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景點介紹

婺源(yuan)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)風(feng)景(jing)區是(shi)一(yi)個集自然(ran)與(yu)人文(wen)景(jing)觀(guan)為(wei)一(yi)體的(de)風(feng)景(jing)名勝區。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)群以基巖(yan)(yan)(yan)景(jing)觀(guan)為(wei)主(zhu)，是(shi)由于(yu)流水對石灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)溶(rong)蝕(shi)以及(ji)地質的(de)變遷而形成(cheng)的(de)石灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)。由于(yu)景(jing)觀(guan)成(cheng)因與(yu)國(guo)內一(yi)般的(de)溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)截然(ran)不(bu)同，全國(guo)罕見，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)群因此被稱為(wei)“溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)之母(mu)”。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)群不(bu)僅巖(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)景(jing)觀(guan)奇絕天下，道(dao)教文(wen)化更是(shi)繁(fan)榮鼎(ding)盛、源(yuan)遠流長。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)群所(suo)在的(de)通源(yuan)觀(guan)村是(shi)道(dao)教的(de)發祥地之一(yi)。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)群保(bao)存了2000多處歷代名人的(de)題(ti)墨、題(ti)刻，被譽為(wei)“溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)文(wen)化長廊(lang)”。

靈巖洞景(jing)區(qu)目(mu)前已開發(fa)涵虛、蓮華二個溶洞。涵虛洞上(shang)下(xia)七層(ceng)，愈(yu)(yu)下(xia)愈(yu)(yu)空愈(yu)(yu)險，景(jing)觀也愈(yu)(yu)多愈(yu)(yu)奇(qi)(qi)。洞腹(fu)中飛云騰涌，巖瀑(pu)橫陳(chen)，鐘乳倒(dao)懸(xuan)，石筍擎天，造(zao)型(xing)奇(qi)(qi)異。巖形栩栩如生，底層(ceng)與地下(xia)河相通。洞內流水潺潺，波光倒(dao)影，乘舟暢游(you)，別有一(yi)番(fan)情趣。洞壁(bi)保留(liu)著唐代(dai)以來游(you)人題墨200多處，蔚為壯觀。

蓮華洞

蓮華(hua)洞(dong)為大(da)廳狀，高大(da)寬敞，可容千人(ren)，雄(xiong)偉(wei)壯(zhuang)觀，廳西有7米(mi)高的石山，形(xing)似太上老君，圓首豐腰，寬額(e)隆背，銀(yin)發披肩，袍袖折旋(xuan)，一手(shou)纏龍，一手(shou)托金丹葫蘆(lu)。

卿云洞

由通(tong)元觀村溯源而(er)(er)上，便是卿云洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門軒敞(chang)，高30米，寬(kuan)45米。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)幽深(shen)高廣，穹(qiong)頂光怪(guai)陸離(li)。有河貫穿而(er)(er)過，河長500米，水清(qing)壁，可通(tong)竹筏。涉水進洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，再登上釣(diao)臺，臺面寬(kuan)約數十平方(fang)米。這些溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)，最為壯觀的(de)(de)(de)是翠靈洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，主洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)長700多米，是下(xia)一步開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)重點。溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內如花(hua)似錦，銀雕玉(yu)砌，絢麗多姿的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)枝(zhi)映(ying)照著清(qing)澈的(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)水塘，千(qian)姿百(bai)態的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)花(hua)，有針狀(zhuang)、團狀(zhuang)、雪花(hua)狀(zhuang)如花(hua)怒放；小巧玲(ling)瓏的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)燈，晶(jing)瑩含露，鑲嵌在洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴。

涵虛洞

在通源觀(guan)村南馬山(shan)山(shan)腰，洞長(chang)680公(gong)(gong)(gong)尺(chi)，面積(ji)7200平方公(gong)(gong)(gong)尺(chi)。游(you)(you)程2100公(gong)(gong)(gong)尺(chi)，上(shang)下七層，以空見奇，在洞內月(yue)門對面巖上(shang)有(you)“第(di)一東(dong)南洞，歷觀(guan)唐(tang)宋(song)游(you)(you)”十個大(da)字。在第(di)三層洞中(zhong)，無愧是(shi)“翰墨遺香”，兩壁遍布(bu)歷代游(you)(you)人題(ti)記、詩歌(ge)。在長(chang)達數拾米高的(de)石(shi)幔，小到僅容人身(shen)的(de)洞窟，無一不(bu)是(shi)古人墨跡，重疊(die)覆(fu)蓋(gai)，難以數計，至今(jin)還(huan)能辨認的(de)不(bu)下一千余處，其中(zhong)有(you)唐(tang)會昌四(si)年（公(gong)(gong)(gong)元844年）靈巖開山(shan)始祖(zu)鄭(zheng)全福題(ti)記，御史中(zhong)丞盧潘(pan)、宋(song)四(si)川夔州(zhou)路提刑王(wang)汝(ru)舟(zhou)、詞人王(wang)炎、東(dong)京留守宗澤、明兵科給事中(zhong)戴(dai)銑、太仆寺卿余一龍、舍人余鳴(ming)盛、清科學(xue)家齊彥槐(huai)、施璜等(deng)名人和1922年外國游(you)(you)客題(ti)墨，及部分紅(hong)軍、新四(si)軍的(de)一些標語都非常(chang)引人注目。漫步其間，如置身(shen)于書(shu)法長(chang)廊。

凌虛洞

距(ju)通(tong)源觀村約(yue)300公(gong)尺左右。《婺源縣志(zhi)》謂(wei)：“涵虛洞上別有(you)重洞”，“如(ru)(ru)屋之有(you)樓”即指此處。洞長400公(gong)尺，內多宋代以(yi)來題(ti)(ti)墨(mo)，有(you)南宋紹興三(san)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元1133年(nian)(nian)）岳飛征討李成(cheng)時，用兵器刻(ke)劃“岳飛過(guo)此”四(si)字(zi)(zi)，忠誠(cheng)在此間，至(zhi)今憑吊者(zhe)，如(ru)(ru)見岳家(jia)山”。還有(you)南宋紹興二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元1150年(nian)(nian)）名(ming)將張俊題(ti)(ti)名(ming)，清(qing)(qing)嘉慶年(nian)(nian)間科學家(jia)、詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)齊彥槐(huai)題(ti)(ti)詩(shi)：“乘興來尋小洞天，瑯環(huan)無(wu)處問(wen)金(jin)編，姓(xing)名(ming)敢乞山靈(ling)護，留向人(ren)(ren)間五(wu)百年(nian)(nian)。”清(qing)(qing)天文學家(jia)余煌的題(ti)(ti)詩(shi)：“我身(shen)本是(shi)洞中(zhong)人(ren)(ren)，一落塵寰(huan)三(san)十(shi)春，儒服(fu)儒冠(guan)彼(bi)束縛，桃花孤負仙源津。”在洞頂有(you)數尺見方的“張較彥直”和“伯成(cheng)質夫”等宋人(ren)(ren)八(ba)個空心飛白打字(zi)(zi)，抑首倒(dao)書頂壁，如(ru)(ru)此瀟灑(sa)蒼(cang)勁，堪稱奇跡，令人(ren)(ren)叫絕。

蓮花洞

在通元(yuan)觀(guan)村(cun)后。洞(dong)(dong)內多蓮狀乳石而得名(ming)，此洞(dong)(dong)以景(jing)見(jian)奇。唐(tang)開成年間，道(dao)士鄭全福建觀(guan)前修真于(yu)此。洞(dong)(dong)中留下歷(li)代(dai)墨跡(ji)(ji)數百處(chu)，以迷(mi)宮處(chu)為(wei)最。唐(tang)代(dai)詩人(ren)獨孤筠曾題詩贊(zan)此洞(dong)(dong)：“路回千曲繞芝(zhi)田，羽客相攜訪謫(zhe)仙。石竇嵌空唯有跡(ji)(ji)，靈龕隱(yin)軫莫知(zhi)年。來居洞(dong)(dong)里長無(wu)死，不(bu)出人(ren)間自有天。更欲不(bu)眠吟(yin)至曉，恐驚龍動起愁煙。”

瓊芝洞

由通元(yuan)觀村沿溪往(wang)東(dong)北，見絕壁微裂一隙便(bian)是(shi)此洞。縣志載(zai)：此洞“千態萬狀，神雕(diao)鬼琢”，鐘乳石(shi)(shi)“奇秀如(ru)(ru)云(yun)，若蓮如(ru)(ru)芝”，故名。洞中地勢奇險(xian)，只能(neng)往(wang)北回(hui)環盤旋而(er)下。洞廳(ting)(ting)中左側有(you)(you)(you)巨石(shi)(shi)，壁面平整如(ru)(ru)鏡，成了古人題(ti)(ti)墨(mo)最佳之處，其中有(you)(you)(you)“宋(song)嘉熙三年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)1239年(nian)(nian)(nian)）太祖(zu)皇帝十一世孫趙而(er)忌(ji)”，“宋(song)宣和(he)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)1125年(nian)(nian)(nian)）宣和(he)殿(dian)大學士何執(zhi)中同(tong)男何鑄（刑部侍郎）”的(de)題(ti)(ti)名，洞廳(ting)(ting)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)有(you)(you)(you)一洞廊(lang)，廊(lang)側一處石(shi)(shi)幔如(ru)(ru)簾(lian)垂地，簾(lian)壁留(liu)有(you)(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)宋(song)淳(chun)熙三年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)1176年(nian)(nian)(nian)）著名理學家朱熹(xi)(xi)回(hui)婺(wu)掃墓時(shi)在(zai)此題(ti)(ti)墨(mo)“吳徽朱熹(xi)(xi)”及由蓮房花(hua)柱(zhu)上題(ti)(ti)“晦翁(weng)”二(er)字。另有(you)(you)(you)清嘉慶翰林編修董(dong)桂敷題(ti)(ti)“奇觀”二(er)字。

地理位置

靈巖洞風景(jing)(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區位于(yu)江西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)婺源(yuan)縣(xian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)五十公(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)大鄣(zhang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鄉西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部，北(bei)(bei)(bei)與安(an)徽休(xiu)寧(ning)縣(xian)接壤，西(xi)(xi)與景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)鎮遙里(li)風景(jing)(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區毗(pi)連，北(bei)(bei)(bei)靠(kao)世界級旅游風景(jing)(jing)(jing)區黃山(shan)(shan)(shan)，雄踞皖(wan)贛兩省(sheng)。景(jing)(jing)(jing)區范圍北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)牛(niu)頭山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓下，西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)婺源(yuan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)鎮縣(xian)界，南至(zhi)(zhi)和村的(de)(de)九鬮，東至(zhi)(zhi)古(gu)村菊徑、西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)城山(shan)(shan)(shan)戴村。

景區淵源

靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)風景區(qu)所在婺源縣古(gu)屬(shu)徽州(zhou)，唐開(kai)元28年為(wei)府治。人文之風，始(shi)于東(dong)晉亂世之北(bei)方士族南(nan)(nan)遷，至南(nan)(nan)宋(song)文風日盛(sheng)，以“東(dong)南(nan)(nan)鄒魯”聞名。婺源地處偏僻山(shan)區(qu)，山(shan)水(shui)秀(xiu)麗，險阻天(tian)成，故古(gu)來兵(bing)革少(shao)到，還保有完整古(gu)民(min)居(ju)和純樸的民(min)風民(min)俗。從(cong)唐代建觀(guan)(guan)(guan)始(shi)，唐開(kai)成三年（公(gong)元839年）道士鄭(zheng)全福發現靈(ling)(ling)巖洞(dong)群，修(xiu)煉于此，并留有題墨，取名洞(dong)靈(ling)(ling)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)。南(nan)(nan)宋(song)紹興五年（公(gong)園1136年）該(gai)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)道士進一步擴建，改為(wei)通(tong)元觀(guan)(guan)(guan)。

靈(ling)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群(qun)取名“靈(ling)巖(yan)",即來自(zi)道(dao)(dao)教的(de)“空靈(ling)”之說。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群(qun)所在(zai)(zai)地名“通(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)”，也(ye)(ye)(ye)來自(zi)道(dao)(dao)教宗(zong)義。據《辭海》中(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)釋，“通(tong)”者，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)；“元(yuan)(yuan)”者，始也(ye)(ye)(ye)、長也(ye)(ye)(ye)、大也(ye)(ye)(ye)、善也(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)天(tian)之氣也(ye)(ye)(ye)。道(dao)(dao)家認為(wei)(wei)，“元(yuan)(yuan)”即“氣”。此氣化為(wei)(wei)開(kai)辟(pi)世界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)之人(ren)，即為(wei)(wei)盤古，化為(wei)(wei)主持(chi)天(tian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)之祖，即為(wei)(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)始天(tian)尊(zun)。為(wei)(wei)了修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)成仙，地上神(shen)仙之入住“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天(tian)福地”，是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)[洞(dong)(dong)(dong)]即[通(tong)]，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)煉可(ke)與神(shen)仙接通(tong)，與天(tian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)相通(tong)；福的(de)意(yi)思(si)是(shi)幸(xing)福吉祥，居福地可(ke)長生不(bu)死。道(dao)(dao)家將洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天(tian)福地分為(wei)(wei)十(shi)大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天(tian)、三(san)十(shi)六小洞(dong)(dong)(dong)天(tian)、七十(shi)二福地。通(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)、求元(yuan)(yuan)即可(ke)實(shi)現清凈無為(wei)(wei)，天(tian)人(ren)合一，是(shi)做人(ren)的(de)最高境界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。“通(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)”之意(yi)，是(shi)向人(ren)明示，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)，元(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)，靈(ling)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群(qun)就是(shi)修(xiu)真求元(yuan)(yuan)、與神(shen)勾通(tong)的(de)清涼世界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。由此可(ke)見，“靈(ling)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)群(qun)”和“通(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)道(dao)(dao)觀(guan)”，實(shi)際(ji)上都是(shi)道(dao)(dao)教文(wen)化在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里的(de)兩(liang)種(zhong)表達方式。

歷史沿革

靈(ling)巖洞(dong)群(qun)早在(zai)唐朝就已經成為(wei)(wei)游覽(lan)勝(sheng)地，洞(dong)群(qun)勝(sheng)況載入(ru)南宋祝穆著的(de)(de)(de)《方輿勝(sheng)覽(lan)》，明(ming)代弘治《徽州(zhou)府志》，流譽人(ren)(ren)間(jian)，吸引了(le)無數游客(ke)來(lai)(lai)此觀賞。至今(jin)各洞(dong)仍保留著唐、宋以來(lai)(lai)名人(ren)(ren)和游客(ke)刻墨二千(qian)(qian)多處，它始于(yu)晚唐、盛于(yu)北宋，距今(jin)一(yi)千(qian)(qian)多年歷史(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祖國珍貴的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產。因此千(qian)(qian)百年來(lai)(lai)，不知多少名人(ren)(ren)墨客(ke)為(wei)(wei)之折(zhe)腰。現(xian)在(zai)洞(dong)群(qun)內保留有唐代以來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)游客(ke)題(ti)(ti)墨2000余處，朱熹(xi)、岳飛、岳飛的(de)(de)(de)老師(shi)宗澤、齊(qi)彥槐、何執中、張(zhang)大(da)直、張(zhang)浚、戴銑、余一(yi)龍等名人(ren)(ren)都洞(dong)內留有親(qin)筆(bi)手跡，實為(wei)(wei)國內罕見。這些(xie)題(ti)(ti)墨大(da)多是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)慕(mu)名前來(lai)(lai)游覽(lan)的(de)(de)(de)名人(ren)(ren)墨客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)即(ji)興之作，如今(jin)已成為(wei)(wei)國家重要的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)物，也(ye)成為(wei)(wei)靈(ling)巖洞(dong)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)絕景。在(zai)這里題(ti)(ti)墨的(de)(de)(de)不只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歷代游人(ren)(ren)，甚至有紅軍游擊(ji)隊隊長張(zhang)劍超親(qin)筆(bi)所(suo)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)“克服困難(nan)”、“全世界無產階(jie)級聯(lian)合(he)起來(lai)(lai)”、“人(ren)(ren)民(min)有了(le)光明(ming)”等革(ge)命(ming)宣傳標語。這些(xie)題(ti)(ti)墨是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)珍貴的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)物，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)道(dao)豐富的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)盛宴，因此靈(ling)巖洞(dong)被世人(ren)(ren)公認為(wei)(wei)“溶洞(dong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)長廊(lang)”。婺源靈(ling)巖洞(dong)憑天地造化(hua)，借名賢圣(sheng)儒墨刻造就了(le)江南第(di)一(yi)洞(dong)天之美(mei)譽。

清咸(xian)豐八年（公元1859年）由于(yu)文人墨(mo)客、達(da)官(guan)貴(gui)人蜂擁而至，弄得民怨眾怒，連夜(ye)堵洞，不傳(chuan)后代。有“三(san)巖九(jiu)洞絕塵寰”盛譽的(de)靈巖古洞及名(ming)人刻(ke)墨(mo)從此銷(xiao)聲匿(ni)跡，鮮(xian)為人知。