一、兒童用藥怎么計算劑量
兒童用藥的時候,在劑量方面要精準計算,不同年齡兒童用藥劑量也有差異,具體的計算方法有:1、按年齡快速計算:按照兒童年齡與成人劑量換算得到:1歲以內劑量=成人劑量×0.01(年齡+3);1歲以上劑量=成人劑量×0.05(年齡+2)。2、按體重計算:每日兒童每千克體重的用藥劑量乘以兒童體重千克數,即為一天的藥物劑量。計算公式:一天的藥物劑量=每千克體重的劑量×兒童體重千克數或一天的藥物劑量=成人每日劑量×(兒童體重千克數/50)。3、按體表面積計算:有的藥物規定了每平方米體表面積的用藥劑量,需要計算處兒童的體表面積后折算出兒童使用劑量。30kg以內的兒童:體表面積(m2)=體重(kg)*0.035+0.1;30-50kg的兒童:體重每增加5kg,體表面積增加0.1m2;50kg以上兒童:體重每增加10kg,體表面積增加0.1m2。4、按成人劑量折算:兒童用藥劑量與成人用量的比例關系:出生-1月:1/18-1/14,1月-6月:1/14-1/7,6月-1歲:1/7-1/5,1歲-2歲:1/5-1/4,2歲–4歲:1/4-1/3,4歲-6歲:1/3-2/5,6歲-9歲:2/5-1/2,9歲-14歲:1/2-2/3,14歲-18歲2/3-3/4。以上幾種計算方法是不確定劑量時的參照方法,不同病癥程度、藥物種類、兒童體質或年齡都可能影響藥物劑量,因此具體劑量最好能咨詢醫生,科學用藥。如果您家里有兒童,建議在藥箱里常備一些兒童藥物,有需要的話,可以先來了解一下兒童用藥十大品牌。
二、兒童用藥與成人用藥的區別
1、同(tong)(tong)(tong)疾(ji)病(bing)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)癥狀,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)和有(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing)問題,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)與(yu)兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)上(shang),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de),比如成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)發熱、頭痛(tong)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)阿司匹林類解熱鎮痛(tong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),但兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)則可(ke)能(neng)引起瑞氏綜合征;另(ling)外(wai),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)服(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氨基(ji)糖(tang)苷類的(de)(de)(de)抗菌藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),安(an)全性(xing)還是相(xiang)對比較高的(de)(de)(de),但兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)有(you)(you)耳聾(long)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)。2、劑量(liang)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)千人(ren)一(yi)(yi)量(liang),兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)千人(ren)千量(liang)”,一(yi)(yi)般除了肝腎功能(neng)障礙、懷(huai)孕、老年人(ren)等情況(kuang),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)服(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)劑量(liang)是一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de),但是,兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)劑量(liang)要(yao)根據(ju)年齡、體重(zhong)、體表面(mian)積進行計算。3、輔(fu)料(liao)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):大(da)(da)(da)多藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)是苦澀或(huo)伴有(you)(you)其(qi)他難(nan)聞(wen)氣味(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de),因此會(hui)加一(yi)(yi)些額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)料(liao),對口感和外(wai)觀加以調整,以掩蓋難(nan)聞(wen)的(de)(de)(de)氣味(wei)(wei)和不(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)觀,減少(shao)人(ren)們對用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)抵抗。而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong),一(yi)(yi)些輔(fu)料(liao)是不(bu)適(shi)合兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de),如溶液劑中(zhong)含有(you)(you)乙醇(chun)、注(zhu)射劑中(zhong)含有(you)(you)苯(ben)甲醇(chun)等,兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)避(bi)免使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。4、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品外(wai)形不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):在(zai)保證藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)孩(hai)(hai)子的(de)(de)(de)心理和現實(shi)情況(kuang)(吞咽等情況(kuang)),大(da)(da)(da)多會(hui)將兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)口服(fu)(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)作(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顆粒劑、口服(fu)(fu)液、糖(tang)漿、滴劑等,以便孩(hai)(hai)子服(fu)(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)多數口服(fu)(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是膠囊(nang)、片劑、緩釋片、丸(wan)劑等。5、味(wei)(wei)道不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):不(bu)少(shao)兒(er)科(ke)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),會(hui)有(you)(you)各種水果味(wei)(wei);而且還有(you)(you)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)沖(chong)配完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后,是五(wu)顏六色的(de)(de)(de),以吸引孩(hai)(hai)子的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)光。而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)基(ji)本不(bu)會(hui)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)這些因素(su)。
三、兒童用藥原則有哪些
1、嚴格(ge)(ge)掌(zhang)握(wo)適應(ying)(ying)(ying)證,精(jing)心挑(tiao)選藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物,選擇(ze)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物時應(ying)(ying)(ying)嚴格(ge)(ge)掌(zhang)握(wo)適應(ying)(ying)(ying)證,精(jing)心挑(tiao)選療效(xiao)確切、不良反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)較小的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物,特別是(shi)(shi)對(dui)中樞神(shen)經系(xi)統、肝、腎功能有(you)損害(hai)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物盡(jin)可能少(shao)用或不用。2、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)特點,選擇(ze)給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)途(tu)徑,口服給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)為首選,肌注給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)要考慮(lv)注射部位的(de)吸收狀況,盡(jin)量避免用靜脈注射。3、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)不同階(jie)段(duan),嚴格(ge)(ge)掌(zhang)握(wo)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)量:兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao),特別是(shi)(shi)新生兒(er)(er)(er)、嬰(ying)幼兒(er)(er)(er)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)量應(ying)(ying)(ying)嚴格(ge)(ge)掌(zhang)握(wo),隨著(zhu)年(nian)齡增長,用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)量應(ying)(ying)(ying)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)增加。4、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)生理特點,注意(yi)給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方法(fa)(fa):根(gen)(gen)據(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)年(nian)齡不同階(jie)段(duan),采取適當的(de)方法(fa)(fa),特別是(shi)(shi)口服給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)要防止嘔吐(tu),不能硬灌。5、嚴密觀察兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),防止產生不良反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)。