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電容器行業簡介

一、電容器是什么元件

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器是儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢能(neng)）的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)件。一個導(dao)體(ti)(ti)被另一個導(dao)體(ti)(ti)所包圍，或者由一個導(dao)體(ti)(ti)發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場線全部終止在另一個導(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)系，稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器的(de)(de)(de)兩個極板(ban)之(zhi)間加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器就會儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量在數(shu)值上等于一個導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極板(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量與(yu)兩個極板(ban)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓之(zhi)比。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量的(de)(de)(de)基本單(dan)位是法拉（F）。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖中通常用字母C表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容元(yuan)件。

電(dian)容(rong)器是(shi)電(dian)子設(she)備中大量使用(yong)的電(dian)子元件(jian)之一，所以(yi)被廣泛應用(yong)于隔直、耦合、旁路、濾波、調(diao)諧(xie)回路、能(neng)量轉(zhuan)換或儲能(neng)、控制電(dian)路等方面。隨著新材料，新技術的出現(xian)，大容(rong)量的電(dian)容(rong)可(ke)能(neng)會代替可(ke)充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)，而廣泛應用(yong)于各個領(ling)域。

二、電容器的種類有哪些

根據分析統計，電容器主要(yao)分為以下10類：

1、按(an)照結構分三大類：固(gu)定電容器(qi)、可變電容器(qi)和微調電容器(qi)。

2、按電(dian)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分類：有(you)機(ji)(ji)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、無機(ji)(ji)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、電(dian)熱電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)空氣介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)等。

3、按用途分(fen)有(you)：高頻(pin)(pin)旁(pang)路電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、低(di)頻(pin)(pin)旁(pang)路電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、濾波電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、調諧電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、高頻(pin)(pin)耦合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、低(di)頻(pin)(pin)耦合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

4、按制造材(cai)料的不同可以分為：瓷介電(dian)容(rong)、滌(di)綸電(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)、鉭電(dian)容(rong)，還有(you)先進的聚丙烯電(dian)容(rong)等等。

5、高頻旁路：陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、云母電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、玻璃(li)膜電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、滌綸(lun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、玻璃(li)釉電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

6、低(di)頻(pin)旁(pang)路：紙介電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、陶瓷電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、滌綸電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

7、濾(lv)波：鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、紙(zhi)介(jie)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、復合紙(zhi)介(jie)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、液體鉭電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

8、調諧：陶(tao)瓷電容器(qi)(qi)、云(yun)母電容器(qi)(qi)、玻璃膜(mo)電容器(qi)(qi)、聚苯乙烯電容器(qi)(qi)。

9、低耦合：紙介電容器、陶(tao)瓷電容器、鋁電解(jie)電容器、滌綸電容器、固(gu)體鉭(tan)電容器。

10、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)：金屬化紙介電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚苯乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、固體鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、金屬化滌綸電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚丙(bing)烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、云母電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

三、電路中電容的作用

1、隔直(zhi)流：作用(yong)是阻止(zhi)直(zhi)流通(tong)(tong)過(guo)而讓(rang)交流通(tong)(tong)過(guo)。

2、旁(pang)路（去耦）：為交流電路中某(mou)些并(bing)聯的元(yuan)件提供低阻(zu)抗通路。

3、耦合：作為兩個電(dian)(dian)路(lu)之間的(de)連接，允許(xu)交流(liu)信號(hao)通過(guo)并傳(chuan)輸到下(xia)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。用電(dian)(dian)容做耦合的(de)元件，是為了將前(qian)級(ji)(ji)信號(hao)傳(chuan)遞到后一(yi)級(ji)(ji)，并且隔斷前(qian)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)直流(liu)對后一(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)影響，使電(dian)(dian)路(lu)調試簡單，性能穩定。

4、濾(lv)波：這(zhe)個對電路而言很(hen)重要(yao)，CPU背后的電容基本都是(shi)這(zhe)個作用。

5、溫度補(bu)(bu)償：針對其它元件對溫度的適應性不夠帶來的影響，而進行(xing)補(bu)(bu)償，改善電路的穩定性。

6、計(ji)時(shi)：電容器(qi)與電阻器(qi)配合使用(yong)，確(que)定電路的時(shi)間常數。

7、調(diao)諧(xie)：對與(yu)頻率相(xiang)關的(de)電(dian)路進行系統(tong)調(diao)諧(xie)，比如手機(ji)、收音機(ji)、電(dian)視機(ji)。

8、整流：在(zai)預定的時(shi)間開或(huo)者關半閉導體開關元件(jian)。

9、儲(chu)能：儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)能，用于必須要的時候釋放。例如相機閃光燈(deng)，加熱設備等等。如今(jin)電(dian)(dian)容的儲(chu)能水平已(yi)接近鋰電(dian)(dian)池的水準。

四、電容的工作原理

電(dian)容(rong)的工作(zuo)原理(li)是通過在電(dian)極上儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)電(dian)荷(he)儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)電(dian)能，通常與(yu)電(dian)感器共同使(shi)用形成(cheng)LC振蕩電(dian)路(lu)。電(dian)荷(he)在電(dian)場中(zhong)會受(shou)力而移(yi)動，當導(dao)體之間有了(le)介質，則阻礙了(le)電(dian)荷(he)移(yi)動而使(shi)得電(dian)荷(he)累(lei)積在導(dao)體上，造成(cheng)電(dian)荷(he)的累(lei)積儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)。

電容器與電池類似，也具有兩個電極。在品牌電容器內部，這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)電(dian)極(ji)分別連接(jie)(jie)到(dao)被電(dian)介質隔(ge)開的兩(liang)(liang)塊金屬(shu)板(ban)上。電(dian)介質可以(yi)是(shi)空氣、紙(zhi)張、塑料或其(qi)他任何不導電(dian)并能防止這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)金屬(shu)極(ji)相互接(jie)(jie)觸的物質。

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)上與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)負極相連(lian)的(de)金屬(shu)板(ban)將(jiang)吸收電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)生的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)上與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極相連(lian)的(de)金屬(shu)板(ban)將(jiang)向電(dian)(dian)池(chi)釋放(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)。

五、電容單位怎么換算

在國(guo)際單位(wei)制里(li)，電容(rong)的單位(wei)是法(fa)(fa)拉，簡稱法(fa)(fa)，符號是F，由于法(fa)(fa)拉這個(ge)單位(wei)太大，所以(yi)常用的電容(rong)單位(wei)有毫(hao)法(fa)(fa)（mF）、微法(fa)(fa)（μF）、納法(fa)(fa)（nF）和皮法(fa)(fa)（pF）等，換算(suan)關系是：

1法拉(la)（F）=1000毫法（mF）=1000000微法（μF）。1微法（μF）=1000納法（nF）=1000000皮(pi)法（pF）。

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)與電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)的關系：1伏安時(shi)=1瓦時(shi)=3600焦耳。