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電容器行業簡介

一、電容器是什么元件

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)是儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢能）的(de)(de)(de)元件。一個(ge)導(dao)體被另一個(ge)導(dao)體所包圍，或(huo)者由一個(ge)導(dao)體發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場線全(quan)部(bu)終止在另一個(ge)導(dao)體的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體系，稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)極(ji)板之間(jian)加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)就會儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量在數(shu)值上等(deng)于一個(ge)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)板上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量與兩個(ge)極(ji)板之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓之比(bi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量的(de)(de)(de)基本單位是法(fa)拉（F）。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖中通(tong)常用字母C表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容元件。

電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備中(zhong)大量(liang)使(shi)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件之(zhi)一，所以被廣(guang)泛應用于隔直、耦合(he)、旁路、濾波(bo)、調(diao)諧回路、能量(liang)轉換或儲能、控制電(dian)(dian)路等方面。隨(sui)著新材(cai)料，新技術的(de)出現，大容量(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)容可能會代替可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，而廣(guang)泛應用于各(ge)個領域。

二、電容器的種類有哪些

根據分(fen)析(xi)統計，電容器主要分(fen)為以(yi)下10類：

1、按照(zhao)結構分三大類：固(gu)定電容器、可(ke)變電容器和微調(diao)電容器。

2、按(an)電(dian)(dian)介(jie)質分類：有機介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、無機介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)熱電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)空氣(qi)介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

3、按(an)用途分有：高(gao)頻旁路(lu)(lu)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻旁路(lu)(lu)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、濾波(bo)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、調(diao)諧電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、高(gao)頻耦合(he)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻耦合(he)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、小型電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

4、按(an)制造材料的(de)不同可(ke)以分為：瓷介(jie)電(dian)(dian)容、滌綸電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容、鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)容，還有(you)先進的(de)聚丙烯電(dian)(dian)容等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

5、高(gao)頻旁路：陶瓷電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、云母電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻璃膜電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、滌(di)綸電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻璃釉電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

6、低(di)頻(pin)旁路：紙介電(dian)(dian)容器、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容器、鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容器、滌綸電(dian)(dian)容器。

7、濾(lv)波(bo)：鋁電解電容器、紙(zhi)介電容器、復(fu)合紙(zhi)介電容器、液體鉭電容器。

8、調諧：陶(tao)瓷電容(rong)(rong)器、云母電容(rong)(rong)器、玻璃膜電容(rong)(rong)器、聚苯乙(yi)烯電容(rong)(rong)器。

9、低耦合：紙介(jie)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、滌綸(lun)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、固體鉭電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)。

10、小型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)：金屬化紙(zhi)介電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、聚(ju)苯(ben)乙烯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、固體鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、玻(bo)璃釉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、金屬化滌綸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、聚(ju)丙(bing)烯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、云母電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

三、電路中電容的作用

1、隔(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)：作用是(shi)阻止直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)通過(guo)而讓交流(liu)(liu)通過(guo)。

2、旁路(lu)（去耦）：為交流電路(lu)中(zhong)某(mou)些并(bing)聯的元件提供低阻(zu)抗通路(lu)。

3、耦合(he)：作(zuo)為兩(liang)個電路(lu)(lu)之間的(de)連接，允許交流信(xin)號通過并傳(chuan)輸到(dao)下一(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)電路(lu)(lu)。用電容做耦合(he)的(de)元件，是為了將(jiang)前級(ji)(ji)信(xin)號傳(chuan)遞到(dao)后一(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)，并且隔斷(duan)前一(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)直流對后一(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)影響，使電路(lu)(lu)調試簡(jian)單，性能穩定。

4、濾波：這個(ge)對電路(lu)而言(yan)很重要，CPU背(bei)后的電容基本都是這個(ge)作用(yong)。

5、溫度補償(chang)：針(zhen)對其它元件對溫度的(de)適應(ying)性不夠帶來(lai)的(de)影響(xiang)，而進(jin)行補償(chang)，改善電路(lu)的(de)穩定性。

6、計時：電容器(qi)與電阻(zu)器(qi)配合(he)使(shi)用，確定電路的時間常數。

7、調(diao)諧(xie)：對與頻率相關的電(dian)路(lu)進行(xing)系統調(diao)諧(xie)，比如(ru)手機(ji)、收音機(ji)、電(dian)視機(ji)。

8、整流：在(zai)預定(ding)的(de)時間開(kai)或(huo)者關(guan)半閉導體開(kai)關(guan)元件。

9、儲能：儲存電能，用于必須(xu)要的(de)時(shi)候(hou)釋放(fang)。例如相(xiang)機閃光燈，加熱設備等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。如今電容的(de)儲能水平(ping)已接近鋰電池的(de)水準。

四、電容的工作原理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的工作(zuo)原(yuan)理是通過在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，通常(chang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器共同使用形成LC振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)場中會(hui)受(shou)力而(er)移(yi)動(dong)，當導(dao)體之(zhi)間有了(le)介質，則阻礙了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)移(yi)動(dong)而(er)使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)累積在導(dao)體上，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的累積儲存。

電容器與電池類似，也具有兩個電極。在品牌電容器內(nei)部，這兩(liang)(liang)個電(dian)極分(fen)別連(lian)接到被電(dian)介質隔開的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)金屬板(ban)上。電(dian)介質可以是空(kong)氣、紙張、塑料或(huo)其他任何不導電(dian)并(bing)能(neng)防(fang)止(zhi)這兩(liang)(liang)個金屬極相互(hu)接觸(chu)的(de)(de)物質。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)上與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)負極相(xiang)連的金屬板將(jiang)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)上與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極相(xiang)連的金屬板將(jiang)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子。

五、電容單位怎么換算

在國際單(dan)位(wei)(wei)制里(li)，電(dian)容的(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)法(fa)拉，簡稱法(fa)，符號是(shi)F，由于法(fa)拉這(zhe)個單(dan)位(wei)(wei)太(tai)大，所(suo)以(yi)常用的(de)電(dian)容單(dan)位(wei)(wei)有毫(hao)法(fa)（mF）、微法(fa)（μF）、納法(fa)（nF）和(he)皮法(fa)（pF）等，換(huan)算關系是(shi)：

1法(fa)(fa)拉（F）=1000毫法(fa)(fa)（mF）=1000000微(wei)法(fa)(fa)（μF）。1微(wei)法(fa)(fa)（μF）=1000納法(fa)(fa)（nF）=1000000皮法(fa)(fa)（pF）。

電(dian)容與電(dian)池容量的關(guan)系(xi)：1伏(fu)安(an)時=1瓦時=3600焦耳。