian)修，恢復電機(ji)(ji)正(zheng)常性能，當電機(ji)(ji)故(gu)障未處(chu)理時(shi)，禁止使用葫蘆(lu)。
3、異常噪聲從減(jian)速(su)(su)器發出(chu)，減(jian)速(su)(su)器出(chu)現故障（如減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)或(huo)軸(zhou)(zhou)承缺潤滑(hua)油(you)、齒輪磨損(sun)或(huo)損(sun)壞、軸(zhou)(zhou)承損(sun)壞等等），這(zhe)時應停機檢查，首(shou)先確定減(jian)速(su)(su)器的減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)或(huo)軸(zhou)(zhou)承在使用前是(shi)否(fou)加了潤滑(hua)油(you)，使用中是(shi)否(fou)定期更換潤滑(hua)油(you)，如沒有按(an)要求潤滑(hua)，減(jian)速(su)(su)器不僅會產生過(guo)(guo)高的“嗡嗡”聲，還會過(guo)(guo)度(du)磨損(sun)或(huo)損(sun)壞齒輪及軸(zhou)(zhou)承。
三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求
電動(dong)(dong)(dong)葫蘆(lu)長期停(ting)用時，有人(ren)誤(wu)調(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)調(diao)整螺(luo)母(mu)，或制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環磨損過大，使制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)彈簧壓力減小，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力降低，當停(ting)機(ji)時，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)不可(ke)靠，下滑距(ju)離超過規定要(yao)求，這種情況(kuang)只要(yao)按葫蘆(lu)說(shuo)明書要(yao)求，重新調(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)即可(ke)。但工(gong)作(zuo)中應(ying)注意，起升重物時，禁止(zhi)調(diao)整、檢查和(he)維修制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器。
有(you)時(shi)，調整了制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母，停(ting)機下滑(hua)距離(li)(li)仍(reng)超(chao)過(guo)規定(ding)要(yao)求，碰到此(ci)類情況，就要(yao)考慮其(qi)他原因，首先先拆開制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環，檢查制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)上(shang)是(shi)否粘有(you)油污(wu)，如粘有(you)油污(wu)，摩擦系數降低，會(hui)使制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)打滑(hua)，下滑(hua)距離(li)(li)超(chao)過(guo)規定(ding)要(yao)求，僅調整制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母用處不大(da)，這時(shi)只有(you)徹底(di)清(qing)洗制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)（清(qing)洗易用輕質汽油），恢復制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)摩擦系數；其(qi)次(ci)，如制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環松動(dong)(dong)(dong)或(huo)損壞，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環無法(fa)保證(zheng)有(you)效制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，只有(you)更換制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環。
有時(shi)(shi)發現制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環未損壞，僅制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環與后(hou)端蓋錐(zhui)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)過(guo)少，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力過(guo)小，使(shi)下(xia)滑距離超過(guo)規定要(yao)求(qiu)。檢修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)，為了增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力，應(ying)查找出接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良的(de)位置，進行修(xiu)磨(mo)，增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)的(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)面(mian)，無法修(xiu)磨(mo)時(shi)(shi)，需更(geng)換配(pei)件(jian)；葫蘆電(dian)機聯軸器(qi)竄(cuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不靈或(huo)卡死，停機后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環與后(hou)端蓋錐(zhui)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良或(huo)無法接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)，使(shi)葫蘆制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效果(guo)時(shi)(shi)好時(shi)(shi)壞，這類情況(kuang)，應(ying)對聯軸器(qi)進行檢修(xiu)或(huo)更(geng)換。另外，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)壓力彈簧(huang)長期使(shi)用(yong)產生疲勞，使(shi)彈簧(huang)力變小，停機時(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不牢固，則(ze)應(ying)更(geng)換彈簧(huang)，重新(xin)調(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力。
四、電動機溫升過高
首先應檢查電動葫蘆是否(fou)超載(zai)使(shi)用，超載(zai)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱(re)(re)，長期(qi)超載(zai)將(jiang)燒毀電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)未超載(zai)，仍發(fa)熱(re)(re)，應(ying)檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)是否(fou)損壞；還應(ying)檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是否(fou)按規定工(gong)作制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作，這也(ye)是引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱(re)(re)的原因之一，使(shi)用時應(ying)嚴格按電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)工(gong)作制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運轉(zhuan)時，制(zhi)(zhi)動器間(jian)隙太小，未完(wan)全脫開，產生很(hen)大(da)摩擦力，摩擦發(fa)熱(re)(re)的同時也(ye)相當于(yu)增(zeng)加了附加載(zai)荷，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)降低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流變大(da)而發(fa)熱(re)(re)，此時應(ying)停止工(gong)作，重新調整(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)動間(jian)隙。
五、重物升至半空，停車后不能再起動
首先檢查系統電(dian)壓(ya)是否過(guo)低(di)或波動(dong)是否過(guo)大(da)，如是這種(zhong)情況(kuang)，只(zhi)有等電(dian)壓(ya)恢復正常后再(zai)起動(dong)；另(ling)一方面(mian)，要(yao)注意三相電(dian)機運轉中缺相，停(ting)機后無(wu)法起動(dong)，此時(shi)需要(yao)檢查電(dian)源相數。
六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車
這類(lei)情況(kuang)一般是接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)熔焊(han)，當按下停止開關時，接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)不能斷開，電機(ji)照常得電運轉(zhuan)，葫蘆(lu)不停車(che)；到極(ji)限(xian)(xian)位置(zhi)如(ru)限(xian)(xian)位器失靈，葫蘆(lu)不停車(che)。出現這種情況(kuang)，立即切斷電源(yuan)，使葫蘆(lu)強行停車(che)。停車(che)后，檢修接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器或限(xian)(xian)位器，嚴重損壞無法修復的，必須更(geng)換，微型電動葫蘆(lu)也是一樣(yang)。
七、電路無故障電機不能啟動
冬季施(shi)工中，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)雪后，電路無故(gu)障(zhang)電機(ji)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)不能啟(qi)動(dong)，其原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)剎(cha)車環凍死(si)，若(ruo)此時還強行開(kai)(kai)機(ji)，就容易燒毀電機(ji)。解決的(de)方(fang)法就是(shi)(shi)(shi)打開(kai)(kai)電機(ji)罩(zhao)，用撬(qiao)棍撬(qiao)動(dong)電機(ji)，使其能自由旋轉(zhuan)即(ji)可。
八、鋼絲繩只上不下
其原因為行(xing)程限(xian)位器損壞，需更(geng)換行(xing)程限(xian)位器，環鏈電動葫(hu)蘆也(ye)是一樣。
九、減速器漏油
減速器漏(lou)油(you)原(yuan)因是(shi)：
1、減速器(qi)箱體與箱蓋(gai)之(zhi)間，密封圈裝配不良或(huo)失效損壞，應拆(chai)下檢修(xiu)或(huo)更換密封圈；
2、減速器連結螺釘(ding)未擰(ning)緊，在停機后，應擰(ning)緊螺釘(ding)。
十、電動機發生掃膛
產生掃膛(tang)的原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)電機(ji)軸上支承圈(quan)磨損(sun)嚴重、轉子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)位(wei)移(yi)，或因(yin)(yin)其他原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)使(shi)(shi)定子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)位(wei)移(yi)，造成(cheng)電機(ji)錐形(xing)轉子(zi)與定子(zi)間(jian)隙太(tai)小發生掃膛(tang)。電機(ji)嚴禁(jin)“掃膛(tang)”，當發生掃膛(tang)后(hou)，應(ying)拆下支承圈(quan)進行更換，調整定子(zi)轉子(zi)錐面之間(jian)的間(jian)隙使(shi)(shi)之均(jun)勻，或送到維修廠進行修理。
通過對電動葫蘆常見故(gu)障及(ji)處理的(de)分(fen)析，使葫蘆檢(jian)修人員處理故(gu)障時，知道(dao)從(cong)何(he)處著(zhu)手檢(jian)查，提高了(le)(le)檢(jian)修效率，此外，也為操作人員提供了(le)(le)現場(chang)處理問題的(de)方法。
