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基本介紹

世(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)堂是蘭溪(xi)地區最具宋(song)(song)(song)元(yuan)風格的木構建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，其正(zheng)廳檐(yan)下的單抄雙下昂六鋪作和內槽三疊梁(liang)等都是當地古(gu)建(jian)的罕見孤例，1997年(nian)(nian)該建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)被公布(bu)為(wei)浙(zhe)(zhe)江省文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位。譜載世(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)堂是為(wei)祭祀(si)三泉(quan)人(ren)唐(tang)元(yuan)章、唐(tang)良嗣(si)兩(liang)位南宋(song)(song)(song)抗(kang)元(yuan)名(ming)將(jiang)而建(jian)，南宋(song)(song)(song)德(de)(de)祐二年(nian)(nian)(1276年(nian)(nian))唐(tang)氏叔侄二人(ren)率兵大(da)敗(bai)元(yuan)軍(jun)于蘭溪(xi)黃湓(pen)灘(tan)，朝廷加元(yuan)章朝請大(da)夫，命知嚴州(zhou)，加良嗣(si)閣門(men)宣贊武翼(yi)將(jiang)軍(jun)、江淮閩浙(zhe)(zhe)都統兵馬使，兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)后分別戰死在龍游白云寺和江山(shan)仙霞嶺，宋(song)(song)(song)丞相文天(tian)祥為(wei)其題寫的“正(zheng)氣千秋”、勅封(feng)“武翼(yi)將(jiang)軍(jun)”兩(liang)古(gu)匾一直保(bao)留于世(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)堂，所(suo)以民間有世(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)堂為(wei)宋(song)(song)(song)元(yuan)遺(yi)構之說。

2005年世德堂維修期(qi)間，“狀元及第(di)”（明嘉靖庚戌殿試(shi)第(di)一甲第(di)一名唐(tang)汝楫立）、“翰(han)林學士”（宋(song)天(tian)(tian)圣翰(han)林唐(tang)滿立）、勅封“溫(wen)國公”（宋(song)戶(hu)部侍郎唐(tang)恪立）、特賜“成忠郎”（宋(song)鄧州都司唐(tang)堯卿(qing)立）等宋(song)明豎匾也得(de)到修整，另有(you)幾十塊毀于(yu)“文(wen)革(ge)”的(de)橫匾也因當年一位睿智老人的(de)偷偷摘抄而重見(jian)天(tian)(tian)日于(yu)盛世。那(nei)些標榜著宗族榮耀的(de)文(wen)字多少會有(you)炫耀和教化的(de)動機，但(dan)無疑也是唐(tang)氏后裔的(de)精神氣質所(suo)在。

世德堂俗稱將士(shi)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)，坐北朝南偏東(dong)45°左右，總體為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)進兩(liang)天井(jing)合院式(shi)，依次(ci)有(you)(you)(you)照壁(bi)(bi)、門樓(lou)、門廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、正廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、廂(xiang)廊(lang)、夾弄等組成。現(xian)存(cun)磚(zhuan)雕門樓(lou)為(wei)(wei)明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)造(zao)(zao)，四(si)柱(zhu)五(wu)(wu)樓(lou)牌(pai)坊式(shi)，樓(lou)脊有(you)(you)(you)寶瓶、三(san)(san)(san)戟(ji)、獅子(zi)(zi)和魚龍(long)吻獸等吉(ji)祥飾物(wu)，正樓(lou)下書(shu)“東(dong)魯”二字，意為(wei)(wei)不忘山東(dong)先(xian)祖，額(e)枋上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)高浮雕的(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)獅戲球、麒麟(lin)、牡(mu)丹等，各(ge)檐(yan)(yan)出(chu)跳(tiao)仿木(mu)(mu)五(wu)(wu)踩計(ji)(ji)心斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)十二攢，部分施(shi)象(xiang)鼻(bi)昂(ang)，拱(gong)(gong)(gong)眼壁(bi)(bi)等處有(you)(you)(you)彩畫。樓(lou)下為(wei)(wei)石庫門，有(you)(you)(you)泡釘，兩(liang)旁設抱鼓石和旗桿石。門廳(ting)(ting)(ting)面闊三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，進深(shen)九檁，明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)式(shi)五(wu)(wu)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)對前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)雙(shuang)(shuang)步，次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)穿斗(dou)(dou)混合式(shi)，磚(zhuan)制仿木(mu)(mu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)，明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)檐(yan)(yan)在(zai)清(qing)道(dao)光二十年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1840年(nian)(nian)(nian)）拆改出(chu)單(dan)檐(yan)(yan)歇山頂固定式(shi)戲臺，檐(yan)(yan)下撐(cheng)托獅子(zi)(zi)牛腿，該進建(jian)筑在(zai)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)大修中(zhong)更換了(le)較多的(de)(de)大木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)件。戲臺正對正廳(ting)(ting)(ting)，兩(liang)旁用(yong)廂(xiang)廊(lang)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)圍合天井(jing)。正廳(ting)(ting)(ting)面闊三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，進深(shen)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，用(yong)才粗壯，結(jie)構(gou)(gou)奇巧，在(zai)當地有(you)(you)(you)民間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)小皇宮之稱。前(qian)(qian)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)頭(tou)和補(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)單(dan)抄雙(shuang)(shuang)下昂(ang)六鋪作共(gong)十朵(duo)（其中(zhong)補(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)各(ge)兩(liang)朵(duo)），單(dan)材重拱(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)(ji)心造(zao)(zao)，昂(ang)為(wei)(wei)琴面昂(ang)，整(zheng)體與(yu)宋(song)元官式(shi)做法相似，但補(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作無(wu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)尾，顯然以裝飾為(wei)(wei)主、受力(li)為(wei)(wei)輔。前(qian)(qian)廊(lang)五(wu)(wu)檁，用(yong)覆水椽，梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)為(wei)(wei)抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)式(shi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，單(dan)步梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、三(san)(san)(san)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和五(wu)(wu)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)均為(wei)(wei)扁作月梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)造(zao)(zao)，梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)頭(tou)無(wu)雕飾，梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)柱(zhu)節點(dian)處用(yong)足材丁頭(tou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)，騎栿(fa)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)順檁方(fang)向出(chu)三(san)(san)(san)跳(tiao)足材，坐斗(dou)(dou)下用(yong)駝峰(feng)。內槽七檁，明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)式(shi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，三(san)(san)(san)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、五(wu)(wu)架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、七架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)互相疊加(jia)成“三(san)(san)(san)疊梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)”，七架(jia)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)插入前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)金柱(zhu)櫨(lu)斗(dou)(dou)，櫨(lu)斗(dou)(dou)用(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)，出(chu)十字拱(gong)(gong)(gong)、蟬肚替(ti)木(mu)(mu)等承托梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)栿(fa)。所有(you)(you)(you)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)栿(fa)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)均用(yong)騎栿(fa)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)（十字拱(gong)(gong)(gong)）承托，次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)山縫抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)穿斗(dou)(dou)混合式(shi)，中(zhong)柱(zhu)落地，兩(liang)旁用(yong)單(dan)步梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、雙(shuang)(shuang)步梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和三(san)(san)(san)步梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)疊加(jia)，風格與(yu)明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)取得統一(yi)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)廊(lang)用(yong)單(dan)步。后(hou)(hou)(hou)檐(yan)(yan)額(e)及(ji)內額(e)施(shi)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)九升的(de)(de)扶壁(bi)(bi)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)和襻(pan)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)。除西次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)前(qian)(qian)廊(lang)有(you)(you)(you)石柱(zhu)兩(liang)根(gen)外均用(yong)木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)，梭柱(zhu)明(ming)顯，明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)、四(si)金柱(zhu)為(wei)(wei)鼓狀柱(zhu)礎(chu)，其余(yu)為(wei)(wei)礩(zhi)形(xing)柱(zhu)礎(chu)。根(gen)據正廳(ting)(ting)(ting)大木(mu)(mu)分析，專家(jia)斷代為(wei)(wei)元末明(ming)初建(jian)筑。后(hou)(hou)(hou)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)為(wei)(wei)清(qing)末添建(jian)，三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)兩(liang)搭廂(xiang)式(shi)，正房為(wei)(wei)重檐(yan)(yan)樓(lou)屋，樓(lou)下明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，每間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)四(si)扇五(wu)(wu)抹隔扇門，前(qian)(qian)廊(lang)出(chu)三(san)(san)(san)檁，青(qing)石抹角方(fang)柱(zhu)，四(si)只人物(wu)動物(wu)牛腿為(wei)(wei)近年(nian)(nian)(nian)被盜后(hou)(hou)(hou)重新(xin)復制，兩(liang)次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)與(yu)山墻(qiang)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)梯可登樓(lou)，樓(lou)上(shang)草架(jia)，用(yong)七檁，前(qian)(qian)檐(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)樸(pu)素(su)的(de)(de)壺(hu)嘴形(xing)撐(cheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)供奉祖先(xian)牌(pai)位的(de)(de)神櫥，小木(mu)(mu)作較為(wei)(wei)考究。