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電容器行業簡介

一、電容器是什么元件

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)是儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)能（電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢能）的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)件(jian)。一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)被另一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)所包(bao)圍，或者由(you)一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場線(xian)全部終(zhong)止在(zai)(zai)另一個(ge)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)極板之間加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)就會儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)數值上等于一個(ge)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)量(liang)(liang)與兩(liang)個(ge)極板之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓之比。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)單位是法拉（F）。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)中(zhong)通常用字母C表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)元(yuan)件(jian)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設備中(zhong)大量(liang)使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件之一，所以被廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于隔直、耦合、旁路(lu)、濾波、調諧(xie)回路(lu)、能(neng)量(liang)轉換或儲(chu)能(neng)、控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等方面(mian)。隨著新材料，新技(ji)術的出現，大容量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容可能(neng)會代替可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，而廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于各個領域。

二、電容器的種類有哪些

根據分析統(tong)計，電容器(qi)主要分為以下10類：

1、按照結構分三大類：固定(ding)電容器、可變(bian)電容器和微(wei)調電容器。

2、按電(dian)(dian)(dian)介(jie)質分類：有機介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、無(wu)機介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)和空氣介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

3、按(an)用途分有：高(gao)頻(pin)旁路電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻(pin)旁路電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、濾波電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、調(diao)諧(xie)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、高(gao)頻(pin)耦(ou)(ou)合電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、低頻(pin)耦(ou)(ou)合電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、小型電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

4、按(an)制造材料的不同可(ke)以分為：瓷介(jie)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)、滌綸(lun)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)、電解(jie)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)、鉭電容(rong)(rong)(rong)，還有先進的聚丙烯電容(rong)(rong)(rong)等(deng)等(deng)。

5、高(gao)頻(pin)旁路：陶瓷電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、云母電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、玻璃(li)膜電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、滌綸電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器、玻璃(li)釉(you)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

6、低頻旁路：紙介電容(rong)(rong)器、陶瓷電容(rong)(rong)器、鋁電解(jie)電容(rong)(rong)器、滌(di)綸電容(rong)(rong)器。

7、濾波(bo)：鋁(lv)電解電容(rong)器(qi)、紙(zhi)介(jie)電容(rong)器(qi)、復合(he)紙(zhi)介(jie)電容(rong)器(qi)、液體鉭電容(rong)器(qi)。

8、調諧：陶瓷電(dian)容器(qi)、云母電(dian)容器(qi)、玻璃(li)膜(mo)電(dian)容器(qi)、聚苯乙烯(xi)電(dian)容器(qi)。

9、低耦合：紙(zhi)介電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器、陶瓷電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器、鋁電解(jie)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器、滌綸(lun)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器、固體鉭(tan)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器。

10、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)：金(jin)屬化(hua)紙介(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、聚(ju)苯(ben)乙烯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、固體鉭電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、玻(bo)璃釉電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、金(jin)屬化(hua)滌(di)綸電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、聚(ju)丙烯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、云母(mu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

三、電路中電容的作用

1、隔直流(liu)(liu)：作(zuo)用是阻止直流(liu)(liu)通過(guo)而讓交流(liu)(liu)通過(guo)。

2、旁路(lu)（去耦）：為交流(liu)電路(lu)中某些并(bing)聯的元(yuan)件提(ti)供低(di)阻抗通路(lu)。

3、耦(ou)合(he)：作(zuo)為兩個電(dian)(dian)路之間(jian)的(de)連(lian)接，允許交流(liu)(liu)信(xin)號通過并傳(chuan)輸到下一級(ji)電(dian)(dian)路。用電(dian)(dian)容(rong)做耦(ou)合(he)的(de)元件(jian)，是為了(le)將前(qian)級(ji)信(xin)號傳(chuan)遞到后(hou)一級(ji)，并且隔斷前(qian)一級(ji)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)對后(hou)一級(ji)的(de)影響，使電(dian)(dian)路調試(shi)簡單，性(xing)能穩定。

4、濾波：這個對電(dian)路而言很重要，CPU背后的電(dian)容基本都是這個作用。

5、溫(wen)度(du)補(bu)償(chang)：針對(dui)其它元件對(dui)溫(wen)度(du)的適應(ying)性不夠帶來的影(ying)響(xiang)，而進行補(bu)償(chang)，改善(shan)電路(lu)的穩定(ding)性。

6、計時(shi)：電容(rong)器與電阻器配合使用，確定電路(lu)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)常(chang)數。

7、調諧(xie)：對與頻率相關(guan)的電路(lu)進行系(xi)統調諧(xie)，比如手機、收音機、電視機。

8、整流(liu)：在預定(ding)的時間開(kai)或者關(guan)半閉導體開(kai)關(guan)元(yuan)件(jian)。

9、儲能(neng)：儲存電能(neng)，用于必須要的(de)時候(hou)釋放(fang)。例(li)如相(xiang)機閃光燈，加(jia)熱設備等(deng)等(deng)。如今電容的(de)儲能(neng)水平已接近鋰電池的(de)水準。

四、電容的工作原理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的工作(zuo)原(yuan)理是通過(guo)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，通常與電(dian)(dian)(dian)感器共同使用形成LC振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)(dian)場中(zhong)會受(shou)力而移動，當導體之(zhi)間有了介(jie)質，則阻礙(ai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷移動而使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷累積在導體上，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的累積儲存。

電容器與電池類似，也具有兩個電極。在品牌電容器內部，這兩個電(dian)極(ji)分別連接到被電(dian)介質(zhi)(zhi)隔開的兩塊金屬板(ban)上。電(dian)介質(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)以是空氣、紙(zhi)張、塑料或(huo)其他任何不導電(dian)并能防止這兩個金屬極(ji)相(xiang)互接觸的物質(zhi)(zhi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器上(shang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)負極相連(lian)的金(jin)屬板(ban)將(jiang)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器上(shang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極相連(lian)的金(jin)屬板(ban)將(jiang)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)。

五、電容單位怎么換算

在國際(ji)單(dan)位制里，電(dian)容的單(dan)位是(shi)法(fa)(fa)拉，簡稱法(fa)(fa)，符號是(shi)F，由于法(fa)(fa)拉這個單(dan)位太大(da)，所(suo)以常用的電(dian)容單(dan)位有毫法(fa)(fa)（mF）、微法(fa)(fa)（μF）、納法(fa)(fa)（nF）和(he)皮法(fa)(fa)（pF）等，換算(suan)關系是(shi)：

1法(fa)拉（F）=1000毫法(fa)（mF）=1000000微法(fa)（μF）。1微法(fa)（μF）=1000納法(fa)（nF）=1000000皮(pi)法(fa)（pF）。

電容與(yu)電池容量的關系：1伏安時(shi)=1瓦時(shi)=3600焦耳。