婺(wu)源靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)風(feng)景(jing)區是一(yi)個(ge)集自然與(yu)人文景(jing)觀為一(yi)體的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景(jing)名(ming)勝區。靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古洞(dong)群(qun)以基巖(yan)(yan)(yan)景(jing)觀為主,是由(you)于流(liu)水(shui)對石灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)蝕(shi)以及(ji)地質的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)遷(qian)而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)石灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)洞(dong)。由(you)于景(jing)觀成(cheng)因與(yu)國內一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)洞(dong)截然不同,全國罕見,靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)洞(dong)群(qun)因此被稱為“溶(rong)洞(dong)之(zhi)母”。靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古洞(dong)群(qun)不僅巖(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)景(jing)觀奇絕天下,道教文化更是繁榮鼎盛、源遠流(liu)長。靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古洞(dong)群(qun)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)通源觀村(cun)是道教的(de)(de)(de)發祥地之(zhi)一(yi)。靈(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古洞(dong)群(qun)保(bao)存了2000多處歷代名(ming)人的(de)(de)(de)題(ti)(ti)墨、題(ti)(ti)刻,被譽(yu)為“溶(rong)洞(dong)文化長廊”。
靈巖洞景(jing)區目(mu)前已開發涵虛、蓮華二個溶洞。涵虛洞上下(xia)七層,愈(yu)(yu)下(xia)愈(yu)(yu)空愈(yu)(yu)險(xian),景(jing)觀(guan)也愈(yu)(yu)多愈(yu)(yu)奇。洞腹(fu)中(zhong)飛云騰涌,巖瀑橫陳(chen),鐘(zhong)乳倒懸(xuan),石(shi)筍擎(qing)天,造型奇異。巖形栩栩如(ru)生,底(di)層與地下(xia)河相(xiang)通。洞內流水潺(chan)潺(chan),波光倒影,乘舟暢(chang)游(you),別有一番(fan)情趣。洞壁(bi)保(bao)留著唐代以(yi)來游(you)人(ren)題墨(mo)200多處(chu),蔚為壯觀(guan)。
蓮華洞為大(da)廳狀,高大(da)寬敞,可(ke)容千人,雄偉壯(zhuang)觀,廳西有7米高的(de)石山,形似太上老君,圓首豐(feng)腰(yao),寬額隆背,銀發披肩,袍袖折(zhe)旋,一(yi)手(shou)纏龍,一(yi)手(shou)托(tuo)金丹(dan)葫蘆。
由通元觀(guan)村溯源而(er)上,便是(shi)卿(qing)云洞(dong)。洞(dong)門軒敞(chang),高30米,寬45米。洞(dong)中幽深高廣,穹頂光怪陸(lu)離。有河(he)(he)貫(guan)穿而(er)過(guo),河(he)(he)長500米,水清壁,可(ke)通竹筏。涉水進洞(dong),再登上釣(diao)臺,臺面寬約數十平方(fang)米。這(zhe)些溶洞(dong)中,最為壯觀(guan)的(de)是(shi)翠(cui)靈洞(dong),主(zhu)洞(dong)長700多米,是(shi)下一(yi)步開發(fa)的(de)重點。溶洞(dong)內(nei)如(ru)花(hua)(hua)似錦,銀(yin)雕玉砌,絢(xuan)麗多姿的(de)石枝映照(zhao)著清澈的(de)地(di)下水塘(tang),千姿百態的(de)石花(hua)(hua),有針狀、團狀、雪花(hua)(hua)狀如(ru)花(hua)(hua)怒放;小(xiao)巧玲瓏的(de)石燈,晶瑩含露,鑲嵌在洞(dong)穴。
在(zai)通源(yuan)觀(guan)(guan)村南馬山(shan)山(shan)腰,洞長680公(gong)尺(chi),面積7200平方(fang)公(gong)尺(chi)。游(you)(you)程2100公(gong)尺(chi),上下(xia)七(qi)層,以空見奇,在(zai)洞內月門(men)對(dui)面巖上有(you)“第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)東(dong)南洞,歷觀(guan)(guan)唐宋游(you)(you)”十(shi)個(ge)大字。在(zai)第(di)三層洞中(zhong)(zhong),無愧是(shi)“翰墨遺香”,兩(liang)壁遍布歷代游(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)題(ti)記、詩歌。在(zai)長達數拾米高的(de)石(shi)幔,小(xiao)到僅(jin)容人(ren)(ren)身(shen)的(de)洞窟,無一(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)是(shi)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)墨跡,重疊覆(fu)蓋,難以數計,至今還能辨認的(de)不(bu)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)余(yu)處(chu),其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)唐會昌(chang)四(si)年(nian)(公(gong)元844年(nian))靈(ling)巖開山(shan)始祖鄭全福題(ti)記,御史中(zhong)(zhong)丞盧(lu)潘、宋四(si)川夔州路(lu)提刑王(wang)汝舟、詞人(ren)(ren)王(wang)炎、東(dong)京(jing)留守宗澤(ze)、明兵科給事(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)戴(dai)銑、太仆寺(si)卿余(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)龍、舍人(ren)(ren)余(yu)鳴(ming)盛、清科學家齊(qi)彥槐、施璜等名(ming)人(ren)(ren)和1922年(nian)外(wai)國(guo)游(you)(you)客題(ti)墨,及部分紅軍、新四(si)軍的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些標語都非常引人(ren)(ren)注(zhu)目。漫步其間,如置身(shen)于書法長廊。
距通源(yuan)觀(guan)村約300公尺(chi)(chi)左右。《婺(wu)源(yuan)縣志》謂(wei):“涵虛洞(dong)上(shang)別有(you)重洞(dong)”,“如屋之有(you)樓”即指(zhi)此(ci)(ci)處。洞(dong)長400公尺(chi)(chi),內多宋(song)代以來題(ti)墨,有(you)南宋(song)紹興三年(nian)(公元1133年(nian))岳飛征討(tao)李成時,用兵器(qi)刻劃“岳飛過此(ci)(ci)”四字,忠誠在(zai)此(ci)(ci)間(jian),至今憑吊者(zhe),如見岳家山(shan)”。還有(you)南宋(song)紹興二十年(nian)(公元1150年(nian))名(ming)(ming)將張俊題(ti)名(ming)(ming),清嘉(jia)慶(qing)年(nian)間(jian)科學家、詩(shi)人齊彥槐題(ti)詩(shi):“乘興來尋小洞(dong)天(tian),瑯(lang)環(huan)無處問金編,姓名(ming)(ming)敢乞山(shan)靈護,留(liu)向人間(jian)五(wu)百年(nian)。”清天(tian)文學家余煌的題(ti)詩(shi):“我身本是(shi)洞(dong)中人,一落塵寰(huan)三十春,儒服儒冠彼束(shu)縛,桃花孤負(fu)仙(xian)源(yuan)津。”在(zai)洞(dong)頂(ding)有(you)數(shu)尺(chi)(chi)見方的“張較彥直”和“伯成質夫”等宋(song)人八個空心飛白打字,抑(yi)首倒書頂(ding)壁,如此(ci)(ci)瀟(xiao)灑(sa)蒼勁,堪稱奇跡,令(ling)人叫絕。
在通元觀村后(hou)。洞內多蓮狀(zhuang)乳石(shi)而得名,此洞以景見奇。唐開成年間,道(dao)士鄭全(quan)福建觀前修真于此。洞中留(liu)下歷代(dai)墨跡(ji)數(shu)百(bai)處,以迷宮(gong)處為最(zui)。唐代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)獨孤筠曾題詩(shi)(shi)贊此洞:“路(lu)回千曲繞芝田,羽客(ke)相攜訪謫仙。石(shi)竇嵌空唯有跡(ji),靈龕隱軫(zhen)莫知年。來(lai)居洞里長無(wu)死,不出(chu)人(ren)間自有天。更欲不眠吟至曉,恐(kong)驚龍動(dong)起愁(chou)煙。”
由通元觀村沿溪往(wang)東北(bei),見(jian)絕壁微裂一隙便是此洞(dong)(dong)。縣(xian)志載:此洞(dong)(dong)“千態萬狀,神雕鬼琢”,鐘乳石(shi)“奇秀如云,若蓮(lian)如芝(zhi)”,故名(ming)。洞(dong)(dong)中(zhong)地(di)勢奇險,只能往(wang)北(bei)回環盤旋而(er)下。洞(dong)(dong)廳中(zhong)左側有(you)(you)巨(ju)石(shi),壁面平整如鏡(jing),成了古人題(ti)(ti)墨最佳之處,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)“宋嘉(jia)熙三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元1239年(nian)(nian))太祖皇帝十一世孫趙(zhao)而(er)忌”,“宋宣和七年(nian)(nian)(公元1125年(nian)(nian))宣和殿大學(xue)士何執中(zhong)同男何鑄(刑部(bu)侍(shi)郎)”的題(ti)(ti)名(ming),洞(dong)(dong)廳東南有(you)(you)一洞(dong)(dong)廊,廊側一處石(shi)幔如簾(lian)垂地(di),簾(lian)壁留有(you)(you)南宋淳熙三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元1176年(nian)(nian))著名(ming)理學(xue)家朱(zhu)(zhu)熹(xi)回婺掃墓時(shi)在此題(ti)(ti)墨“吳(wu)徽朱(zhu)(zhu)熹(xi)”及由蓮(lian)房花柱上題(ti)(ti)“晦(hui)翁”二(er)字。另有(you)(you)清嘉(jia)慶(qing)翰林編修董桂敷題(ti)(ti)“奇觀”二(er)字。
靈巖洞風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區(qu)位(wei)于江西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)婺源縣北(bei)五十公里(li)的大鄣山(shan)鄉西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)部,北(bei)與(yu)安徽休寧縣接壤,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)景(jing)(jing)德鎮(zhen)(zhen)遙(yao)里(li)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區(qu)毗連,北(bei)靠世界級旅游風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區(qu)黃山(shan),雄踞皖贛兩(liang)省(sheng)。景(jing)(jing)區(qu)范圍北(bei)至西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)牛頭山(shan)麓(lu)下,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)至婺源景(jing)(jing)德鎮(zhen)(zhen)縣界,南至和村的九鬮,東至古村菊徑、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至石城山(shan)戴村。
靈巖洞(dong)風景區(qu)所(suo)在(zai)婺源(yuan)縣古屬徽州,唐(tang)開元28年為府(fu)治。人文(wen)之風,始(shi)于東晉亂世之北(bei)方士(shi)族南遷(qian),至(zhi)南宋文(wen)風日盛,以“東南鄒魯(lu)”聞名。婺源(yuan)地處(chu)偏僻山(shan)區(qu),山(shan)水秀麗,險阻天成,故古來兵革少到,還保有完整(zheng)古民(min)居和純樸的民(min)風民(min)俗。從(cong)唐(tang)代建(jian)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)始(shi),唐(tang)開成三年(公元839年)道士(shi)鄭全福發現(xian)靈巖洞(dong)群,修(xiu)煉于此,并留有題墨(mo),取名洞(dong)靈觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。南宋紹興五年(公園1136年)該(gai)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道士(shi)進一步擴建(jian),改為通(tong)元觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。
靈(ling)巖洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群取名“靈(ling)巖",即來(lai)自道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的“空靈(ling)”之(zhi)說。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群所在(zai)地(di)名“通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)”,也(ye)來(lai)自道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)宗(zong)義。據《辭海》中(zhong)解釋,“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”者,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)也(ye);“元(yuan)(yuan)”者,始也(ye)、長也(ye)、大也(ye)、善也(ye)。先(xian)天之(zhi)氣也(ye)。道(dao)(dao)家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),“元(yuan)(yuan)”即“氣”。此氣化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)開辟(pi)世界之(zhi)人(ren),即為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盤古,化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主持天界之(zhi)祖,即為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)始天尊。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)成(cheng)仙(xian),地(di)上神仙(xian)之(zhi)入住“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天福(fu)(fu)地(di)”,是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)[洞(dong)(dong)(dong)]即[通(tong)(tong)(tong)],洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)修(xiu)煉可(ke)與(yu)神仙(xian)接(jie)通(tong)(tong)(tong),與(yu)天界相(xiang)通(tong)(tong)(tong);福(fu)(fu)的意思是(shi)幸福(fu)(fu)吉(ji)祥(xiang),居福(fu)(fu)地(di)可(ke)長生不死。道(dao)(dao)家將洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天福(fu)(fu)地(di)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天、三十六(liu)小洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天、七十二福(fu)(fu)地(di)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)、求元(yuan)(yuan)即可(ke)實現清凈無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),天人(ren)合一,是(shi)做人(ren)的最高境界。“通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)”之(zhi)意,是(shi)向(xiang)人(ren)明示,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan),元(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong),靈(ling)巖洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群就是(shi)修(xiu)真求元(yuan)(yuan)、與(yu)神勾通(tong)(tong)(tong)的清涼世界。由此可(ke)見(jian),“靈(ling)巖洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群”和“通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)道(dao)(dao)觀”,實際上都是(shi)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)文化在(zai)這里(li)的兩種表(biao)達方(fang)式。
靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)群早在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)朝(chao)就(jiu)已經成為(wei)(wei)(wei)游(you)覽(lan)(lan)勝地,洞(dong)群勝況載入(ru)南宋(song)祝穆(mu)著的(de)(de)《方輿勝覽(lan)(lan)》,明代(dai)弘治《徽州府志》,流譽人(ren)(ren)間,吸引了(le)(le)無數游(you)客來(lai)此(ci)觀(guan)賞。至今(jin)(jin)各洞(dong)仍保留著唐(tang)、宋(song)以來(lai)名(ming)人(ren)(ren)和游(you)客刻墨(mo)(mo)二千(qian)多處,它始于(yu)晚唐(tang)、盛于(yu)北宋(song),距(ju)今(jin)(jin)一(yi)千(qian)多年(nian)歷史,是(shi)(shi)祖國珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產。因此(ci)千(qian)百年(nian)來(lai),不知(zhi)多少名(ming)人(ren)(ren)墨(mo)(mo)客為(wei)(wei)(wei)之折腰。現在(zai)(zai)洞(dong)群內保留有(you)唐(tang)代(dai)以來(lai)的(de)(de)游(you)客題墨(mo)(mo)2000余(yu)處,朱熹、岳飛(fei)、岳飛(fei)的(de)(de)老師宗澤、齊彥槐、何執中、張(zhang)大直、張(zhang)浚、戴銑、余(yu)一(yi)龍等名(ming)人(ren)(ren)都洞(dong)內留有(you)親(qin)筆(bi)手跡(ji),實為(wei)(wei)(wei)國內罕見。這(zhe)些題墨(mo)(mo)大多是(shi)(shi)慕名(ming)前(qian)來(lai)游(you)覽(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)名(ming)人(ren)(ren)墨(mo)(mo)客的(de)(de)即興(xing)之作,如今(jin)(jin)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家(jia)重要的(de)(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)物,也成為(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)群的(de)(de)一(yi)大絕景。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里題墨(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)不只是(shi)(shi)歷代(dai)游(you)人(ren)(ren),甚至有(you)紅軍游(you)擊隊隊長張(zhang)劍(jian)超親(qin)筆(bi)所(suo)題的(de)(de)“克(ke)服困難”、“全世界無產階(jie)級(ji)聯合(he)起來(lai)”、“人(ren)(ren)民有(you)了(le)(le)光明”等革命(ming)宣(xuan)傳標語。這(zhe)些題墨(mo)(mo)是(shi)(shi)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)物,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)道豐富的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)盛宴(yan),因此(ci)靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)被世人(ren)(ren)公認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“溶洞(dong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)長廊”。婺(wu)源靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)憑天(tian)地造化(hua),借名(ming)賢圣儒墨(mo)(mo)刻造就(jiu)了(le)(le)江(jiang)南第(di)一(yi)洞(dong)天(tian)之美譽。
清咸豐(feng)八年(公元1859年)由于文人(ren)(ren)墨客、達(da)官貴人(ren)(ren)蜂擁而至,弄得民怨眾怒,連夜堵(du)洞,不(bu)傳后代。有(you)“三巖九洞絕塵寰”盛譽的靈巖古洞及(ji)名人(ren)(ren)刻墨從此銷聲匿跡,鮮為人(ren)(ren)知。