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電容器行業簡介

一、電容器是什么元件

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)是儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢能）的元件(jian)。一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)被另一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)所包圍，或者由一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)發(fa)出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場線全部(bu)終止在另一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)的導(dao)體(ti)系，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的兩(liang)個(ge)極板之(zhi)間(jian)加(jia)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)就會儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量在數值上(shang)(shang)等于(yu)一個(ge)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極板上(shang)(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)量與兩(liang)個(ge)極板之(zhi)間(jian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)之(zhi)比(bi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量的基(ji)本單位是法拉（F）。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖中通常用字(zi)母C表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)元件(jian)。

電(dian)(dian)容器是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備中大(da)量使用的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件之一，所以被廣泛(fan)應(ying)用于隔直、耦合、旁路(lu)、濾波、調(diao)諧回(hui)路(lu)、能(neng)量轉換(huan)或儲能(neng)、控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)等方(fang)面(mian)。隨著新(xin)材料，新(xin)技術的(de)出現(xian)，大(da)容量的(de)電(dian)(dian)容可能(neng)會代替可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池，而廣泛(fan)應(ying)用于各個領(ling)域。

二、電容器的種類有哪些

根據分(fen)析統(tong)計，電容器主要分(fen)為以下(xia)10類(lei)：

1、按照結(jie)構(gou)分三大(da)類：固定(ding)電容(rong)(rong)器、可變電容(rong)(rong)器和微調電容(rong)(rong)器。

2、按電介(jie)質(zhi)分類：有機介(jie)質(zhi)電容器(qi)(qi)、無機介(jie)質(zhi)電容器(qi)(qi)、電解電容器(qi)(qi)、電熱(re)電容器(qi)(qi)和空氣介(jie)質(zhi)電容器(qi)(qi)等。

3、按用途(tu)分有：高(gao)頻旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、濾波電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、調諧電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、高(gao)頻耦(ou)合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻耦(ou)合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

4、按制(zhi)造(zao)材料的(de)不同可以分為(wei)：瓷介(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、滌綸電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，還有先進的(de)聚(ju)丙烯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)等等。

5、高頻(pin)旁(pang)路：陶瓷電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、云母電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玻璃膜電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、滌綸電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉(you)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

6、低頻(pin)旁(pang)路(lu)：紙(zhi)介電(dian)容器、陶瓷電(dian)容器、鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容器、滌(di)綸電(dian)容器。

7、濾波：鋁電解(jie)電容(rong)器、紙(zhi)介電容(rong)器、復合紙(zhi)介電容(rong)器、液體鉭(tan)電容(rong)器。

8、調諧(xie)：陶(tao)瓷電容器、云母(mu)電容器、玻璃膜(mo)電容器、聚苯乙烯電容器。

9、低(di)耦合：紙介電(dian)容器、陶瓷電(dian)容器、鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容器、滌綸電(dian)容器、固體(ti)鉭電(dian)容器。

10、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)：金屬(shu)化紙介電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)瓷(ci)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚苯乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、固(gu)體鉭電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玻(bo)璃(li)釉(you)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、金屬(shu)化滌綸電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚丙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、云(yun)母電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

三、電路中電容的作用

1、隔直(zhi)流：作用是阻止直(zhi)流通(tong)過而(er)讓交流通(tong)過。

2、旁路（去耦）：為交(jiao)流(liu)電路中某些并聯(lian)的(de)元件提供低阻抗通路。

3、耦合(he)：作為兩(liang)個電路(lu)之間的連接，允許交流信號(hao)通過并(bing)傳輸(shu)到(dao)下一級(ji)電路(lu)。用電容做(zuo)耦合(he)的元件，是為了將前級(ji)信號(hao)傳遞(di)到(dao)后一級(ji)，并(bing)且隔斷前一級(ji)的直流對后一級(ji)的影響，使電路(lu)調(diao)試簡單，性能穩定。

4、濾波(bo)：這個(ge)對(dui)電(dian)路而言很重要，CPU背(bei)后(hou)的電(dian)容基(ji)本(ben)都是這個(ge)作(zuo)用(yong)。

5、溫度補(bu)償：針(zhen)對(dui)其它元件對(dui)溫度的(de)(de)適應性不夠帶來的(de)(de)影(ying)響，而(er)進行補(bu)償，改善電路的(de)(de)穩定性。

6、計(ji)時：電容器與電阻器配合使用，確定電路的時間常數。

7、調諧：對與頻(pin)率相關的(de)電路進行系統調諧，比如手機、收音機、電視機。

8、整(zheng)流(liu)：在預(yu)定的時間開或者關半閉導體開關元(yuan)件。

9、儲能：儲存電(dian)能，用于必(bi)須要的(de)時(shi)候(hou)釋放。例如相(xiang)機閃光燈(deng)，加熱(re)設備(bei)等(deng)等(deng)。如今電(dian)容的(de)儲能水平已(yi)接近鋰電(dian)池的(de)水準。

四、電容的工作原理

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)的工作原理是(shi)通過在(zai)電(dian)(dian)極上(shang)儲存電(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)儲存電(dian)(dian)能，通常(chang)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)感器共(gong)同使(shi)用形成(cheng)LC振(zhen)蕩(dang)電(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)場(chang)中(zhong)會受(shou)力而移(yi)動，當導(dao)體之間有了介(jie)質，則阻礙了電(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)移(yi)動而使(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)累積在(zai)導(dao)體上(shang)，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)的累積儲存。

電容器與電池類似，也具有兩個電極。在品牌電容器內部，這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)極分別連接到被電(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)(zhi)隔開的兩(liang)塊金(jin)屬板上。電(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)是(shi)空氣、紙張、塑料或其他任何不導電(dian)(dian)并能防止這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)金(jin)屬極相(xiang)互接觸(chu)的物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。

電(dian)容器上與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)相連(lian)(lian)的金屬板(ban)將(jiang)吸收電(dian)池(chi)產生的電(dian)子。電(dian)容器上與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)相連(lian)(lian)的金屬板(ban)將(jiang)向(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)釋放電(dian)子。

五、電容單位怎么換算

在國際單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)制里，電(dian)(dian)容的(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)法(fa)拉，簡稱(cheng)法(fa)，符號是(shi)F，由(you)于法(fa)拉這個單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)大(da)，所以常(chang)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)容單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)有毫法(fa)（mF）、微法(fa)（μF）、納法(fa)（nF）和皮法(fa)（pF）等(deng)，換(huan)算關(guan)系是(shi)：

1法(fa)拉(la)（F）=1000毫法(fa)（mF）=1000000微(wei)(wei)法(fa)（μF）。1微(wei)(wei)法(fa)（μF）=1000納法(fa)（nF）=1000000皮法(fa)（pF）。

電容(rong)與電池容(rong)量的關(guan)系：1伏安時(shi)=1瓦時(shi)=3600焦耳(er)。