芒果视频下载

簡介

漢(han)(han)(han)(han)楚(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)群位于江蘇省徐州市(shi)和銅(tong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境內(nei)，徐州附近(jin)的楚(chu)(chu)王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)處(chu)。共八處(chu)二十(shi)余座。是西漢(han)(han)(han)(han)十(shi)二代楚(chu)(chu)王的墓(mu)， 已發掘或清理的有(you)(you)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)等(deng)。東(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)一(yi)號墓(mu)較大，有(you)(you)七個墓(mu)室(shi)，面(mian)積約200平方(fang)米；二號基規模較小(xiao)，1982年發現(xian)出(chu)土鎏金(jin)(jin)銅(tong)器(qi)有(you)(you)巨型“趙姬沐盤”、明光宮鼎等(deng)。北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)墓(mu)室(shi)總面(mian)積達(da)500平方(fang)米，七個彩俑室(shi)各有(you)(you)儀仗、侍衛彩俑三十(shi)余個。1986年出(chu)土有(you)(you)金(jin)(jin)帶(dai)鉤、透雕玉器(qi)，銅(tong)、鐵器(qi)及“楚(chu)(chu)御府印”等(deng)珍貴文物。該墓(mu)構造復雜、葬法獨(du)特，對研究(jiu)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)文帝時起依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)擇(ze)陵(ling)起源(yuan)，西漢(han)(han)(han)(han)建筑、采礦、化(hua)學(xue)保(bao)護技術(shu)有(you)(you)重要價值(zhi)。

發掘

1982年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)小龜山(shan)2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，鑿山(shan)而筑，東西長(chang)約83米(mi)、南北寬33米(mi)，共有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室12個(ge)(ge)，各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室又分(fen)前(qian)中(zhong)后三室，為仿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人生(sheng)前(qian)居室營建，宏(hong)大(da)壯觀，猶(you)如(ru)地下宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為西漢第(di)(di)六代楚(chu)(chu)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉注。1954年(nian)發(fa)現，1995-1996年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)獅(shi)子山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)，面積約850平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)，有三個(ge)(ge)兵(bing)俑(yong)坑，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)坑，其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)、二號(hao)坑內(nei)有兵(bing)馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)2500個(ge)(ge)，成四個(ge)(ge)方(fang)陣(zhen)布列。位(wei)于內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩(liang)側的(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)耳室是(shi)(shi)迄今發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)諸漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)唯一(yi)未(wei)被盜擾且保(bao)存完好的(de)(de)(de)，出(chu)土(tu)有一(yi)批金銀銅(tong)鐵(tie)玉(yu)器(qi)及150方(fang)銀、銅(tong)官印等珍貴文物，據推測該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可能為第(di)(di)三代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉戊。1984年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)三座(zuo)兵(bing)馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)陪葬(zang)坑中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)座(zuo)，并(bing)在原址建立(li)了(le)徐(xu)州兵(bing)馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)博物館。龜山(shan)、獅(shi)子山(shan)兩(liang)處楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也分(fen)別(bie)建立(li)了(le)博物館。

漢墓特征

西漢(han)(han)初(chu)興，為鞏固統治，大(da)封同(tong)(tong)姓(xing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。同(tong)(tong)姓(xing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)們各(ge)經營(ying)一(yi)方，筑城造(zao)宮，修陵建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至(zhi)今日宮城多(duo)廢，年久無存；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)位地下，保(bao)存較易。解(jie)放(fang)以來，文物(wu)工(gong)作者調(diao)查和(he)(he)發(fa)掘(jue)諸(zhu)多(duo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，計(ji)有河北滿城的中(zhong)山(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，北京大(da)葆(bao)臺廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，山(shan)東曲阜的魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨淄的齊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，河南省永城芒山(shan)梁(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖南長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，江蘇徐(xu)州的楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚州的廣(guang)陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣(guang)東廣(guang)州市南越(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，已(yi)(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)了數十座(zuo)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)經盜掘(jue)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)存尚好(hao)，對研究(jiu)西漢(han)(han)建(jian)筑藝術頗為重要。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)有二：一(yi)曰豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具多(duo)以棺(guan)槨及黃腸題湊；二曰巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐(xu)州的楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城芒山(shan)的梁(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)及曲阜的魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)依山(shan)鑿石造(zao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)氣(qi)勢龐大(da)，結(jie)構復雜(za)，有棺(guan)有槨，道長(chang)室(shi)多(duo)，工(gong)程浩大(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)之異(yi)同(tong)(tong)，概因各(ge)地風俗習慣、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)(he)自然條件而(er)異(yi)。 徐(xu)州的楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗具特(te)色。目前已(yi)(yi)調(diao)查和(he)(he)發(fa)掘(jue)的8處，因其早晚關系和(he)(he)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)色不同(tong)(tong)，故(gu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)也各(ge)有別。鑒于這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)絕大(da)多(duo)數早年被盜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)結(jie)構和(he)(he)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)部分保(bao)存完(wan)好(hao)，但(dan)文物(wu)及葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)受破壞，為這(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的研究(jiu)設置(zhi)了諸(zhu)多(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚(chu)王選(xuan)擇葬地，一般是各具一山(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)頭都不(bu)太高大，自(zi)為一體。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)前方(fang)，一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)有開(kai)闊的(de)(de)空地，遠山(shan)(shan)近水，一覽無余，獨(du)占一山(shan)(shan)，曰(yue)“占山(shan)(shan)為王”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)向(xiang)空地，其方(fang)向(xiang)有面向(xiang)南者：如(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。有面向(xiang)西(xi)者：如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦(yi)有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門向(xiang)東者，如(ru)楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人工鑿巖成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗有別(bie)，一般早(zao)期(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)考究，四壁(bi)平(ping)整規范(fan)，如(ru)北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚期(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)粗獷，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚王(wang)(wang)陵墓的(de)墓道(dao)，比(bi)較復雜，早(zao)期有(you)(you)斜(xie)坡(po)(po)墓道(dao)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)比(bi)較寬(kuan)(kuan)大，如(ru)楚王(wang)(wang)山(shan)劉交墓、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)二墓，斜(xie)坡(po)(po)達20度(du)(du)，亦有(you)(you)前(qian)后寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)(du)不同(tong)，又分前(qian)（外(wai)）寬(kuan)(kuan)后（內(nei)）窄；平底(di)墓道(dao)，如(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)墓、獅子山(shan)墓。中期墓一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為長方形小平底(di)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)墓、石橋墓、南洞(dong)山(shan)墓；個(ge)別墓道(dao)前(qian)端稍寬(kuan)(kuan)，亦有(you)(you)墓道(dao)后端有(you)(you)一(yi)段為喇叭形，如(ru)南洞(dong)山(shan)墓。晚期的(de)臥(wo)牛山(shan)墓墓道(dao)前(qian)寬(kuan)(kuan)后窄，底(di)部有(you)(you)斜(xie)坡(po)(po)，但斜(xie)度(du)(du)較小，為15度(du)(du)左(zuo)右。

甬道：早期(qi)較寬大，一般(ban)剖(pou)面約為2×2米(mi)左右，較短(duan)，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。中期(qi)墓(mu)的(de)甬道一般(ban)較長，剖(pou)面約1.1×1.9米(mi)，有的(de)長達近50米(mi)，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、石橋墓(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。晚期(qi)甬道又變短(duan)，如(ru)臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)設(she)備(bei)：各種門(men)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)一樣，甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)大小(xiao)和(he)制作(zuo)光(guang)度依(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規格不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)而異，一般長(chang)(chang)2.0～2.5米(mi)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)長(chang)(chang)者(zhe)達4.5米(mi)，寬(kuan)厚在(zai)(zai)0.95～1米(mi)。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)4塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)兩兩并列上(shang)下疊壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下有(you)(you)(you)(you)榫（如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)量，依(yi)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)而定，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)，獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山用(yong)(yong)(yong)4組(zu)，馱(tuo)籃(lan)山亦(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)。個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)（棺室(shi)(shi)）在(zai)(zai)過道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)（短(duan)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)）也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內或外往(wang)往(wang)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)木質門(men)，一般為雙扇，留有(you)(you)(you)(you)門(men)樞窩和(he)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)器(qi)(qi)槽；封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅質（北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或鐵質（獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制也(ye)(ye)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)各室(shi)(shi)，視(shi)其情況，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)備(bei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)木門(men)，如獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，兩側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)耳室(shi)(shi)，也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)填實，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)后段，還(huan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，耳室(shi)(shi)則用(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)各約(yue)1米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)板封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)板厚薄不(bu)均，一般下邊厚，上(shang)部薄，當為操作(zuo)方便所致，如獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)3間耳室(shi)(shi)即用(yong)(yong)(yong)此封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時在(zai)(zai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)內又用(yong)(yong)(yong)木質門(men)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)兩側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)龕，其封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)方法(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特制石(shi)(shi)(shi)板豎(shu)立封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)大體同(tong)(tong)(tong)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，唯甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)窄而且用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下疊壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全(quan)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)填滿塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，如小(xiao)龜(gui)(gui)山男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)底部鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以增加(jia)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)之牢固性（小(xiao)龜(gui)(gui)山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)編號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅和(he)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置，如獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)制作(zuo)工(gong)藝有(you)(you)(you)(you)粗有(you)(you)(you)(you)精，一般早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)精，棱角規整，六面磨(mo)光(guang)。以馱(tuo)籃(lan)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)最精，六面光(guang)潔，可以鑒人；北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次之，中(zhong)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)粗約(yue)，打制出六面，鑿(zao)痕清晰，不(bu)加(jia)打磨(mo)，以石(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)系根據各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)具體(ti)情況而(er)定，有多有少。有的(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側，如(ru)(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側各(ge)有1間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)劉(liu)交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上有4間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，兩兩相(xiang)對，獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側相(xiang)對3間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上不造耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；有的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)甬道(dao)(dao)上鑿制耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)小龜(gui)(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；有的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)沒(mei)有耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能亦不盡相(xiang)同，北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空空，功(gong)能難定。獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)3間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，從出土文物(wu)論(lun)定，西(xi)側南端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W1）為“御府”庫，放置(zhi)(zhi)大量銅(tong)(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)杯、玉酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)和生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)等(deng)，各(ge)式器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)達200余件；西(xi)側北(bei)(bei)端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放置(zhi)(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀容器(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)魚、獸骨及(ji)谷物(wu)（炭化）等(deng)，似為貯藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；東側一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（E1）有兩道(dao)(dao)門，從出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、盆、鐵(tie)釜、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)勺、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)釜等(deng)物(wu)，應(ying)為庖廚間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。小龜(gui)(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)似為車(che)馬間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，在(zai)(zai)男性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內清理(li)出陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬和車(che)等(deng)明(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

另在北洞山墓(mu)墓(mu)道(dao)中段兩側有(you)7個(ge)石龕，龕內放置彩繪(hui)陶(tao)俑222件，這些(xie)俑皆(jie)為武士(shi)、武官形象，看來這是為了衛戍該墓(mu)而(er)特設的儀衛俑。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)部分，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂、側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴(yu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁間(jian)(jian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設施(shi)等(deng)。主(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)端，為(wei)(wei)長方形，因(yin)系(xi)放置棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)地，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般都很講究(jiu)，造型(xing)規范，四壁(bi)平整(zheng)，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用特制石料(liao)四壁(bi)砌筑，頂用特制券(quan)石起券(quan)，異常宏偉。但是(shi)，獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)陳置于(yu)(yu)橫堂東側(ce)之(zhi)棺(guan)床上(shang)，這(zhe)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚未(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)成而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)突然故(gu)(gu)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)急措施(shi)所致。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯(xian)得比較(jiao)復(fu)雜，多(duo)系(xi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)大室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內再(zai)建(jian)(jian)木(mu)結構瓦頂棺(guan)房，如河北(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較(jiao)簡(jian)約(yue)，把棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)(guo)置于(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)。關于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)，因(yin)被盜(dao)(dao)諸(zhu)(zhu)原(yuan)因(yin)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)論述準確，僅就個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依(yi)(yi)據清(qing)理(li)(li)情況和各(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現存設施(shi)，簡(jian)述如下：獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)E2，清(qing)理(li)(li)時發(fa)現有(you)(you)諸(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)銅(tong)(tong)錢(qian)遺跡，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)(dao)洞(dong)又(you)出(chu)有(you)(you)完(wan)整(zheng)錢(qian)17．6萬余枚，故(gu)(gu)論定(ding)此為(wei)(wei)錢(qian)庫(ku)；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)E4，清(qing)出(chu)有(you)(you)女(nv)性(xing)所用之(zhi)物及(ji)(ji)(ji)女(nv)性(xing)牙齒等(deng)，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又(you)有(you)(you)專門(men)之(zhi)封門(men)設備，故(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)女(nv)性(xing)陪葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和W4分別(bie)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土銅(tong)(tong)鏡、銅(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)、銅(tong)(tong)帶鉤、鐵(tie)甲、鐵(tie)盔等(deng)，故(gu)(gu)認為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土整(zheng)套石磬、琴鈕之(zhi)類(lei)樂器(qi)(qi)附件，似(si)為(wei)(wei)樂舞(wu)廳(ting)。北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)西側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)塞石封堵較(jiao)嚴，未(wei)(wei)被盜(dao)(dao)擾，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內清(qing)理(li)(li)出(chu)金帶鉤、金耳飾、玉(yu)衣(yi)片(pian)、透雕玉(yu)飾及(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)帶鉤等(deng)，亦應(ying)為(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)出(chu)土文物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)“武庫(ku)”銅(tong)(tong)印章及(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩(nu)機(ji)、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)等(deng)兵器(qi)(qi)，說明在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)為(wei)(wei)“武庫(ku)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道上(shang)，有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套間(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與該(gai)(gai)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對應(ying)，從出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)盆及(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩(nu)機(ji)、鐵(tie)銜鑣等(deng)及(ji)(ji)(ji)井等(deng)設施(shi)看，該(gai)(gai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)。在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)(you)沐浴(yu)間(jian)(jian)（馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁間(jian)(jian)（北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內有(you)(you)2間(jian)(jian)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)有(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廁所不(bu)(bu)大明確，如小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)第(di)X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石橋M1主(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東端北(bei)(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也應(ying)為(wei)(wei)廁所。在(zai)楚王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)有(you)(you)水(shui)井設置，這(zhe)些水(shui)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置各(ge)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)包(bao)廚間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)兩眼(yan)水(shui)井，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)男性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬廄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)眼(yan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)井位(wei)于(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)下。關于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設施(shi)，不(bu)(bu)分早(zao)期(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)皆有(you)(you)，唯獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)尚未(wei)(wei)按原(yuan)計劃(hua)建(jian)(jian)成而沒有(you)(you)外，其(qi)(qi)他各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)，排(pai)(pai)水(shui)方向(xiang)，依(yi)(yi)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體(ti)情況而異，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把水(shui)排(pai)(pai)在(zai)裂(lie)隙處，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一般來講，西漢的(de)帝(di)陵(ling)、王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)皆有(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)土(tu)，楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)亦不例外。但是(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)經過2000多年的(de)風風雨雨，水土(tu)流(liu)失，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)尚存(cun)，如楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)(you)的(de)已不存(cun)在(zai)了(le)，如小龜山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)等(deng)。封(feng)(feng)土(tu)質地一般是(shi)從山(shan)下運上去的(de)褐色(se)土(tu)，以夯(hang)實，夯(hang)層一般在(zai)20～35厘米，個(ge)別封(feng)(feng)土(tu)周圍還(huan)用特制(zhi)石條(tiao)鑲(xiang)砌，加(jia)以保護，如楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西漢帝陵(ling)皆有(you)(you)陵(ling)園(yuan)，且規模(mo)龐大(da)。按照制度，王陵(ling)也(ye)應有(you)(you)陵(ling)園(yuan)，因徐州歷史上(shang)多次(ci)黃河(he)泛濫，造成(cheng)平地有(you)(you)3～5米(mi)淤(yu)積，加之地貌變化，陵(ling)園(yuan)已不(bu)復(fu)存(cun)。但在(zai)楚王陵(ling)周圍，仍可見(jian)一(yi)些遺跡(ji)，如在(zai)獅子山(shan)西的(de)(de)磚瓦廠(chang)采土(tu)場內(nei)，可見(jian)到不(bu)少(shao)西漢瓦片(pian)，在(zai)我們(men)找墓時新(xin)挖的(de)(de)幾條探(tan)溝中(zhong)，也(ye)都見(jian)到瓦礫遺物。同時，在(zai)獅子山(shan)西坡(po)上(shang)，發現二節陶(tao)質排水(shui)管，是為墓垣(yuan)上(shang)的(de)(de)排水(shui)設(she)施，從這些遺物和遺跡(ji)，說(shuo)明獅子山(shan)墓當年(nian)有(you)(you)相當規模(mo)的(de)(de)陵(ling)園(yuan)建筑。

墓(mu)是葬(zang)埋(mai)死人的(de)設(she)施(shi)。個別墓(mu)不(bu)僅有墓(mu)葬(zang)設(she)施(shi)，而且還附有衙(ya)屬(shu)部分，如(ru)北洞山(shan)墓(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)道中段(duan)東側，建(jian)造有一整(zheng)套類似地(di)面建(jian)筑的(de)衙(ya)屬(shu)，功能齊備，有大小達11間(jian)之多(duo)，計有武庫(ku)、樂舞廳、更(geng)衣室、倉房，地(di)下貯藏(zang)室（凌陰）、廚房、水井、柴房、廁所等。

個別(bie)墓葬還專門(men)陪葬有(you)兵(bing)馬(ma)俑等衛戍部隊。如獅(shi)子山楚王墓，在(zai)其西、北部都發現有(you)兵(bing)馬(ma)俑坑，西側(ce)有(you)6條坑，包(bao)括步兵(bing)、騎(qi)兵(bing)、車(che)兵(bing)和警(jing)衛俑等兵(bing)種，數(shu)量多(duo)達4000余(yu)件。同時，在(zai)陵園內(nei)也(ye)發現多(duo)處(chu)零(ling)星兵(bing)俑坑和一處(chu)車(che)坑，車(che)坑中葬有(you)3輛(liang)漆(qi)質模型(xing)車(che)和3個立式陶俑，當為御手或(huo)車(che)士(shi)。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近(jin)臣(chen)及(ji)親屬陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)古已有(you)之(zhi)，西漢亦不例外。西漢開國(guo)(guo)皇帝劉邦長陵就有(you)蕭何、曹參、張耳(er)、張良(liang)、周勃、戚(qi)夫人(ren)等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)；惠帝安陵有(you)魯元(yuan)公主(zhu)(zhu)、陳(chen)平、張蒼、愛盎(ang)、楊雄等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。帝陵如此，王(wang)陵也(ye)多依規行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目前可(ke)見有(you)4座(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水經注》記載“……經十余墳”。北(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)北(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后柚山上，清理(li)了(le)近(jin)10座(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繡球山上，1987年(nian)也(ye)清理(li)出(chu)2座(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)龜山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)發(fa)掘(jue)過陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，那是1972年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)小(xiao)龜山一(yi)(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從(cong)出(chu)土器物銘文可(ke)知為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“翁主(zhu)(zhu)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值(zhi)得一(yi)(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3座(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)一(yi)(yi)曰“食官(guan)監”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，位(wei)于(yu)內(nei)外墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)相接處(chu)之(zhi)外墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)東(dong)壁下，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)男性(xing)(xing)，年(nian)齡(ling)在40歲左右，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品頗豐厚(hou)，計(ji)有(you)5件銅(tong)鼎(ding)、4塊(kuai)玉璧、兩(liang)件玉璜、4把鐵劍、兩(liang)件銅(tong)鏡(jing)、1套制作(zuo)精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉枕、1方(fang)銅(tong)質“官(guan)監印(yin)(yin)”和(he)1方(fang)無字玉印(yin)(yin)及(ji)大量銅(tong)錢、陶器和(he)陶俑等(deng)；其(qi)二為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)E4內(nei)，因被盜清理(li)出(chu)牙齒及(ji)玉舞人(ren)、玉鼻塞、玉珩等(deng)文物，經鑒定，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)30歲左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)；其(qi)三為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)E5內(nei)，該室盜擾慘重(zhong)，但從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構和(he)與(yu)E4封門設(she)備相同(tong)來(lai)看，亦應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其(qi)原因，可(ke)作(zuo)以下推(tui)論：獅子(zi)山楚(chu)(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)，發(fa)掘(jue)簡報(bao)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)二或第(di)三代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)。第(di)二代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)劉郢(ying)客，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劉交之(zhi)子(zi)，官(guan)居“宗正(zheng)”，在位(wei)四(si)年(nian)薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)二女(nv)(nv)一(yi)(yi)男似難理(li)解，若為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)三代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)，該王(wang)參于(yu)“七國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)亂”，戰敗(bai)自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，死的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突然(ran)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)未建成(cheng)即行(xing)(xing)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)入在自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)前，把自(zi)己(ji)心愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妃(fei)子(zi)先行(xing)(xing)殺(sha)(sha)掉與(yu)自(zi)己(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在一(yi)(yi)起，亦為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不可(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)戰敗(bai)自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，二女(nv)(nv)子(zi)癡情殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)也(ye)有(you)可(ke)能；食官(guan)監是楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親信，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)屬下，生時關系密(mi)切，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)死了(le)，甘愿(yuan)殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)而(er)自(zi)殺(sha)(sha)也(ye)是可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)宏偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)，而(er)且有(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)類(lei)齊(qi)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器(qi)物(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)些器(qi)物(wu)(wu)就質(zhi)地(di)講(jiang)可以(yi)包覽(lan)金銀銅(tong)鐵(tie)(tie)鉛、陶石(shi)(shi)玉(yu)(yu)骨漆(qi)。就功能(neng)來講(jiang)，反(fan)映了政(zheng)治、經濟、軍(jun)事、文(wen)化、生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活和科學技術等(deng)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)不包。但是(shi)，因這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)被盜嚴重，為(wei)(wei)研究設置(zhi)了障礙。從這(zhe)些殘墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)清理出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)來看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)服金縷玉(yu)(yu)衣(yi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)裝裹華麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)玉(yu)(yu)棺槨及玉(yu)(yu)枕等(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)配(pei)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)娛樂(le)器(qi)件(jian)石(shi)(shi)磬等(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)生(sheng)前(qian)(qian)(qian)穿(chuan)戴(dai)和使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)質(zhi)盔甲和銅(tong)鐵(tie)(tie)劍(jian)戟鈹矛等(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)活所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)鼎、鍾、壺、匜(yi)、舫、鑒、鏡(jing)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)飲酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)器(qi)玉(yu)(yu)卮、玉(yu)(yu)杯(bei)、玉(yu)(yu)耳(er)杯(bei)及玻璃杯(bei)等(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)做(zuo)飯所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灶具甑、釜；有(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)魚(yu)、雞、牛排、狗(gou)、豬(zhu)、羊(yang)等(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)衛楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)而(er)特設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊及墓(mu)(mu)內存放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)豹(bao)、銅(tong)豹(bao)、玉(yu)(yu)獸(shou)等(deng)；還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍從男女陶俑(yong)等(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)反(fan)映楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印章和封(feng)泥等(deng)。 綜上所(suo)述(shu)，西漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)可以(yi)概括為(wei)(wei)：1． 選(xuan)(xuan)址(zhi)：皆(jie)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)灰巖山(shan)頭，因楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)選(xuan)(xuan)址(zhi)在(zai)(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)北(bei)坡(po)之小山(shan)包上，其(qi)子孫皆(jie)不得(de)(de)超之，所(suo)以(yi)后(hou)代多(duo)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)獨立存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小山(shan)頭上。2. 定位(wei)：墓(mu)(mu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西和向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)，獨無(wu)(wu)(wu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)者(zhe)，但墓(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)定要有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)望無(wu)(wu)(wu)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開闊地(di)帶，不得(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)他物(wu)(wu)擋其(qi)視線；同(tong)時墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)一(yi)般(ban)開在(zai)(zai)山(shan)坡(po)上或(huo)靠近(jin)底(di)部(bu)(bu)，墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)和甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)要與(yu)山(shan)體石(shi)(shi)頭紋理走向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)夾角，并不得(de)(de)小于45度(du)，這(zhe)樣(yang)最安全。3. 墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)：在(zai)(zai)山(shan)下部(bu)(bu)或(huo)山(shan)腰，呈長條形或(huo)呈前(qian)(qian)(qian)寬(kuan)后(hou)窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)(you)平底(di)和斜(xie)坡(po)底(di)兩種。4. 甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)：沿墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)端向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)里(li)延伸，一(yi)般(ban)早期(qi)(qi)(qi)寬(kuan)而(er)短，中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)窄而(er)長，晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)窄且短。5. 墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)：一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)或(huo)兩個耳(er)室(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)后(hou)及側室(shi)等(deng)。一(yi)般(ban)來講(jiang)，早期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)建(jian)造(zao)(zao)考究，主要布(bu)局在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)軸線上或(huo)兩側，廁所(suo)比較(jiao)明顯；中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)比較(jiao)粗獷，墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)結構(gou)比較(jiao)復(fu)雜；且主要室(shi)內另設木(mu)結構(gou)棺房。晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)則(ze)比較(jiao)簡約，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)(qian)、后(hou)室(shi)和側室(shi)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)還(huan)(huan)附(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結構(gou)復(fu)雜，門(men)類(lei)齊(qi)全，造(zao)(zao)型(xing)考究。6. 陵園(yuan)及其(qi)他：一(yi)般(ban)墓(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)陵園(yuan)設施(shi)，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)或(huo)兵馬俑(yong)坑等(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目(mu)前(qian)考古工(gong)作者已(yi)調(diao)查和(he)發(fa)掘了數十座(zuo)(zuo)西(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于我國幅員遼(liao)闊(kuo)，各(ge)(ge)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)、風(feng)俗和(he)習慣存在(zai)較大差異，因(yin)(yin)此西(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)制亦不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說(shuo)可分為豎穴木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)(liang)大類，同(tong)時(shi)每個大類中(zhong)又(you)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制。其(qi)中(zhong)，豎穴木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多建(jian)造在(zai)平原(yuan)地(di)區或(huo)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵之(zhi)上，如北(bei)(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江(jiang)流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南(nan)長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安(an)徽六安(an)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)江(jiang)蘇揚州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此類墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬又(you)可分為普通(tong)槨室(shi)和(he)“黃腸題(ti)湊(cou)”兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)形(xing)式，如北(bei)(bei)京大葆臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽頃王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)揚州(zhou)高郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居(ju)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均為“黃腸題(ti)湊(cou)”式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)國古代陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)發(fa)展(zhan)史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支絢麗奇葩，其(qi)“因(yin)(yin)山(shan)為陵，鑿石(shi)成室(shi)”，整(zheng)座(zuo)(zuo)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直(zhi)接(jie)開鑿在(zai)山(shan)體(ti)之(zhi)中(zhong)，此類墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)西(xi)漢(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)曾盛行一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)，主要分布(bu)在(zai)冀(ji)西(xi)、豫東(dong)、魯南(nan)和(he)蘇北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵地(di)區，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北(bei)(bei)滿城中(zhong)山(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)東(dong)曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)、河南(nan)永城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)和(he)江(jiang)蘇徐州(zhou)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)，即(ji)是巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型代表。此外還有處于兩(liang)(liang)類之(zhi)間者，如山(shan)東(dong)長(chang)清濟北(bei)(bei)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)兼具(ju)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征。西(xi)漢(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)過程中(zhong)，還形(xing)成了一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特(te)(te)征和(he)相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬體(ti)系，從而極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富了我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝(yi)術(shu)。

徐州(zhou)地(di)區(qu)是我國(guo)(guo)漢(han)(han)代巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)起源與集粹(cui)地(di)，這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制曾在(zai)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)中廣(guang)泛(fan)盛行，是楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)高級貴族(zu)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)特有(you)葬(zang)制，其(qi)中楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)橫穴(xue)式(shi)(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)貴族(zu)為(wei)(wei)豎穴(xue)式(shi)(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。從(cong)時(shi)間上(shang)(shang)來(lai)看(kan)，楚(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉交的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)建造上(shang)(shang)至少要(yao)(yao)早(zao)于(yu)文帝霸陵(ling)23年，且文帝尊(zun)崇楚(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，他之所(suo)(suo)以(yi)提(ti)倡(chang)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)很有(you)可(ke)能就(jiu)是受(shou)到其(qi)叔父劉交的(de)(de)影響。巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之所(suo)(suo)以(yi)在(zai)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)中最(zui)先興起并大(da)量存在(zai)，是與徐州(zhou)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)自(zi)然地(di)理條件、葬(zang)俗習慣以(yi)及當時(shi)的(de)(de)政治制度(du)、思想(xiang)(xiang)文化、生產力和科技發展等因素密(mi)不可(ke)分的(de)(de)。究其(qi)原因主要(yao)(yao)有(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)點：一(yi)是徐州(zhou)地(di)處山東丘陵(ling)向南延(yan)伸帶上(shang)(shang)，楚(chu)都彭(peng)城周圍群山環抱(bao)，多山少土(tu)的(de)(de)地(di)理條件為(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建造提(ti)供了(le)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)自(zi)然條件；二(er)是徐州(zhou)一(yi)帶很久以(yi)來(lai)即(ji)有(you)人(ren)在(zai)山中建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)習俗，據史料記(ji)載，早(zao)在(zai)春(chun)秋時(shi)期(qi)宋國(guo)(guo)大(da)夫桓魋就(jiu)曾在(zai)徐州(zhou)開鑿石槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從(cong)而為(wei)(wei)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)大(da)型巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)最(zui)終形成奠(dian)定了(le)基礎；三是漢(han)(han)初提(ti)倡(chang)的(de)(de)“黃老(lao)無(wu)為(wei)(wei)”、“與民休息”等文化思想(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念(nian)和政治因素。四(si)是鐵質工具的(de)(de)普遍使(shi)用(yong)(yong)和炒鋼(gang)技的(de)(de)出(chu)現，對西漢(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建造和最(zui)終形成，起到了(le)決定性的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，經金相分析表明獅(shi)子山楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)鑿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鐵鑿即(ji)為(wei)(wei)炒鋼(gang)。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐州楚王(wang)(wang)墓群上起漢(han)初下迄(qi)新莽，是我國西漢(han)諸侯王(wang)(wang)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓中(zhong)發現最多、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)跨(kua)度最長、保存(cun)序列最為(wei)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)地(di)區之一，從中(zhong)可以清晰地(di)看出其在不(bu)同時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)發展(zhan)和演變軌跡。徐州地(di)區的(de)(de)西漢(han)楚王(wang)(wang)墓雖同屬巖(yan)洞(dong)墓，但(dan)每座墓的(de)(de)形制結構又無(wu)一雷同而各(ge)(ge)具特色。這些(xie)楚王(wang)(wang)墓在各(ge)(ge)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)建筑結構和建造規(gui)模上，又與王(wang)(wang)國的(de)(de)興衰命運和楚王(wang)(wang)在位年(nian)限的(de)(de)長短等因素息(xi)息(xi)相關。并(bing)隨(sui)著時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，呈現出早(zao)、中(zhong)、晚(wan)三期較為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)發展(zhan)演變規(gui)律。現就西漢(han)楚王(wang)(wang)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓的(de)(de)分期和時(shi)(shi)代特征作以概(gai)述。

早期(qi)為(wei)(wei)漢初至文、景帝(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，其(qi)總體(ti)特征(zheng)表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)：“同塋異冢”即楚(chu)王與(yu)(yu)王后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)葬(zang)(zang)于(yu)(yu)同一陵園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)座山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)之(zhi)中；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制為(wei)(wei)中軸線式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)堂(tang)(tang)、后室(shi)(shi)結構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外部(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宏(hong)偉，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞，甬道(dao)寬(kuan)而(er)(er)較(jiao)短，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外部(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)具有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步內(nei)(nei)收(shou)跡(ji)象(xiang)。這一時(shi)(shi)期(qi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)三個不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：第一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)文帝(di)(di)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，以(yi)楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處于(yu)(yu)萌(meng)芽階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，保留有(you)(you)大量豎穴土坑(keng)(keng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特點，其(qi)主體(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)在(zai)豎穴巖(yan)坑(keng)(keng)內(nei)(nei)用石(shi)條壘筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)高大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗(dou)形(xing)(xing)封(feng)土堆。第二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)文、景帝(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺脫了豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了西漢楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴式巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結構(gou)基本(ben)呈中軸線布局(ju)，但并不完(wan)善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外部(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)龐大而(er)(er)復雜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)建(jian)(jian)附(fu)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)或耳室(shi)(shi)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)端外部(bu)結構(gou)仍(reng)有(you)(you)用石(shi)條壘筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，此(ci)后即全部(bu)改成(cheng)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)巖(yan)中直接開鑿；長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后3段(duan)(duan)，其(qi)外寬(kuan)內(nei)(nei)窄(zhai)，逐段(duan)(duan)向內(nei)(nei)收(shou)縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門2米見方(fang)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道(dao)內(nei)(nei)由4組呈“田”字形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞(sai)石(shi)封(feng)堵(du)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)主體(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相對(dui)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)簡單，基本(ben)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)堂(tang)(tang)后室(shi)(shi)結構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門至前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)堂(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道(dao)內(nei)(nei)，側(ce)室(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少或不完(wan)善，這一階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王陵。第三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)景帝(di)(di)至武(wu)帝(di)(di)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)期(qi)，以(yi)馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)王與(yu)(yu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開始靠攏，分(fen)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)同一座山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中軸線對(dui)稱布局(ju)十分(fen)強列，陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)結構(gou)開始簡化(hua)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)變(bian)成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞單重斜坡(po)式，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外已不見耳室(shi)(shi)等附(fu)屬(shu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結構(gou)卻變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大而(er)(er)復雜，表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)甬道(dao)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)增加，前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)堂(tang)(tang)周(zhou)圍出現(xian)許多生活化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬(shu)房間(jian)。

中(zhong)期為(wei)(wei)武帝(di)(di)至(zhi)西(xi)漢晚(wan)期。由于武帝(di)(di)時漢朝中(zhong)央集權的(de)(de)不(bu)斷加強，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時期的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)布(bu)(bu)局和形制(zhi)結構(gou)上(shang)均發生了(le)重大演變。首先表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)“同冢異穴”，即(ji)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)的(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)座山(shan)體下，而(er)分鑿出兩個(ge)靠(kao)近的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)，兩墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之間一(yi)(yi)般(ban)有(you)◎門(men)相(xiang)通。其次(ci)是陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建筑規模(mo)(mo)逐(zhu)漸變小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬為(wei)(wei)非(fei)軸線(xian)式(shi)布(bu)(bu)局，其外部結構(gou)較為(wei)(wei)簡單(dan)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道單(dan)重，短而(er)窄(zhai)，末端呈(cheng)喇叭口式(shi)內(nei)收(shou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)寬1米比前期縮小(xiao)了(le)近一(yi)(yi)半，甬道變得十分狹長，而(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)空(kong)間增大，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)以大廳為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心呈(cheng)不(bu)對稱的(de)(de)錯落式(shi)分布(bu)(bu)，寬敞的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)中(zhong)部出現(xian)(xian)了(le)特有(you)的(de)(de)擎天石柱筑結構(gou)。武帝(di)(di)時期的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)，但隨著王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)權勢(shi)和國(guo)力的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步減(jian)弱，至(zhi)西(xi)漢晚(wan)期建造規模(mo)(mo)日益縮小(xiao)，特別是王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已十分微小(xiao)，完全處于一(yi)(yi)種從屬地(di)位。此期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)小(xiao)龜山(shan)、東洞(dong)山(shan)和南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

晚期楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西漢(han)(han)末(mo)期，以(yi)臥牛山漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表(biao)。隨著西漢(han)(han)晚期楚王(wang)(wang)國(guo)政治地位和(he)綜合國(guo)力的(de)(de)進一(yi)步萎縮，此(ci)(ci)時的(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已走(zou)向衰落，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制基(ji)本沿襲了中期楚王(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)一(yi)些特征，但與之相比規模更小，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)外部入口處(chu)僅(jin)寬(kuan)2米(mi)，整條(tiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)完全為(wei)(wei)(wei)外寬(kuan)內窄(zhai)的(de)(de)嗽叭口狀，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)數量、功能(neng)與結構(gou)也更為(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單(dan)，僅(jin)有一(yi)主、一(yi)側兩間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室和(he)一(yi)耳室。此(ci)(ci)時僅(jin)見楚王(wang)(wang)而(er)不見王(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，說明至西漢(han)(han)末(mo)期時王(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)可能(neng)已合葬(zang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)座陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。