漢(han)魏(wei)(wei)許(xu)都故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)俗稱張(zhang)潘(pan)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),位(wei)于許(xu)昌(chang)縣張(zhang)潘(pan)鎮(zhen)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村東南0.5公(gong)里(li),系周(zhou)時(shi)許(xu)都故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)許(xu)昌(chang)治(zhi)所(suo)。建安元年(nian)(公(gong)元196年(nian)),曹操迎漢(han)獻帝到許(xu)后,對原城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮室(shi)、殿宇、糧倉武庫、街道、園(yuan)林等進(jin)行了大規模改建擴建,形(xing)成了漢(han)魏(wei)(wei)許(xu)都故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的恢宏景觀。故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)內(nei)外兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)堆(dui)積(ji)層(ceng)厚約6米,上(shang)層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)漢(han)魏(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),中(zhong)層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)西周(zhou)和戰國時(shi)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),下層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)二(er)里(li)崗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),內(nei)涵豐(feng)富。2013年(nian)5月,被國務院核定為(wei)(wei)第七批全國重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護單(dan)位(wei)。
漢(han)末(mo)雖風雨飄搖,但作為一個國(guo)家的(de)(de)首(shou)都(dou),三(san)國(guo)時期許(xu)都(dou)城(cheng)池建(jian)(jian)(jian)得相(xiang)當有(you)規(gui)模。城(cheng)內的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑除街道(dao)、民宅、官署外(wai),有(you)許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)宮、京(jing)福(fu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、承光殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、永(yong)始(shi)臺、毓(yu)秀臺、丞(cheng)相(xiang)府等。許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)宮是漢(han)獻帝臨(lin)朝聽政及后妃居住的(de)(de)地方。景(jing)福(fu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)魏(wei)明(ming)帝曹睿太(tai)和六年(nian)(公元232年(nian))。《三(san)國(guo)志·明(ming)帝紀》載:“九月,行幸摩陂,治(zhi)許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)宮,起(qi)京(jing)福(fu)、承光殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。”宋《太(tai)平寰宇記》云:“京(jing)福(fu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)故城(cheng)西(xi)南隅也,魏(wei)明(ming)帝所建(jian)(jian)(jian),資費值(zhi)八百余萬。”《洛(luo)陽宮薄》曰:“許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)景(jing)福(fu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)七間(jian)。”永(yong)始(shi)臺是許(xu)昌(chang)(chang)宮建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群的(de)(de)一個組成部分,建(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)御(yu)花園(yuan)里。黃初五年(nian)(公元224年(nian))魏(wei)文帝曹丕東巡,偕郭皇后就住在(zai)這里。
如(ru)今,許都故(gu)城(cheng)遺址雖然早(zao)已辟為田(tian)園,但高(gao)出平川(chuan)約3米(mi)(mi)、占地30多公(gong)頃的城(cheng)池,以及城(cheng)垣(yuan)輪廓線依然清晰(xi)可見。據勘探,故(gu)城(cheng)分為內外兩城(cheng),外城(cheng)周(zhou)長約7.5公(gong)里,在外城(cheng)的東南隅,呈方形(xing),周(zhou)長1.5公(gong)里,占地面(mian)積1.44平方公(gong)里,文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)堆積層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)約6米(mi)(mi),上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為漢魏文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為西周(zhou)和戰國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為二里崗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),內涵(han)豐富。其(qi)出土文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)有漢朝銅(tong)鼎、銅(tong)矛、馬(ma)銜(xian)、車飾、司馬(ma)將印、部曲(qu)印、箭鏃、刀劍、錢幣和曹魏時(shi)期(qi)大型行(xing)軍造(zao)飯(fan)鍋、磨米(mi)(mi)的碾、耕地的犁(li)鏵及建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)件(jian)(jian)等,尤其(qi)是戰國(guo)玉璧、漢魏時(shi)期(qi)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)件(jian)(jian)四神柱礎,均被鑒定為國(guo)家一(yi)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),極其(qi)珍貴(gui)。
千百年(nian)(nian)來,許(xu)(xu)都故城雖然僅(jin)存遺址(zhi),但由于(yu)它是一代(dai)王朝的(de)(de)(de)象征,特別是我國封建時(shi)代(dai)政治(zhi)家(jia)、軍事(shi)家(jia)、文(wen)學(xue)家(jia)曹操(cao)雄踞許(xu)(xu)昌的(de)(de)(de)25年(nian)(nian)里,挾天子以令(ling)不(bu)(bu)臣,使(shi)節(jie)鉞征伐四方(fang),大興屯田,廣(guang)攬賢才,革新吏(li)治(zhi),發展生產,使(shi)這里成為三國時(shi)代(dai)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)、軍事(shi)、文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)心(xin),成就了(le)統一北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)業,開創了(le)“一代(dai)風骨、百世流(liu)芳”的(de)(de)(de)建安(an)文(wen)學(xue),不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)被歷代(dai)人所敬仰,也是我們許(xu)(xu)昌人談起(qi)三國文(wen)化(hua)永恒的(de)(de)(de)話題。