五(wu)(wu)桂樓坐落在梁弄下街洞門弄,是一(yi)幢二層(ceng)三楹木結構清(qing)建(jian)筑,系(xi)里人(ren)黃澄量為藏書而建(jian)造的(de)。黃的(de)先(xian)祖頗(po)有雅名(ming),南(nan)宋(song)時(shi),五(wu)(wu)兄(xiong)弟同中進士(shi),同朝為官,衣錦還鄉(xiang)時(shi),宋(song)高宗(zong)贈(zeng)《送五(wu)(wu)子還鄉(xiang)》詩(shi)中有“仙藉桂枝香”句,而取名(ming)“五(wu)(wu)名(ming)樓”。
五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)馬(ma)山(shan)墻以(yi)防風(feng)火,前后有(you)(you)四米(mi)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圍墻,圍墻東西兩側(ce)(ce)有(you)(you)大(da)門,西側(ce)(ce)為(wei)正門。進門便是卵(luan)石(shi)砌成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庭院,石(shi)刻木雕,花(hua)草(cao)竹(zhu)木使庭院綠蔭婆娑,花(hua)香襲人,灰(hui)塵(chen)不蒙(meng),市(shi)聲不喧,顯得幽靜,古(gu)樸(pu)、清(qing)雅(ya)。樓(lou)(lou)下(xia)為(wei)三(san)楹統(tong)間(jian)前后分隔,前廳為(wei)講(jiang)學會文(wen)之所(suo),后廳是樓(lou)(lou)梯,樓(lou)(lou)上有(you)(you)書(shu)櫥二(er)十(shi)(shi)四架,藏(zang)有(you)(you)5萬多卷古(gu)書(shu)善(shan)本(ben),名畫(hua)碑貼和(he)手抄本(ben),有(you)(you)木雕板近百塊,屋(wu)頂(ding)呈(cheng)“眾”字形,有(you)(you)暗閣(ge)(ge),明看二(er)層,實為(wei)三(san)層。據(ju)傳,凡(fan)遇(yu)戰(zhan)亂,善(shan)本(ben)多藏(zang)千頂(ding)上暗閣(ge)(ge),暗閣(ge)(ge)中至(zhi)今仍保留有(you)(you)“柱百竿”一(yi)(yi)根,長9.8米(mi),竹(zhu)竿上記著當時建(jian)(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種尺寸數據(ju)和(he)梁架構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符(fu)號,似(si)現(xian)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)圖紙。登(deng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)眺望,可一(yi)(yi)覽四明七十(shi)(shi)二(er)峰,故五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)又名七十(shi)(shi)二(er)峰草(cao)堂。現(xian)懸(xuan)掛(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)”匾額為(wei)清(qing)代書(shu)法家(jia)胡芹(qin)所(suo)書(shu),“七十(shi)(shi)二(er)峰草(cao)堂”為(wei)清(qing)代書(shu)法家(jia)呂屐山(shan)所(suo)題。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)套比(bi)較嚴格而獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)書(shu)保管制度,所(suo)以(yi),它藏(zang)書(shu)之豐,在(zai)浙東僅次于寧波天(tian)一(yi)(yi)閣(ge)(ge),有(you)(you)“浙東第二(er)藏(zang)書(shu)樓(lou)(lou)”之稱(cheng)。現(xian)為(wei)省重點(dian)文(wen)保單位。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)西側(ce)(ce)原(yuan)有(you)(you)書(shu)房(fang)兩間(jian),名曰“愛吾廬(lu)”,后擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian),雕棟畫(hua)梁,卷蓬飾頂(ding),建(jian)(jian)(jian)造講(jiang)究,名稱(cheng)“夢(meng)花(hua)書(shu)屋(wu)”,與五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)相互(hu)輝映,為(wei)黃澄量居室(shi)和(he)會友、寫書(shu)之所(suo)。東側(ce)(ce)有(you)(you)平房(fang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)六間(jian),為(wei)當時工(gong)匠雕板印書(shu)所(suo)用。另建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)廚(chu)房(fang)和(he)家(jia)人居室(shi),周圍圈以(yi)圍墻,庭院有(you)(you)卵(luan)石(shi)砌面,形成一(yi)(yi)古(gu)樸(pu)優雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)落(luo),典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江南書(shu)香門第。
五桂(gui)樓(lou)(lou)為三(san)間(jian)二(er)層(ceng)的(de)五馬(ma)髟木結構樓(lou)(lou)房,座南(nan)(nan)朝北。樓(lou)(lou)房通(tong)(tong)面闊10.3米(mi),通(tong)(tong)進深(shen)10.38米(mi),明間(jian)面闊4.3米(mi),次間(jian)面闊3米(mi),通(tong)(tong)高(gao)9.96米(mi)。穿(chuan)斗和(he)抬梁相結合(he)的(de)梁架(jia)結構,屋頂成“眾”字形(xing),利用中間(jian)暗閣來隔(ge)熱防漏,有利于(yu)書(shu)籍(ji)的(de)保(bao)管。閣樓(lou)(lou)暗間(jian)中至(zhi)盡(jin)保(bao)存(cun)有“柱百竿”一根(gen),在(zai)長9.8米(mi)的(de)竹(zhu)竿上記注著當(dang)時建筑(zhu)此樓(lou)(lou)的(de)各種尺寸數據及梁架(jia)構件的(de)符號,起到現在(zai)建筑(zhu)圖紙的(de)作用。樓(lou)(lou)下為客廳,樓(lou)(lou)下收藏(zang)書(shu)籍(ji),排列二(er)十余(yu)口(kou)大書(shu)櫥,分藏(zang)所有古籍(ji)秘冊。為了防火,在(zai)樓(lou)(lou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西高(gao)筑(zhu)風火高(gao)墻(qiang)(qiang),更(geng)在(zai)書(shu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)四周筑(zhu)有三(san)米(mi)多高(gao)的(de)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)。大門開在(zai)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西兩邊,墻(qiang)(qiang)內樓(lou)(lou)前有半畝庭園,以鵝卵石鋪地,庭內栽(zai)有桂(gui)樹與柿樹,近南(nan)(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)壘石成桌以置盆(pen)景,樸質幽(you)雅(ya)。由(you)于(yu)五桂(gui)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)“藏(zang)書(shu)之富甲越(yue)中”,聞名于(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan),故有“浙東(dong)(dong)(dong)第二(er)藏(zang)書(shu)樓(lou)(lou)”之稱。
黃澄量,字式筌,號石(shi)泉(quan),生于清(qing)乾隆年(nian)(nian)間,余姚梁(liang)弄(nong)人(ren)。諸生。一生嗜求(qiu)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),“截縑以(yi)購(gou),鬻產(chan)而求(qiu)”。師事孫磐,篤志(zhi)力學(xue),于書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)無所不窺。博學(xue)多(duo)藝,擅長丹青(qing)。歷十多(duo)年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)功,藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)萬余卷。嘉慶(qing)十二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1807),于故(gu)居四明(ming)梁(liang)弄(nong)(今余姚市(shi)梁(liang)弄(nong)鎮)構藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樓(lou)(lou),二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)落成,署名“五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)”。緣黃氏在宋(song)代(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一遠祖(zu),兄弟五(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)皆(jie)學(xue)識(shi)淵博,同科(ke)中舉,殊(shu)著(zhu)清(qing)望,世稱“五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)”。澄量極為遠慕(mu),因(yin)而得(de)名。時五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)樓(lou)(lou)下為黃澄量與友(you)人(ren)會文(wen)講(jiang)學(xue)場(chang)所,遠道前(qian)來(lai)閱覽藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)客人(ren)亦(yi)(yi)在此接待;樓(lou)(lou)上為藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),有(you)(you)(you)(you)高二(er)(er)(er)(er)米半(ban)、寬二(er)(er)(er)(er)米之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)櫥二(er)(er)(er)(er)十個,陳列古籍;另(ling)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四個同樣大書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)櫥專(zhuan)藏(zang)(zang)手抄本(ben)和書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫碑帖(tie)。黃澄量允許子孫“登(deng)樓(lou)(lou)讀楹(ying)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”,亦(yi)(yi)準文(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士登(deng)樓(lou)(lou)閱讀。對待遠來(lai)之(zhi)友(you)人(ren),不僅司其閱覽,且供膳食(shi)。子黃肇震能繼(ji)父志(zhi),增加入藏(zang)(zang)圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬余卷,時五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曾有(you)(you)(you)(you)“富甲越中”之(zhi)稱。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“浙第二(er)(er)(er)(er)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樓(lou)(lou)”之(zhi)稱。內(nei)藏(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)黃澄量手輯《明(ming)代(dai)文(wen)類》一百(bai)四十冊和著(zhu)作《姚江書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫傳》、《四明(ming)耆(qi)舊傳》、《五(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目》。清(qing)咸豐年(nian)(nian)間遭兵燹,藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所散失(shi),至同治年(nian)(nian)間,黃安瀾等玄(xuan)孫經(jing)五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)搜集恢復原有(you)(you)(you)(you)規模。
黃(huang)(huang)澄(cheng)量(liang)死后,由他的(de)兒子黃(huang)(huang)肇震,字伯(bo)器,號(hao)藥溪(xi),繼承父志,繼續收集(ji)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冊,使(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)增(zeng)至(zhi)六(liu)萬多(duo)卷(juan)。清咸豐十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1861),太平(ping)軍東進浙東,梁弄地處進軍要道,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)遭受散(san)失。后有(you)黃(huang)(huang)澄(cheng)量(liang)孫(sun)子黃(huang)(huang)聯鏢、曾孫(sun)黃(huang)(huang)安(an)瀾重新(xin)窮(qiong)搜(sou)(sou)散(san)失的(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji),又添買善(shan)本(ben),經(jing)(jing)(jing)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)搜(sou)(sou)討,終于使(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)基本(ben)恢復到原(yuan)來的(de)規模。黃(huang)(huang)安(an)瀾重新(xin)編訂了《姚(yao)(yao)江(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)氏(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》,于光緒二(er)十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1895)春付梓。現存《姚(yao)(yao)江(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)氏(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》四卷(juan),有(you)俞樾隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)題簽。按此《書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)》統計(ji),得書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)共3666種。它以清代刻本(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基教,但其中(zhong)亦頗多(duo)宋、元(yuan)、明(ming)代善(shan)本(ben),它揭(jie)示(shi)出了五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)的(de)收藏(zang)(zang)(zang)情況,在(zai)目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)學(xue)上也有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)意(yi)義。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)保(bao)存至(zhi)今,不僅在(zai)圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)文獻史上有(you)著較大(da)的(de)價(jia)值,對當前(qian)及日后的(de)科學(xue)研究亦有(you)著重大(da)的(de)史料價(jia)值。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)于1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月被列入市(shi)級文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei),1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月升列為(wei)(wei)(wei)省(sheng)級文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月,梁弄解放(fang),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)管(guan)理,由地方(fang)(fang)政(zheng)權(quan)接管(guan),為(wei)(wei)(wei)地方(fang)(fang)武裝(zhuang)(zhuang)民兵臨時(shi)(shi)住宿,繼而為(wei)(wei)(wei)冬學(xue)掃盲學(xue)校。1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春,余姚(yao)(yao)縣委根據寧波地委保(bao)護(hu)文物指示(shi),恢復五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),設(she)專(zhuan)人(ren)(ren)保(bao)管(guan),專(zhuan)職管(guan)理員史良(退休(xiu)老師,己(ji)故),隸(li)屬余姚(yao)(yao)縣文管(guan)會。1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋至(zhi)1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月,梁弄鎮利明(ming)村在(zai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)設(she)農業高級合(he)作社辦公室。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬至(zhi)1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春“大(da)躍(yue)進”時(shi)(shi)期(qi),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)利明(ming)大(da)隊公共食(shi)堂。在(zai)此期(qi)間,藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)散(san)失千(qian)余冊。1962年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由梁弄經(jing)(jing)(jing)官致(zhi)老先生整理散(san)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),裝(zhuang)(zhuang)訂修復,歷(li)時(shi)(shi)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箱庫存,總(zong)計(ji)13000冊。1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),省(sheng)廳(ting)調撥五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)珍(zhen)貴版(ban)本(ben)二(er)千(qian)四百多(duo)冊。1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)國家撥款維修后,為(wei)(wei)(wei)余姚(yao)(yao)人(ren)(ren)民政(zheng)府重點文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月12日為(wei)(wei)(wei)浙江(jiang)省(sheng)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)。據1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)調查(cha)統計(ji),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)9993冊。負(fu)責人(ren)(ren)葛茂清。現存書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)本(ben)式藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)一(yi)冊。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)舍占(zhan)地面積279.91平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),使(shi)用面積138平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)(gui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)從(cong)未對外開放(fang)參(can)觀閱(yue)覽。黨的(de)十一(yi)屆三中(zhong)全會以后,特別是近幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來,經(jing)(jing)(jing)余姚(yao)(yao)市(shi)文管(guan)會介(jie)紹,前(qian)來參(can)觀和查(cha)閱(yue)古籍(ji)文獻的(de)學(xue)者、大(da)專(zhuan)院校師生等日益(yi)增(zeng)多(duo)。
五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)樓的(de)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不僅是專(zhuan)事收藏(zang)(zang),黃澄(cheng)量(liang)還(huan)每“得一書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),添(tian)一目(mu)(mu),即讀(du)一書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),而十而百(bai)而千而萬,記(ji)于(yu)目(mu)(mu)者(zhe)記(ji)于(yu)心,是亦博聞強識之一助也”,更(geng)要求(qiu)兒孫們共同翻閱。黃澄(cheng)量(liang)還(huan)有一套不同于(yu)寧波天一閣(ge)的(de)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)保管制度,盡力發揮藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)實用(yong)價值。他(ta)把藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向外(wai)開放,凡有文人(ren)學(xue)士前來查閱,悉供方便(bian),打破了一般藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家只藏(zang)(zang)不閱的(de)陋規,由此(ci)吸引了許多(duo)學(xue)人(ren)不辭遠途勞(lao)頓,跋山涉(she)水(shui)來到四(si)明山西麓的(de)梁弄,以一登五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)樓為快。