五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)樓坐落在梁弄(nong)下(xia)街洞門弄(nong),是一(yi)幢二層三楹木結構清建筑,系里(li)人黃(huang)澄量為(wei)藏書而建造的(de)。黃(huang)的(de)先(xian)祖頗(po)有雅名(ming)(ming),南宋時,五(wu)(wu)兄弟同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)進(jin)士,同(tong)(tong)朝為(wei)官,衣錦還(huan)鄉時,宋高(gao)宗(zong)贈《送(song)五(wu)(wu)子(zi)還(huan)鄉》詩中(zhong)有“仙藉桂(gui)枝香”句,而取名(ming)(ming)“五(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)樓”。
五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)馬山墻(qiang)以防(fang)風(feng)火,前后有(you)(you)(you)四(si)米高的圍墻(qiang),圍墻(qiang)東(dong)(dong)西兩側有(you)(you)(you)大門,西側為(wei)(wei)正門。進門便是卵石(shi)砌成(cheng)的庭院,石(shi)刻木(mu)雕(diao),花草竹(zhu)木(mu)使庭院綠(lv)蔭婆娑(suo),花香襲人,灰塵不蒙(meng),市聲不喧,顯得幽靜,古(gu)樸、清(qing)雅。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下為(wei)(wei)三楹統間(jian)前后分隔(ge),前廳為(wei)(wei)講學會文之(zhi)(zhi)所,后廳是樓(lou)(lou)(lou)梯,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上有(you)(you)(you)書(shu)(shu)櫥二十(shi)四(si)架,藏有(you)(you)(you)5萬多卷(juan)古(gu)書(shu)(shu)善(shan)本,名(ming)畫(hua)碑貼和手(shou)抄(chao)本,有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)雕(diao)板近百(bai)塊,屋頂呈“眾”字(zi)形,有(you)(you)(you)暗(an)閣(ge),明看(kan)二層,實為(wei)(wei)三層。據傳,凡遇戰亂,善(shan)本多藏千(qian)頂上暗(an)閣(ge),暗(an)閣(ge)中至(zhi)今仍保留(liu)有(you)(you)(you)“柱百(bai)竿”一(yi)根,長9.8米,竹(zhu)竿上記著當時(shi)建(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的各種尺寸數據和梁架構(gou)件(jian)的符號(hao),似(si)現代的建(jian)(jian)筑圖紙。登五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)眺望,可一(yi)覽四(si)明七(qi)十(shi)二峰(feng),故(gu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)又名(ming)七(qi)十(shi)二峰(feng)草堂。現懸掛的“五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)”匾(bian)額為(wei)(wei)清(qing)代書(shu)(shu)法家(jia)胡芹所書(shu)(shu),“七(qi)十(shi)二峰(feng)草堂”為(wei)(wei)清(qing)代書(shu)(shu)法家(jia)呂屐山所題(ti)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)套比較(jiao)嚴(yan)格而(er)獨特(te)的藏書(shu)(shu)保管制度,所以,它藏書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)豐(feng),在浙東(dong)(dong)僅次于寧波天一(yi)閣(ge),有(you)(you)(you)“浙東(dong)(dong)第二藏書(shu)(shu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。現為(wei)(wei)省重點文保單位。五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)西側原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)書(shu)(shu)房(fang)兩間(jian),名(ming)曰(yue)“愛吾廬”,后擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian),雕(diao)棟畫(hua)梁,卷(juan)蓬飾頂,建(jian)(jian)造講究(jiu),名(ming)稱(cheng)“夢花書(shu)(shu)屋”,與五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)相互(hu)輝映,為(wei)(wei)黃澄量(liang)居(ju)室和會友、寫書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)所。東(dong)(dong)側有(you)(you)(you)平房(fang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)六(liu)間(jian),為(wei)(wei)當時(shi)工匠雕(diao)板印書(shu)(shu)所用。另(ling)建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)廚房(fang)和家(jia)人居(ju)室,周圍圈以圍墻(qiang),庭院有(you)(you)(you)卵石(shi)砌面,形成(cheng)一(yi)古(gu)樸優雅的建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)落,典型(xing)的江南書(shu)(shu)香門第。
五(wu)桂樓(lou)(lou)為(wei)三(san)(san)間(jian)二層的(de)(de)五(wu)馬髟木結(jie)(jie)構樓(lou)(lou)房(fang),座南朝北。樓(lou)(lou)房(fang)通(tong)面(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)10.3米(mi)(mi),通(tong)進(jin)深10.38米(mi)(mi),明間(jian)面(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)4.3米(mi)(mi),次間(jian)面(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)3米(mi)(mi),通(tong)高(gao)9.96米(mi)(mi)。穿斗和抬梁(liang)相結(jie)(jie)合的(de)(de)梁(liang)架結(jie)(jie)構,屋(wu)頂成“眾”字形,利(li)用中(zhong)間(jian)暗(an)(an)閣來隔(ge)熱防(fang)(fang)漏,有(you)利(li)于書(shu)籍(ji)的(de)(de)保(bao)管。閣樓(lou)(lou)暗(an)(an)間(jian)中(zhong)至(zhi)盡保(bao)存有(you)“柱百竿(gan)(gan)”一(yi)根,在長(chang)9.8米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)竹竿(gan)(gan)上記注著當時建筑(zhu)此樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)各種尺寸數據(ju)及梁(liang)架構件的(de)(de)符號,起到現在建筑(zhu)圖紙(zhi)的(de)(de)作用。樓(lou)(lou)下為(wei)客廳,樓(lou)(lou)下收(shou)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)籍(ji),排列二十余口大(da)書(shu)櫥,分藏(zang)(zang)所有(you)古籍(ji)秘冊(ce)。為(wei)了防(fang)(fang)火,在樓(lou)(lou)東西高(gao)筑(zhu)風(feng)火高(gao)墻(qiang),更在書(shu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)四周筑(zhu)有(you)三(san)(san)米(mi)(mi)多(duo)高(gao)的(de)(de)圍墻(qiang)。大(da)門(men)開在圍墻(qiang)的(de)(de)東西兩(liang)邊,墻(qiang)內(nei)樓(lou)(lou)前有(you)半畝庭(ting)園(yuan),以(yi)鵝卵石(shi)鋪地,庭(ting)內(nei)栽有(you)桂樹與柿樹,近(jin)南墻(qiang)壘石(shi)成桌以(yi)置(zhi)盆(pen)景,樸質幽雅。由于五(wu)桂樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)“藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)之富甲(jia)越中(zhong)”,聞(wen)名于東南,故有(you)“浙(zhe)東第二藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)樓(lou)(lou)”之稱。
黃澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang),字式筌,號石(shi)泉,生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)清乾隆(long)年(nian)(nian)間,余(yu)(yu)姚梁弄(nong)(nong)(nong)人。諸生(sheng)。一生(sheng)嗜(shi)求藏(zang)書(shu)(shu),“截縑以購(gou),鬻產而求”。師(shi)事孫磐,篤志力學,于(yu)(yu)書(shu)(shu)無所不(bu)窺(kui)。博學多藝,擅長丹青。歷十(shi)多年(nian)(nian)之功,藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)五(wu)(wu)萬余(yu)(yu)卷。嘉(jia)慶十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1807),于(yu)(yu)故居四明梁弄(nong)(nong)(nong)(今余(yu)(yu)姚市梁弄(nong)(nong)(nong)鎮)構(gou)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)樓(lou)(lou),二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)落(luo)成,署名(ming)“五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)”。緣(yuan)黃氏(shi)在宋代(dai)有(you)(you)(you)一遠祖(zu),兄弟五(wu)(wu)人皆學識淵博,同(tong)科中舉(ju),殊著清望,世稱“五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)”。澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)極(ji)為(wei)遠慕,因而得(de)名(ming)。時五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)樓(lou)(lou)下為(wei)黃澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)與友(you)(you)人會(hui)文講學場所,遠道前來閱(yue)覽藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)之客人亦(yi)在此(ci)接(jie)待(dai);樓(lou)(lou)上為(wei)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu),有(you)(you)(you)高二(er)(er)米半、寬二(er)(er)米之書(shu)(shu)櫥二(er)(er)十(shi)個,陳(chen)列古籍;另有(you)(you)(you)四個同(tong)樣大(da)書(shu)(shu)櫥專藏(zang)手抄本和書(shu)(shu)畫碑帖。黃澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)允許(xu)子孫“登樓(lou)(lou)讀(du)楹書(shu)(shu)”,亦(yi)準文人學士登樓(lou)(lou)閱(yue)讀(du)。對待(dai)遠來之友(you)(you)人,不(bu)僅司其閱(yue)覽,且供膳食。子黃肇震能(neng)繼父志,增加(jia)入藏(zang)圖書(shu)(shu)萬余(yu)(yu)卷,時五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)曾(ceng)有(you)(you)(you)“富甲越中”之稱。亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)“浙第二(er)(er)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)樓(lou)(lou)”之稱。內藏(zang)有(you)(you)(you)黃澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)手輯《明代(dai)文類》一百四十(shi)冊和著作《姚江書(shu)(shu)畫傳》、《四明耆舊傳》、《五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)目》。清咸豐年(nian)(nian)間遭兵燹,藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)所散失,至同(tong)治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)間,黃安(an)瀾(lan)等玄孫經五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)搜集恢復原有(you)(you)(you)規模(mo)。
黃(huang)(huang)澄量死后(hou)(hou),由(you)他的(de)(de)兒子黃(huang)(huang)肇震,字伯器,號(hao)藥溪,繼承父志,繼續收(shou)集書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冊(ce)(ce),使(shi)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)增(zeng)至(zhi)六萬(wan)多卷。清咸(xian)豐十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1861),太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)東進(jin)浙東,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)弄地(di)處進(jin)軍(jun)要道,五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)遭受(shou)散(san)(san)失。后(hou)(hou)有黃(huang)(huang)澄量孫子黃(huang)(huang)聯鏢(biao)、曾孫黃(huang)(huang)安(an)瀾重(zhong)新窮搜散(san)(san)失的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍,又(you)添買善本,經(jing)多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)搜討,終于使(shi)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)基本恢(hui)復到(dao)原來(lai)的(de)(de)規(gui)模。黃(huang)(huang)安(an)瀾重(zhong)新編訂(ding)了(le)(le)《姚江(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)氏五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》,于光緒二十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1895)春付(fu)梓。現存《姚江(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)氏五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》四卷,有俞樾(yue)隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)題簽。按(an)此《書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》統計(ji),得(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)共(gong)3666種(zhong)。它(ta)以(yi)清代(dai)刻本為(wei)(wei)基教,但其中亦(yi)頗(po)多宋、元(yuan)、明代(dai)善本,它(ta)揭示出了(le)(le)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍的(de)(de)收(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)情況(kuang),在(zai)目(mu)錄學(xue)上也有一(yi)定的(de)(de)意義。五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)保(bao)存至(zhi)今,不僅在(zai)圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)獻史(shi)上有著較大(da)的(de)(de)價值,對(dui)當(dang)前及日(ri)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)究亦(yi)有著重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)史(shi)料(liao)價值。五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)于1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue)被列(lie)入市級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei),1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)升列(lie)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)弄解放(fang),五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)無人管(guan)理(li)(li),由(you)地(di)方(fang)政權接管(guan),為(wei)(wei)地(di)方(fang)武裝民兵臨時(shi)住宿,繼而為(wei)(wei)冬(dong)學(xue)掃(sao)盲(mang)學(xue)校(xiao)。1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春,余(yu)姚縣委根據寧波地(di)委保(bao)護(hu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)指示,恢(hui)復五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),設專人保(bao)管(guan),專職(zhi)管(guan)理(li)(li)員史(shi)良(退休老師(shi),己故),隸(li)(li)屬余(yu)姚縣文(wen)(wen)管(guan)會(hui)。1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋至(zhi)1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)弄鎮(zhen)利明村在(zai)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)設農業高級(ji)合(he)作社辦公室(shi)。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)至(zhi)1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春“大(da)躍進(jin)”時(shi)期,五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)利明大(da)隊公共(gong)食(shi)堂。在(zai)此期間,藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)散(san)(san)失千余(yu)冊(ce)(ce)。1962年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由(you)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)弄經(jing)官致老先(xian)生整理(li)(li)散(san)(san)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),裝訂(ding)修復,歷時(shi)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),裝箱庫存,總計(ji)13000冊(ce)(ce)。1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),省(sheng)廳調撥(bo)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)珍貴版本二千四百(bai)多冊(ce)(ce)。1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)經(jing)國家撥(bo)款維修后(hou)(hou),為(wei)(wei)余(yu)姚人民政府重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)12日(ri)為(wei)(wei)浙江(jiang)省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。據1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)調查統計(ji),五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)9993冊(ce)(ce)。負責人葛(ge)茂清。現存書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)本式藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)錄一(yi)冊(ce)(ce)。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)舍占地(di)面積279.91平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),使(shi)用面積138平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)從未對(dui)外(wai)開放(fang)參(can)觀閱(yue)(yue)覽(lan)。黨的(de)(de)十一(yi)屆三中全會(hui)以(yi)后(hou)(hou),特(te)別是近幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai),經(jing)余(yu)姚市文(wen)(wen)管(guan)會(hui)介紹,前來(lai)參(can)觀和查閱(yue)(yue)古籍文(wen)(wen)獻的(de)(de)學(xue)者、大(da)專院校(xiao)師(shi)生等日(ri)益增(zeng)多。
五桂樓的藏(zang)書不(bu)僅是專事(shi)收(shou)藏(zang),黃澄量還每“得一(yi)(yi)(yi)書,添一(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu),即讀一(yi)(yi)(yi)書,而十而百而千而萬,記于目(mu)者記于心(xin),是亦博聞(wen)強識之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)助也(ye)”,更要求兒孫們(men)共同(tong)翻(fan)閱。黃澄量還有一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)不(bu)同(tong)于寧波天一(yi)(yi)(yi)閣的藏(zang)書保管制度,盡力發揮藏(zang)書的實用價值。他把藏(zang)書向外開(kai)放,凡有文(wen)人學(xue)士前來查閱,悉(xi)供方便(bian),打破了一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)藏(zang)書家(jia)只藏(zang)不(bu)閱的陋規,由此(ci)吸引了許多學(xue)人不(bu)辭(ci)遠(yuan)途勞頓,跋山(shan)涉水來到四明山(shan)西麓的梁弄(nong),以一(yi)(yi)(yi)登(deng)五桂樓為快。