起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法
一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作
主要是因電動葫蘆沒接通(tong)額定工作電壓，而無法工作，一般有3 種情況：
1、不通電。供電系(xi)統(tong)是否對電動葫蘆(lu)電源送(song)電，一般用試電筆測試，如沒送(song)電，等送(song)電后再(zai)工作。
2、缺相。葫(hu)蘆主(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)器(qi)損壞、線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)斷開(kai)或(huo)接觸不良，也會使葫(hu)蘆電(dian)機(ji)缺相(xiang)無法正(zheng)常工(gong)(gong)作，出現這種情況，需檢修主(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，檢修時，為了防止(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)送給三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)源缺相(xiang)而燒毀電(dian)機(ji)，或(huo)葫(hu)蘆電(dian)機(ji)突然得電(dian)運(yun)轉(zhuan)，產生危(wei)害，一定要將葫(hu)蘆電(dian)機(ji)從電(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上斷開(kai)，只(zhi)給主(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)送電(dian)，然后點動(dong)起動(dong)和停止(zhi)開(kai)關(guan)，檢查分析控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)器(qi)及線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作情況，對有(you)問(wen)題的(de)(de)電(dian)器(qi)或(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)進行修復或(huo)更換(huan)，當確(que)認主(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)無故障，方可重新試車。
3、電壓過低。葫蘆電機(ji)端(duan)電壓比(bi)額定電壓低10%以上，電機(ji)起動(dong)轉矩(ju)過小，使葫蘆起吊不(bu)動(dong)貨物，而無法工作，檢查時，用萬用表或電壓表等測量電機(ji)輸入端(duan)電壓。
二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲
電(dian)動葫(hu)蘆的很多故(gu)障，例如控制電(dian)器、電(dian)機或減速器等(deng)出(chu)現(xian)的故(gu)障，往(wang)往(wang)伴隨著異常噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)，這些(xie)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)的位置及高低和(he)音別(bie)隨故(gu)障原因不(bu)同而有(you)區(qu)別(bie)，檢(jian)修時(shi)，要(yao)多聽(ting)多看，可以利(li)用或根據故(gu)障響聲(sheng)(sheng)特點，確定發出(chu)響聲(sheng)(sheng)位置，尋找和(he)檢(jian)修故(gu)障。
1、異常噪(zao)聲發(fa)生(sheng)在控制回(hui)路上，發(fa)出“哼(heng)”的噪(zao)聲，一般是接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)出現了故障（如交流接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良、電(dian)壓等級不符、磁芯被(bei)卡等等），應(ying)對故障接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)進行(xing)檢修，無法檢修時必須更換，處理后，噪(zao)聲自(zi)行(xing)消除。
2、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發出異常噪聲(sheng)，應立即(ji)停機(ji)(ji)，檢查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是否(fou)單(dan)相運轉(zhuan)，或(huo)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)損壞(huai)(huai)、聯軸(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正及“掃膛”等故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，這些都會使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有(you)異常響(xiang)聲(sheng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)響(xiang)聲(sheng)位置及高低和(he)音別不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，單(dan)相運轉(zhuan)時(shi)，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發出有(you)規律忽(hu)強忽(hu)弱的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)”聲(sheng)；而(er)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)損壞(huai)(huai)時(shi)，會在軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)附(fu)近，發出伴(ban)(ban)隨著“咯噔-咯噔”的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)”聲(sheng)；而(er)聯軸(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正時(shi)，或(huo)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輕微掃膛，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發出極高的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)嗡(weng)(weng)(weng)”聲(sheng)，并不(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)伴(ban)(ban)隨著尖銳刺(ci)耳的(de)(de)聲(sheng)音。總之，應根據噪聲(sheng)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，找(zhao)出故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，進(jin)行逐項(xiang)檢修，恢復電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)正常性能，當電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)未處理時(shi)，禁止(zhi)使用葫蘆。
3、異常噪(zao)聲從減(jian)(jian)速(su)器發出，減(jian)(jian)速(su)器出現故障（如減(jian)(jian)速(su)箱或(huo)軸承(cheng)缺潤滑油(you)、齒輪磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)或(huo)損(sun)壞、軸承(cheng)損(sun)壞等(deng)等(deng)），這時應停(ting)機(ji)檢(jian)查，首(shou)先(xian)確定減(jian)(jian)速(su)器的減(jian)(jian)速(su)箱或(huo)軸承(cheng)在使(shi)用前是否加了(le)潤滑油(you)，使(shi)用中是否定期更換潤滑油(you)，如沒有按要求潤滑，減(jian)(jian)速(su)器不僅(jin)會(hui)產生過高(gao)的“嗡嗡”聲，還會(hui)過度磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)或(huo)損(sun)壞齒輪及軸承(cheng)。
三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求
電動(dong)葫(hu)(hu)蘆長期(qi)停(ting)用時，有人誤調整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)調整螺母，或制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)環磨損過大(da)，使制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)彈簧壓力減小，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)力降(jiang)低，當(dang)停(ting)機(ji)時，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)不可靠，下滑距離超過規(gui)定要求，這種情況只要按葫(hu)(hu)蘆說明書要求，重新調整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)螺母即可。但工作中應注意，起(qi)升重物時，禁止調整、檢查(cha)和(he)維(wei)修制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)器。
有(you)時，調整了制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)，停(ting)機下滑距(ju)離(li)仍超過(guo)(guo)規定要(yao)求，碰到此類情況，就要(yao)考慮其(qi)他原因，首先先拆(chai)開制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環，檢查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面上是否(fou)粘有(you)油污(wu)，如粘有(you)油污(wu)，摩擦(ca)系數(shu)降低(di)，會使制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時打滑，下滑距(ju)離(li)超過(guo)(guo)規定要(yao)求，僅(jin)調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)用處不大(da)，這(zhe)時只有(you)徹底清洗制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面（清洗易用輕質汽油），恢(hui)復(fu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面摩擦(ca)系數(shu)；其(qi)次(ci)，如制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環松動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)或損壞，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環無法保證有(you)效制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，只有(you)更(geng)換(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環。
有時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發現制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)未(wei)損壞(huai)，僅制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與后(hou)端(duan)蓋(gai)錐面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)過少，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)過小，使(shi)下滑距離(li)超(chao)過規(gui)定要(yao)求。檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，為(wei)了增(zeng)大制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)，應查找出接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)的位(wei)置，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)磨，增(zeng)大制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，無(wu)法修(xiu)磨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，需更換配件；葫(hu)蘆(lu)電(dian)機聯軸器(qi)竄動(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)靈(ling)或卡死，停機后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與后(hou)端(duan)蓋(gai)錐面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)或無(wu)法接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)，使(shi)葫(hu)蘆(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)效果時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)好時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壞(huai)，這類情況(kuang)，應對聯軸器(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)修(xiu)或更換。另外，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)壓力(li)彈(dan)簧長期(qi)使(shi)用產生疲勞，使(shi)彈(dan)簧力(li)變小，停機時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)牢固(gu)，則(ze)應更換彈(dan)簧，重新調整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)。
四、電動機溫升過高
首先應檢查電動葫蘆是否超載(zai)使用，超載(zai)導致電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)熱，長期超載(zai)將燒(shao)毀電(dian)機(ji)；電(dian)機(ji)未超載(zai)，仍發(fa)熱，應(ying)(ying)檢查(cha)電(dian)機(ji)軸承是否損壞；還應(ying)(ying)檢查(cha)電(dian)機(ji)是否按規定工作制(zhi)(zhi)工作，這也(ye)是引起電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)熱的(de)原因之一(yi)，使用時應(ying)(ying)嚴格按電(dian)機(ji)工作制(zhi)(zhi)工作。電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)轉時，制(zhi)(zhi)動器間(jian)隙(xi)太小，未完(wan)全脫開，產(chan)生(sheng)很大(da)摩(mo)擦力，摩(mo)擦發(fa)熱的(de)同時也(ye)相當于增加(jia)了附加(jia)載(zai)荷，使電(dian)機(ji)轉速降低，電(dian)流變大(da)而發(fa)熱，此時應(ying)(ying)停(ting)止工作，重(zhong)新調整(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)動間(jian)隙(xi)。
五、重物升至半空，停車后不能再起動
首先檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)系統電(dian)壓是否過(guo)(guo)低(di)或(huo)波(bo)動是否過(guo)(guo)大(da)，如是這種情況(kuang)，只有等電(dian)壓恢(hui)復正常后再起(qi)動；另一方面，要注意(yi)三相電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)轉(zhuan)中缺相，停機(ji)后無(wu)法(fa)起(qi)動，此時需要檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)電(dian)源相數。
六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車
這類情況(kuang)一般(ban)是(shi)接觸器的觸頭熔焊，當按下停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)開(kai)關時(shi)，接觸器的觸頭不能斷(duan)開(kai)，電(dian)(dian)機照(zhao)常得(de)電(dian)(dian)運轉，葫蘆(lu)(lu)不停(ting)(ting)車(che)；到極限(xian)位(wei)置如限(xian)位(wei)器失靈，葫蘆(lu)(lu)不停(ting)(ting)車(che)。出現(xian)這種(zhong)情況(kuang)，立即切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，使葫蘆(lu)(lu)強行停(ting)(ting)車(che)。停(ting)(ting)車(che)后，檢修(xiu)接觸器或限(xian)位(wei)器，嚴(yan)重(zhong)損壞無法修(xiu)復的，必須更(geng)換，微型電(dian)(dian)動葫蘆(lu)(lu)也是(shi)一樣。
七、電路無故障電機不能啟動
冬季施工中，尤其是雪后，電路(lu)無故障電機還(huan)(huan)是不(bu)能啟動(dong)，其原因是剎(cha)車環凍死(si)，若此時還(huan)(huan)強行開機，就(jiu)容易燒毀電機。解決的方法就(jiu)是打開電機罩(zhao)，用撬(qiao)棍撬(qiao)動(dong)電機，使其能自由旋轉即可。
八、鋼絲繩只上不下
其原因為行程限位器損壞，需更(geng)換(huan)行程限位器，環鏈電動葫蘆也是(shi)一樣(yang)。
九、減速器漏油
減速器漏油原(yuan)因是：
1、減速器箱體與箱蓋之間，密封圈裝配(pei)不(bu)良或(huo)失效損壞，應拆下檢修(xiu)或(huo)更換密封圈；
2、減(jian)速器連結螺釘未擰(ning)緊，在(zai)停(ting)機后，應擰(ning)緊螺釘。
十、電動機發生掃膛
產生掃膛(tang)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是電機軸上(shang)支承圈(quan)磨損嚴(yan)重、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心位移，或因(yin)其他原(yuan)因(yin)使定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心位移，造(zao)成電機錐形轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)與定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)隙(xi)太小(xiao)發(fa)生掃膛(tang)。電機嚴(yan)禁“掃膛(tang)”，當發(fa)生掃膛(tang)后，應拆下支承圈(quan)進行更換(huan)，調整定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)錐面之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)間(jian)隙(xi)使之(zhi)均勻，或送到維修廠進行修理。
通過對電動葫蘆常(chang)見故障及處理的分(fen)析，使葫蘆檢(jian)修(xiu)人員處理故障時，知道(dao)從何處著手檢(jian)查，提(ti)高了檢(jian)修(xiu)效率，此外，也為操作(zuo)人員提(ti)供了現(xian)場處理問題的方法。
