芒果视频下载

簡介

漢(han)(han)楚王墓(mu)(mu)群位于江蘇省徐州市和(he)(he)銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境(jing)內(nei)，徐州附近的楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)處(chu)。共八處(chu)二(er)十余座。是西(xi)漢(han)(han)十二(er)代楚王的墓(mu)(mu)， 已發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)或(huo)清理(li)的有(you)(you)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)等(deng)。東(dong)(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)一號墓(mu)(mu)較(jiao)大，有(you)(you)七個(ge)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)，面積約(yue)200平方米(mi)；二(er)號基規(gui)模較(jiao)小，1982年發(fa)(fa)現出(chu)土(tu)鎏金銅器(qi)有(you)(you)巨型“趙姬沐盤”、明光宮(gong)鼎等(deng)。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)總(zong)面積達(da)500平方米(mi)，七個(ge)彩俑室(shi)各有(you)(you)儀仗、侍衛彩俑三十余個(ge)。1986年出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)金帶(dai)鉤(gou)、透雕(diao)玉器(qi)，銅、鐵器(qi)及“楚御府印”等(deng)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)(wen)物(wu)。該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)構造復(fu)雜、葬法獨(du)特(te)，對研(yan)究漢(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)時起依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)擇陵起源，西(xi)漢(han)(han)建筑、采(cai)礦(kuang)、化(hua)學保護技術有(you)(you)重要價值(zhi)。

發掘

1982年(nian)發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)小(xiao)龜山2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，鑿山而筑，東西(xi)長約83米、南北寬33米，共(gong)有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)12個(ge)，各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)又分前(qian)中(zhong)后三(san)室(shi)，為仿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人生前(qian)居(ju)室(shi)營(ying)建(jian)，宏(hong)大壯觀，猶(you)如(ru)地下(xia)宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為西(xi)漢第六代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)襄王劉注。1954年(nian)發現，1995-1996年(nian)發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)獅(shi)子(zi)山楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)最大的(de)一座(zuo)，面(mian)積約850平(ping)方(fang)米，有(you)三(san)個(ge)兵(bing)俑(yong)坑，一個(ge)馬俑(yong)坑，其(qi)中(zhong)一、二號(hao)坑內有(you)兵(bing)馬俑(yong)2500個(ge)，成四個(ge)方(fang)陣布列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩側的(de)三(san)個(ge)耳(er)室(shi)是迄今發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)諸漢楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)唯一未(wei)被盜擾且保存完好(hao)的(de)，出(chu)土(tu)有(you)一批金銀銅鐵(tie)玉器及150方(fang)銀、銅官印等(deng)珍貴文物(wu)，據推測該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可(ke)能為第三(san)代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王劉戊。1984年(nian)發掘(jue)(jue)了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)三(san)座(zuo)兵(bing)馬俑(yong)陪葬坑中(zhong)的(de)兩座(zuo)，并在原址建(jian)立了(le)徐州兵(bing)馬俑(yong)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。龜山、獅(shi)子(zi)山兩處楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也分別建(jian)立了(le)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。

漢墓特征

西漢(han)初興，為(wei)鞏(gong)固統治，大(da)(da)封(feng)同姓王(wang)。同姓王(wang)們各經(jing)營(ying)一(yi)方(fang)，筑(zhu)城(cheng)造宮，修陵(ling)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至(zhi)今日宮城(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)廢，年(nian)久(jiu)無存；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)位地下(xia)，保存較易。解放以(yi)來(lai)，文物工(gong)作者調(diao)查和(he)發掘(jue)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)王(wang)陵(ling)古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，計有(you)(you)河北(bei)滿城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中山靖王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，北(bei)京大(da)(da)葆臺廣陽王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，山東曲阜(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨淄的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，河南省(sheng)永城(cheng)芒(mang)山梁王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖南長(chang)沙王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，江蘇徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵(ling)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣東廣州(zhou)市南越王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，已發掘(jue)了數(shu)十座。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)經(jing)盜(dao)掘(jue)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保存尚好，對研究西漢(han)建筑(zhu)藝術頗(po)為(wei)重要。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)二：一(yi)曰(yue)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)以(yi)棺槨及(ji)(ji)黃腸(chang)題(ti)湊；二曰(yue)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城(cheng)芒(mang)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)及(ji)(ji)曲阜(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)依山鑿石(shi)造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)氣勢龐大(da)(da)，結(jie)構復雜，有(you)(you)棺有(you)(you)槨，道長(chang)室多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，工(gong)程浩(hao)大(da)(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之異同，概因(yin)(yin)各地風俗(su)習(xi)慣、葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)自然條(tiao)件而異。 徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗(po)具(ju)特(te)色。目前已調(diao)查和(he)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)8處，因(yin)(yin)其早晚關系和(he)各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)色不同，故墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也各有(you)(you)別。鑒于這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)絕大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)數(shu)早年(nian)被(bei)盜(dao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)構和(he)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分保存完好，但文物及(ji)(ji)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)受破壞，為(wei)這(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究設置(zhi)了諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚(chu)王(wang)選擇葬地(di)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是各具一(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)頭(tou)都不太高大(da)，自為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)前方，一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要有(you)開(kai)闊(kuo)的(de)空(kong)地(di)，遠(yuan)山(shan)(shan)近水，一(yi)(yi)(yi)覽無余，獨占一(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)，曰“占山(shan)(shan)為(wei)王(wang)”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)空(kong)地(di)，其方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)面向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)者：如獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥(wo)牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。有(you)面向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西者：如小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東者，如楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人工鑿巖成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗(cu)有(you)別，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般早期(qi)較考究，四壁平整規范，如北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚期(qi)較粗(cu)獷，如小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于(yu)楚(chu)王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)，比較(jiao)復雜，早期有斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)一般比較(jiao)寬大，如(ru)(ru)楚(chu)王山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)達20度(du)，亦有前(qian)(qian)后(hou)寬度(du)不同，又分前(qian)(qian)（外(wai)）寬后(hou)（內）窄(zhai)；平底墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)，如(ru)(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。中(zhong)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)一般為(wei)(wei)長方形(xing)小平底，如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前(qian)(qian)端(duan)稍寬，亦有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)后(hou)端(duan)有一段為(wei)(wei)喇叭形(xing)，如(ru)(ru)南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚期的(de)臥牛(niu)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前(qian)(qian)寬后(hou)窄(zhai)，底部(bu)有斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)，但斜(xie)(xie)度(du)較(jiao)小，為(wei)(wei)15度(du)左(zuo)右。

甬道：早(zao)期較(jiao)寬大(da)，一(yi)般(ban)剖面約為2×2米(mi)左右(you)，較(jiao)短(duan)，如北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。中期墓(mu)(mu)的甬道一(yi)般(ban)較(jiao)長(chang)，剖面約1.1×1.9米(mi)，有的長(chang)達(da)近50米(mi)，如小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。晚期甬道又變短(duan)，如臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)設備(bei)：各(ge)種門(men)(men)(men)道(dao)(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)(fa)也不一(yi)樣，甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大小和(he)(he)制(zhi)作光度依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)格(ge)不同而(er)(er)異，一(yi)般(ban)長(chang)2.0～2.5米，個(ge)別(bie)長(chang)者達4.5米，寬(kuan)厚(hou)在(zai)(zai)0.95～1米。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)4塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)兩(liang)并列上(shang)(shang)下(xia)疊壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，個(ge)別(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)榫（如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量，依甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)短而(er)(er)定，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)，獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)4組(zu)，馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)。個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室也用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室（棺室）在(zai)(zai)過道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)（短甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)）也用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)或外往(wang)往(wang)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)木質(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)，一(yi)般(ban)為雙扇，留有(you)(you)(you)門(men)(men)(men)樞窩(wo)和(he)(he)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)器槽(cao)；封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)器有(you)(you)(you)銅質(zhi)（北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或鐵(tie)質(zhi)（獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制(zhi)也不同。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)室，視(shi)其情況(kuang)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)也備(bei)有(you)(you)(you)木門(men)(men)(men)，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)鑿(zao)(zao)有(you)(you)(you)耳(er)室，也用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填(tian)實，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)后(hou)段，還(huan)(huan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，耳(er)室則用(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)寬(kuan)各(ge)約1米的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，這(zhe)(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)厚(hou)薄不均，一(yi)般(ban)下(xia)邊厚(hou)，上(shang)(shang)部薄，當(dang)為操作方便所致(zhi)，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)3間耳(er)室即用(yong)(yong)(yong)此封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)(fa)，同時在(zai)(zai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)內(nei)又(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)鑿(zao)(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕，其封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)方法(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)豎(shu)立封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)(fa)大體同早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)，唯甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)窄而(er)(er)且用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩(liang)塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)疊壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死，這(zhe)(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)填(tian)滿(man)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)男(nan)性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)底部鑿(zao)(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽(cao)以(yi)增加(jia)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)牢固(gu)性（小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)編號，記(ji)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺(chi)幅(fu)和(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)位置，如(ru)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)作工藝(yi)有(you)(you)(you)粗(cu)有(you)(you)(you)精，一(yi)般(ban)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)精，棱角規(gui)整，六(liu)面磨(mo)光。以(yi)馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)精，六(liu)面光潔，可以(yi)鑒人；北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次(ci)之(zhi)，中(zhong)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)粗(cu)約，打(da)制(zhi)出六(liu)面，鑿(zao)(zao)痕清晰，不加(jia)打(da)磨(mo)，以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最(zui)(zui)典型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)系根(gen)據(ju)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)具體情況而定，有(you)多有(you)少。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側，如北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側各(ge)有(you)1間耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，楚王山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)有(you)4間耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)相(xiang)對(dui)，獅子山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側相(xiang)對(dui)3間耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)不造耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；有(you)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)鑿制耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如小龜山(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒(mei)有(you)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥牛山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)亦不盡相(xiang)同，北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)被盜(dao)而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空空，功(gong)能(neng)難定。獅子山(shan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)3間耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，從(cong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)文物論定，西(xi)側南端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W1）為(wei)“御府”庫，放(fang)置(zhi)大量銅(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)鐵兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)杯、玉酒器(qi)(qi)等(deng)武器(qi)(qi)和生(sheng)活(huo)器(qi)(qi)皿等(deng)，各(ge)式器(qi)(qi)物達(da)200余件(jian)；西(xi)側北端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放(fang)置(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)、銀(yin)容器(qi)(qi)及(ji)魚、獸骨及(ji)谷(gu)物（炭化(hua)）等(deng)，似(si)為(wei)貯藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；東(dong)側一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)兩(liang)(liang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)，從(cong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)陶器(qi)(qi)、盆(pen)、鐵釜(fu)、銅(tong)(tong)勺、銅(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)釜(fu)等(deng)物，應為(wei)庖廚間。小龜山(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)似(si)為(wei)車馬(ma)間，在(zai)(zai)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內清(qing)理出(chu)陶俑、陶馬(ma)和車等(deng)明(ming)器(qi)(qi)。

另在(zai)北洞山墓墓道中段(duan)兩側有(you)7個石龕，龕內(nei)放置彩繪陶俑(yong)222件，這些(xie)俑(yong)皆為武(wu)士(shi)、武(wu)官形象，看來這是(shi)為了衛戍該(gai)墓而特設的儀衛俑(yong)。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂、側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴(yu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁(ce)(ce)間(jian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)排(pai)水(shui)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)等。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之后(hou)端，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形(xing)，因(yin)系放置(zhi)(zhi)棺槨之地(di)，一般都很講究，造型規范，四壁平整，如北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱藍山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用特制石(shi)料四壁砌筑(zhu)，頂用特制券石(shi)起(qi)券，異常宏(hong)偉。但是，獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)棺槨陳置(zhi)(zhi)于橫堂東側(ce)之棺床上(shang)，這(zhe)可能是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚(shang)未建成(cheng)而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)突(tu)然(ran)故(gu)(gu)去的(de)(de)應急(ji)措施(shi)所(suo)致。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得(de)比較復(fu)雜，多(duo)(duo)(duo)系在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部(bu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)一間(jian)大(da)(da)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)再建木結構瓦頂棺房，如河北中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。后(hou)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較簡約，把棺槨置(zhi)(zhi)于后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可。關(guan)于其(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能，因(yin)被盜(dao)諸原(yuan)因(yin)，不(bu)能論述準確(que)(que)，僅就個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依據清(qing)理(li)情況和各(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現存設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，簡述如下：獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E2，清(qing)理(li)時發現有(you)(you)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)銅(tong)錢遺(yi)跡(ji)，該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)洞(dong)又(you)出(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)完整錢17．6萬余(yu)枚，故(gu)(gu)論定此為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)錢庫(ku)(ku)；該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E4，清(qing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)女性所(suo)用之物及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)女性牙齒(chi)等，該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又(you)有(you)(you)專門(men)之封門(men)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備，故(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)女性陪(pei)葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和W4分(fen)(fen)別集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土銅(tong)鏡、銅(tong)印、銅(tong)鏃、銅(tong)帶(dai)鉤、鐵甲、鐵盔等，故(gu)(gu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)土整套石(shi)磬、琴(qin)鈕(niu)之類樂器附件(jian)，似為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂舞廳(ting)。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之西側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)塞石(shi)封堵較嚴，未被盜(dao)擾，在(zai)其(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)清(qing)理(li)出(chu)(chu)(chu)金帶(dai)鉤、金耳(er)飾(shi)、玉衣(yi)片、透(tou)雕玉飾(shi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)帶(dai)鉤等，亦應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土文物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)“武庫(ku)(ku)”銅(tong)印章及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)弩(nu)機(ji)、銅(tong)鏃等兵器，說明在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“武庫(ku)(ku)”的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)M1甬道上(shang)，有(you)(you)一套間(jian)（XIV、XV）與(yu)該(gai)耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對應，從出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)陶俑、陶馬、陶盆及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)弩(nu)機(ji)、鐵銜鑣等及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)井(jing)等設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)看，該(gai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)車馬間(jian)。在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)(you)沐浴(yu)間(jian)（馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁(ce)(ce)間(jian)（北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)(you)2間(jian)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)有(you)(you)1間(jian)）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)廁(ce)(ce)所(suo)不(bu)大(da)(da)明確(que)(que)，如小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)橋M1主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東端北邊(bian)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廁(ce)(ce)所(suo)。在(zai)楚(chu)王(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)有(you)(you)水(shui)井(jing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)些水(shui)井(jing)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)有(you)(you)不(bu)同，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)包廚間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)兩眼水(shui)井(jing)，其(qi)一位(wei)(wei)于男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)馬廄(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一眼位(wei)(wei)于XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)臥牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)水(shui)井(jing)位(wei)(wei)于后(hou)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)壁下。關(guan)于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，不(bu)分(fen)(fen)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)皆有(you)(you)，唯獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)尚(shang)未按原(yuan)計劃(hua)建成(cheng)而沒有(you)(you)外(wai)，其(qi)他各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)，排(pai)水(shui)方向，依各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情況而異，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)把水(shui)排(pai)在(zai)裂(lie)隙處，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)排(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一(yi)般(ban)來講(jiang)，西漢的帝陵(ling)、王(wang)陵(ling)皆有(you)封土，楚王(wang)陵(ling)墓亦(yi)不例外。但是，有(you)的墓經過2000多年的風(feng)風(feng)雨雨，水土流失，有(you)的尚存(cun)，如楚王(wang)山墓、北洞山墓；有(you)的已(yi)不存(cun)在了(le)，如小龜山墓、馱籃山墓、石(shi)橋(qiao)墓等。封土質(zhi)地一(yi)般(ban)是從山下(xia)運上去的褐色土，以夯實，夯層一(yi)般(ban)在20～35厘米，個別封土周圍還用特制石(shi)條鑲砌(qi)，加以保護，如楚王(wang)山劉(liu)交(jiao)墓。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)皆有陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，且(qie)規模(mo)龐大。按照制(zhi)度，王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)也應有陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，因徐(xu)州歷史(shi)上多(duo)次黃河泛濫，造成平地(di)有3～5米淤積，加之地(di)貌變(bian)化，陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)已(yi)不復(fu)存(cun)。但在(zai)楚王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)周圍，仍可見(jian)一(yi)些遺(yi)跡(ji)，如在(zai)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山西(xi)(xi)的磚瓦(wa)廠采土(tu)場內，可見(jian)到(dao)不少西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)瓦(wa)片，在(zai)我們找墓(mu)時新挖的幾條探溝中，也都見(jian)到(dao)瓦(wa)礫遺(yi)物。同時，在(zai)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山西(xi)(xi)坡上，發現二節(jie)陶質排水管，是為墓(mu)垣上的排水設(she)施(shi)，從這些遺(yi)物和(he)遺(yi)跡(ji)，說明獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山墓(mu)當(dang)年有相(xiang)當(dang)規模(mo)的陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)建筑(zhu)。

墓(mu)(mu)是葬埋死人的設施。個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)不(bu)僅(jin)有(you)墓(mu)(mu)葬設施，而(er)且還附有(you)衙屬(shu)部分，如北(bei)洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)道中段(duan)東側，建造有(you)一整套類(lei)似(si)地面建筑的衙屬(shu)，功能齊備，有(you)大小達11間之多，計有(you)武庫、樂舞廳、更衣(yi)室、倉(cang)房，地下貯藏室（凌(ling)陰(yin)）、廚房、水(shui)井(jing)、柴房、廁(ce)所等。

個(ge)別墓葬還專門陪(pei)葬有(you)兵馬俑等衛戍部(bu)隊。如(ru)獅子山(shan)楚王墓，在其西(xi)、北部(bu)都發現有(you)兵馬俑坑(keng)(keng)，西(xi)側有(you)6條坑(keng)(keng)，包括(kuo)步兵、騎(qi)兵、車兵和警衛俑等兵種(zhong)，數量多達(da)4000余件。同時，在陵園內也發現多處零(ling)星兵俑坑(keng)(keng)和一處車坑(keng)(keng)，車坑(keng)(keng)中(zhong)葬有(you)3輛(liang)漆質(zhi)模型車和3個(ge)立(li)式陶(tao)俑，當為御(yu)手(shou)或車士(shi)。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近(jin)(jin)臣及(ji)親屬(shu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)古已有之(zhi)(zhi)，西(xi)漢亦(yi)不(bu)例外(wai)。西(xi)漢開國皇帝(di)劉(liu)邦長陵(ling)就(jiu)有蕭何、曹參(can)、張(zhang)耳、張(zhang)良、周勃、戚夫人(ren)等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)；惠帝(di)安陵(ling)有魯元公主、陳平、張(zhang)蒼、愛盎、楊(yang)雄等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)。帝(di)陵(ling)如此，王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)也(ye)多依規行之(zhi)(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目前可(ke)見有4座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水(shui)經注》記載“……經十余(yu)墳”。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)北面(mian)的(de)(de)后柚山(shan)(shan)上，清(qing)理(li)(li)了近(jin)(jin)10座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附近(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)繡(xiu)球山(shan)(shan)上，1987年(nian)也(ye)清(qing)理(li)(li)出2座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)發(fa)掘過陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)，那(nei)是1972年(nian)發(fa)掘小龜山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從出土器(qi)物銘文可(ke)知為(wei)“翁主”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得一(yi)(yi)提的(de)(de)是獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)3座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其一(yi)(yi)曰“食官(guan)(guan)監”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，位于內(nei)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道相接處之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道東(dong)壁下(xia)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)男性(xing)，年(nian)齡在(zai)(zai)40歲(sui)左右，隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品頗(po)豐厚，計有5件(jian)銅(tong)鼎、4塊(kuai)玉(yu)(yu)璧、兩件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、4把(ba)鐵(tie)劍(jian)、兩件(jian)銅(tong)鏡、1套制(zhi)作精(jing)美的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)枕(zhen)、1方銅(tong)質“官(guan)(guan)監印”和1方無(wu)字(zi)玉(yu)(yu)印及(ji)大量銅(tong)錢(qian)、陶器(qi)和陶俑等(deng)；其二(er)為(wei)E4內(nei)，因被盜清(qing)理(li)(li)出牙齒及(ji)玉(yu)(yu)舞人(ren)、玉(yu)(yu)鼻塞、玉(yu)(yu)珩等(deng)文物，經鑒定，為(wei)一(yi)(yi)30歲(sui)左右的(de)(de)女(nv)性(xing)；其三(san)(san)為(wei)E5內(nei)，該室盜擾(rao)慘重，但(dan)從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)結構和與(yu)E4封門設備相同來看(kan)，亦(yi)應為(wei)一(yi)(yi)女(nv)性(xing)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其原因，可(ke)作以(yi)下(xia)推(tui)論(lun)：獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)時代(dai)，發(fa)掘簡報認為(wei)第(di)(di)二(er)或第(di)(di)三(san)(san)代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。第(di)(di)二(er)代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)郢客(ke)，為(wei)劉(liu)交(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，官(guan)(guan)居“宗正(zheng)”，在(zai)(zai)位四年(nian)薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)二(er)女(nv)一(yi)(yi)男似(si)難(nan)理(li)(li)解，若為(wei)第(di)(di)三(san)(san)代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，該王(wang)(wang)(wang)參(can)于“七(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)”，戰敗自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，死的(de)(de)突(tu)然(ran)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)未建成即行葬(zang)(zang)入在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)前，把(ba)自(zi)(zi)己心愛的(de)(de)妃子(zi)先行殺(sha)掉與(yu)自(zi)(zi)己葬(zang)(zang)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，亦(yi)為(wei)不(bu)可(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)戰敗自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，二(er)女(nv)子(zi)癡(chi)情殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)也(ye)有可(ke)能；食官(guan)(guan)監是楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)親信(xin)，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，作為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)屬(shu)下(xia)，生時關系密切，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)死了，甘愿(yuan)殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)而(er)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)也(ye)是可(ke)能的(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不(bu)僅有(you)(you)(you)建筑宏(hong)偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)且有(you)(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)類齊(qi)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器物。這(zhe)些器物就(jiu)質(zhi)地(di)講(jiang)可(ke)以包(bao)(bao)覽(lan)金銀銅(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)鉛(qian)、陶石玉(yu)骨(gu)漆。就(jiu)功能(neng)來講(jiang)，反映了(le)政治(zhi)、經濟、軍(jun)(jun)事、文化、生產、生活(huo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)科學技術等(deng)(deng)，無(wu)所不(bu)包(bao)(bao)。但(dan)是，因這(zhe)些墓(mu)葬被盜嚴重，為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)設置了(le)障礙。從這(zhe)些殘墓(mu)中清(qing)理出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器物來看，有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬服金縷玉(yu)衣(yi)，有(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)裹華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆玉(yu)棺(guan)槨及(ji)玉(yu)枕等(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)王配帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)璧(bi)、玉(yu)璜、玉(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)娛(yu)樂(le)器件石磬等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王生前(qian)(qian)穿(chuan)戴和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)質(zhi)盔甲和(he)(he)(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)劍戟鈹矛(mao)等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)生活(huo)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)、鍾、壺(hu)、匜、舫、鑒、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王飲酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)器玉(yu)卮、玉(yu)杯、玉(yu)耳杯及(ji)玻(bo)璃杯等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王做飯(fan)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灶具(ju)甑、釜；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王陪葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)魚、雞、牛排、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)保衛(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王而(er)(er)特設的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊及(ji)墓(mu)內存放的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)豹(bao)、銅(tong)(tong)豹(bao)、玉(yu)獸(shou)等(deng)(deng)；還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)侍從男女陶俑等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)反映楚(chu)(chu)王權力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印章和(he)(he)(he)(he)封泥等(deng)(deng)。 綜上(shang)所述，西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)王陵墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建造方法(fa)可(ke)以概括為(wei)(wei)：1． 選(xuan)址：皆選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)石灰(hui)巖山(shan)頭(tou)，因楚(chu)(chu)元王選(xuan)址在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)王山(shan)北坡(po)之小山(shan)包(bao)(bao)上(shang)，其(qi)子孫(sun)皆不(bu)得(de)超之，所以后代多選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)獨立(li)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小山(shan)頭(tou)上(shang)。2. 定位(wei)：墓(mu)向有(you)(you)(you)向南、向西(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)向東，獨無(wu)向北者，但(dan)墓(mu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)望無(wu)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)開闊地(di)帶(dai)，不(bu)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)他(ta)物擋其(qi)視(shi)線；同時墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般開在(zai)山(shan)坡(po)上(shang)或(huo)(huo)靠近底(di)部(bu)，墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)要與山(shan)體石頭(tou)紋理走向有(you)(you)(you)夾角(jiao)，并不(bu)得(de)小于(yu)45度，這(zhe)樣(yang)最安(an)全(quan)。3. 墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)：在(zai)山(shan)下部(bu)或(huo)(huo)山(shan)腰，呈長條形或(huo)(huo)呈前(qian)(qian)寬后窄(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)箕形有(you)(you)(you)平(ping)底(di)和(he)(he)(he)(he)斜坡(po)底(di)兩(liang)種。4. 甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)：沿墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)前(qian)(qian)端向里延伸，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般早期(qi)(qi)寬而(er)(er)短，中期(qi)(qi)窄(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)而(er)(er)長，晚期(qi)(qi)窄(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)且短。5. 墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)(huo)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)個耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)中后及(ji)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般來講(jiang)，早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)建造考究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，主要布局在(zai)中軸線上(shang)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)側(ce)，廁(ce)所比(bi)(bi)較明(ming)顯；中期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)比(bi)(bi)較粗獷，墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)比(bi)(bi)較復雜(za)；且主要室(shi)(shi)(shi)內另設木結(jie)構(gou)棺(guan)房(fang)。晚期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)則比(bi)(bi)較簡約(yue)，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)、后室(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)；個別(bie)墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)附有(you)(you)(you)“衙(ya)屬”，結(jie)構(gou)復雜(za)，門類齊(qi)全(quan)，造型考究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。6. 陵園及(ji)其(qi)他(ta)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)般墓(mu)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)陵園設施，個別(bie)墓(mu)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)陪葬墓(mu)或(huo)(huo)兵馬俑坑等(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前考古工作(zuo)者已調查和(he)發掘了數十(shi)座西(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由(you)于(yu)我國(guo)幅員(yuan)遼闊，各地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)、風俗和(he)習(xi)慣(guan)存在(zai)(zai)較大差異，因(yin)此西(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)形(xing)(xing)制亦(yi)不一致，總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為豎穴(xue)木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)大類(lei)，同(tong)時(shi)每個大類(lei)中又有一些(xie)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)制。其(qi)中，豎穴(xue)木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多建造在(zai)(zai)平原地區(qu)(qu)或丘陵(ling)之(zhi)上，如(ru)(ru)北京的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江流(liu)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南長(chang)沙(sha)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安(an)徽六安(an)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)江蘇(su)揚州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為普通槨(guo)(guo)室和(he)“黃(huang)腸題(ti)湊(cou)”兩(liang)種形(xing)(xing)式，如(ru)(ru)北京大葆臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽(yang)頃王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)揚州高郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)胥(xu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均為“黃(huang)腸題(ti)湊(cou)”式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)中國(guo)古代陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建筑(zhu)發展(zhan)史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一支(zhi)絢麗奇葩，其(qi)“因(yin)山(shan)為陵(ling)，鑿石成(cheng)(cheng)室”，整座陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接開鑿在(zai)(zai)山(shan)體之(zhi)中，此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯王(wang)(wang)國(guo)中曾盛行一時(shi)，主要分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)(zai)冀西(xi)(xi)、豫東、魯南和(he)蘇(su)北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘陵(ling)地區(qu)(qu)，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北滿城中山(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)東曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)、河南永城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)和(he)江蘇(su)徐(xu)州地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)，即是(shi)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型代表。此外(wai)還有處于(yu)兩(liang)類(lei)之(zhi)間者，如(ru)(ru)山(shan)東長(chang)清濟北王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即兼具(ju)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中，還形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了一些(xie)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地域(yu)特征和(he)相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)體系，從而極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富了我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建筑(zhu)藝(yi)術。

徐州地(di)區(qu)是我國漢代巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)重要起(qi)源與集粹地(di)，這種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形制(zhi)曾在(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)廣泛盛(sheng)行，是楚(chu)(chu)國高級(ji)貴族的(de)(de)(de)一種特有(you)葬制(zhi)，其(qi)中(zhong)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)為(wei)橫穴式巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)(chu)國貴族為(wei)豎穴式巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。從時間上來(lai)看，楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)劉交的(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)造上至少(shao)要早于文(wen)帝霸陵(ling)23年(nian)，且文(wen)帝尊(zun)崇(chong)楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)，他之所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)倡(chang)(chang)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)很有(you)可能就是受到(dao)其(qi)叔父劉交的(de)(de)(de)影響。巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)最(zui)先興(xing)起(qi)并大量存在(zai)(zai)，是與徐州地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)地(di)理(li)條件(jian)、葬俗(su)習慣以(yi)(yi)(yi)及當時的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制(zhi)度、思想(xiang)文(wen)化(hua)、生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)和(he)科(ke)技發展等因(yin)素密(mi)不可分的(de)(de)(de)。究其(qi)原因(yin)主要有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下幾(ji)點：一是徐州地(di)處(chu)山東丘陵(ling)向(xiang)南延(yan)伸帶上，楚(chu)(chu)都彭城周(zhou)圍(wei)群(qun)山環抱(bao)，多山少(shao)土的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)條件(jian)為(wei)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)造提(ti)(ti)(ti)供了(le)必要的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)條件(jian)；二是徐州一帶很久以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)即(ji)有(you)人在(zai)(zai)山中(zhong)建(jian)(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)，據(ju)史料(liao)記載，早在(zai)(zai)春(chun)秋時期宋國大夫(fu)桓(huan)魋就曾在(zai)(zai)徐州開(kai)鑿石槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從而為(wei)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)大型(xing)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終(zhong)形成奠定了(le)基礎；三是漢初提(ti)(ti)(ti)倡(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)“黃老(lao)無(wu)為(wei)”、“與民休息”等文(wen)化(hua)思想(xiang)觀(guan)念和(he)政(zheng)治因(yin)素。四(si)是鐵(tie)(tie)質工具的(de)(de)(de)普遍使用(yong)和(he)炒鋼技的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)，對西(xi)漢時期巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)造和(he)最(zui)終(zhong)形成，起(qi)到(dao)了(le)決定性的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，經金相分析表明獅子山楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土的(de)(de)(de)鑿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鐵(tie)(tie)鑿即(ji)為(wei)炒鋼。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐(xu)州楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)群上起漢(han)(han)初下迄新莽，是我國(guo)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)諸(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)發現最多(duo)、時(shi)間(jian)跨度最長(chang)、保存序列最為(wei)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區之一，從中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)清晰(xi)地(di)(di)看出其(qi)在不同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)演變軌跡。徐(xu)州地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)雖(sui)同(tong)屬(shu)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)，但每座墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)形制結構又(you)無(wu)一雷同(tong)而(er)各(ge)具特色(se)。這(zhe)些(xie)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)在各(ge)個(ge)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑結構和(he)建(jian)造規模上，又(you)與王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)衰命運和(he)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)在位(wei)年限的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短等因素(su)息(xi)息(xi)相關。并隨著時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)，呈現出早(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)、晚三(san)期(qi)較為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)演變規律。現就(jiu)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)分期(qi)和(he)時(shi)代(dai)特征作以(yi)概述。

早期(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)初至文、景(jing)(jing)帝(di)時期(qi)(qi)，其總(zong)體特(te)征表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“同塋異冢”即楚王(wang)與王(wang)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)(fen)葬(zang)于(yu)同一(yi)陵(ling)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩座山(shan)體之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)、后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宏(hong)偉，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長而寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)，甬(yong)道寬(kuan)而較短，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)具有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步內(nei)收跡象(xiang)。這一(yi)時期(qi)(qi)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)個不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：第(di)一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文帝(di)之(zhi)前(qian)，以楚王(wang)山(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表，此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處于(yu)萌芽(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，保留有大(da)量(liang)豎穴土坑(keng)(keng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)點(dian)，其主(zhu)體墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在豎穴巖(yan)(yan)坑(keng)(keng)內(nei)用石條(tiao)壘筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗(dou)形封土堆。第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文、景(jing)(jing)帝(di)時期(qi)(qi)，此時楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺(bai)脫了豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，形成(cheng)了西漢(han)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴式(shi)(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制(zhi)(zhi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)結(jie)構(gou)基(ji)本(ben)呈中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)布(bu)局，但(dan)并不(bu)(bu)完(wan)善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)龐(pang)大(da)而復雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側建(jian)(jian)(jian)附屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，前(qian)端外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構(gou)仍有用石條(tiao)壘筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，此后即全部(bu)(bu)改成(cheng)在山(shan)巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直接開(kai)鑿；長而寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)后3段(duan)(duan)，其外(wai)(wai)寬(kuan)內(nei)窄，逐段(duan)(duan)向內(nei)收縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)2米見(jian)方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道內(nei)由4組呈“田(tian)”字形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)主(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相對(dui)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡(jian)單，基(ji)本(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)至前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道內(nei)，側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較少(shao)或不(bu)(bu)完(wan)善，這一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有北洞山(shan)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅子(zi)山(shan)楚王(wang)陵(ling)。第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)景(jing)(jing)帝(di)至武帝(di)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)，以馱籃山(shan)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表，此時王(wang)與后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)開(kai)始靠攏，分(fen)(fen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在同一(yi)座山(shan)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)對(dui)稱布(bu)局十分(fen)(fen)強列，陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構(gou)開(kai)始簡(jian)化，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道變成(cheng)長而寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)單重斜坡式(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)(wai)已不(bu)(bu)見(jian)耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等附屬建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)卻變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐(pang)大(da)而復雜(za)，表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甬(yong)道內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)增加(jia)，前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)周圍出現(xian)許多(duo)生活化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬房(fang)間(jian)。

中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)為(wei)武帝至西漢晚期(qi)。由于(yu)武帝時漢朝中(zhong)(zhong)央集權的(de)(de)不斷加強，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時期(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在布(bu)局(ju)和(he)形制(zhi)結(jie)構上均發生了重大(da)演變。首(shou)先表(biao)現為(wei)“同冢異(yi)穴(xue)”，即楚(chu)(chu)王與王后的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)建(jian)在同一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)山體(ti)下，而分(fen)鑿出(chu)(chu)兩個(ge)靠近的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)，兩墓(mu)(mu)之間一(yi)(yi)般有(you)◎門相通。其次是陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑規(gui)模逐漸(jian)變小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)為(wei)非軸線式布(bu)局(ju)，其外部結(jie)構較為(wei)簡單，墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)單重，短而窄，末端(duan)呈喇(la)叭口式內(nei)收，墓(mu)(mu)門寬1米(mi)比前期(qi)縮(suo)小(xiao)了近一(yi)(yi)半，甬道(dao)變得十分(fen)狹長，而墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)空間增大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)一(yi)(yi)般以大(da)廳為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)呈不對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)錯落式分(fen)布(bu)，寬敞的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)部出(chu)(chu)現了特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)擎天石(shi)柱(zhu)筑結(jie)構。武帝時期(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)尚有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)規(gui)模，但(dan)隨著王國權勢和(he)國力(li)的(de)(de)逐步減弱，至西漢晚期(qi)建(jian)造規(gui)模日益縮(suo)小(xiao)，特(te)別是王后陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)已十分(fen)微小(xiao)，完全處于(yu)一(yi)(yi)種從屬(shu)地位。此期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)有(you)小(xiao)龜山、東洞(dong)山和(he)南洞(dong)山楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)。

晚期楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)為西漢(han)(han)末(mo)期，以臥牛山漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)為代表。隨(sui)著西漢(han)(han)晚期楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王國政治地位(wei)和(he)(he)綜合國力的進(jin)一步(bu)萎縮，此時(shi)(shi)的楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)已走(zou)向衰落(luo)，其墓(mu)(mu)葬形制(zhi)基(ji)本(ben)沿襲了中期楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)的一些(xie)特(te)征，但與之相比規模更(geng)小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)道外部(bu)入口處(chu)僅(jin)寬(kuan)2米，整(zheng)條墓(mu)(mu)道完(wan)全為外寬(kuan)內窄的嗽叭口狀，墓(mu)(mu)室的數量、功能與結構也(ye)更(geng)為簡(jian)單，僅(jin)有(you)一主(zhu)、一側兩(liang)間墓(mu)(mu)室和(he)(he)一耳室。此時(shi)(shi)僅(jin)見楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王而不見王后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)，說明至西漢(han)(han)末(mo)期時(shi)(shi)王后(hou)可能已合葬為一座(zuo)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)。