芒果视频下载

簡介

漢楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)群位于江蘇省徐(xu)州市(shi)和銅(tong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境內，徐(xu)州附(fu)近的楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)處(chu)。共八處(chu)二(er)十余(yu)座。是西漢十二(er)代楚(chu)王的墓(mu)(mu)， 已(yi)發掘(jue)或清理(li)的有(you)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)等(deng)。東(dong)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)一號墓(mu)(mu)較大(da)，有(you)七(qi)個墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)，面積約200平(ping)(ping)方米；二(er)號基規模較小，1982年(nian)發現出土(tu)鎏金銅(tong)器有(you)巨型(xing)“趙(zhao)姬沐盤(pan)”、明光宮鼎等(deng)。北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)總(zong)面積達(da)500平(ping)(ping)方米，七(qi)個彩(cai)俑(yong)室(shi)各有(you)儀仗、侍衛彩(cai)俑(yong)三(san)十余(yu)個。1986年(nian)出土(tu)有(you)金帶(dai)鉤、透雕(diao)玉器，銅(tong)、鐵器及(ji)“楚(chu)御府(fu)印”等(deng)珍貴(gui)文(wen)物(wu)。該墓(mu)(mu)構造復雜、葬(zang)法獨特，對研究漢文(wen)帝時起依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)擇陵起源，西漢建筑(zhu)、采礦(kuang)、化學(xue)保(bao)護技(ji)術有(you)重要價值。

發掘

1982年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)的小龜山(shan)(shan)2號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，鑿山(shan)(shan)而筑(zhu)，東(dong)西長約(yue)83米(mi)(mi)、南北寬33米(mi)(mi)，共有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室12個(ge)，各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室又分(fen)前(qian)中(zhong)后三(san)(san)室，為(wei)仿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)生前(qian)居室營建(jian)，宏大(da)壯觀，猶如(ru)地下宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)西漢(han)第六代(dai)楚(chu)襄王(wang)劉(liu)注(zhu)。1954年(nian)發(fa)現，1995-1996年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)的獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)最(zui)大(da)的一座(zuo)，面積(ji)約(yue)850平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)，有三(san)(san)個(ge)兵俑坑(keng)，一個(ge)馬俑坑(keng)，其中(zhong)一、二號坑(keng)內有兵馬俑2500個(ge)，成四(si)個(ge)方陣(zhen)布列。位(wei)于內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩側(ce)的三(san)(san)個(ge)耳(er)室是迄今(jin)發(fa)掘(jue)的諸漢(han)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)唯一未被盜擾且(qie)保存完好的，出土有一批金銀銅鐵玉器及150方銀、銅官印等珍貴文物，據推(tui)測該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可能為(wei)第三(san)(san)代(dai)楚(chu)王(wang)劉(liu)戊。1984年(nian)發(fa)掘(jue)了(le)該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)三(san)(san)座(zuo)兵馬俑陪葬坑(keng)中(zhong)的兩座(zuo)，并在原(yuan)址(zhi)建(jian)立了(le)徐州兵馬俑博物館(guan)。龜山(shan)(shan)、獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)兩處(chu)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)也分(fen)別建(jian)立了(le)博物館(guan)。

漢墓特征

西(xi)漢(han)初興，為(wei)鞏固(gu)統(tong)治(zhi)，大(da)(da)封同姓王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。同姓王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)們各(ge)經營(ying)一方，筑(zhu)城造宮(gong)，修陵建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)，時至今日宮(gong)城多廢(fei)，年(nian)久無存(cun)(cun)(cun)；墓(mu)(mu)位地(di)下，保存(cun)(cun)(cun)較易。解(jie)放以(yi)來，文物工(gong)作(zuo)者調查和(he)發(fa)掘諸(zhu)多王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵古墓(mu)(mu)，計有河北滿城的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，北京大(da)(da)葆臺廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，山(shan)(shan)東曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)、臨淄(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，河南(nan)省永(yong)城芒(mang)山(shan)(shan)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，湖(hu)南(nan)長沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，江蘇徐(xu)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)、揚(yang)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，廣(guang)東廣(guang)州市南(nan)越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)等(deng)，已(yi)發(fa)掘了數十座。這些墓(mu)(mu)雖多經盜(dao)(dao)掘，但墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制保存(cun)(cun)(cun)尚好(hao)，對(dui)研(yan)究(jiu)西(xi)漢(han)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術(shu)頗為(wei)重(zhong)要。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制有二：一曰豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具多以(yi)棺槨(guo)及(ji)黃腸題湊；二曰巖洞墓(mu)(mu)，如(ru)徐(xu)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)、永(yong)城芒(mang)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)及(ji)曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)等(deng)，這些墓(mu)(mu)多依山(shan)(shan)鑿石造墓(mu)(mu)。這種墓(mu)(mu)氣(qi)勢(shi)龐大(da)(da)，結構復雜，有棺有槨(guo)，道長室多，工(gong)程浩大(da)(da)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制之異同，概因各(ge)地(di)風俗習慣、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗制度和(he)自然條件(jian)而異。 徐(xu)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)，頗具特色。目前已(yi)調查和(he)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)8處，因其早晚關(guan)系和(he)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)特色不同，故墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制和(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制也各(ge)有別。鑒于(yu)這些墓(mu)(mu)絕大(da)(da)多數早年(nian)被盜(dao)(dao)，墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)結構和(he)形制部分保存(cun)(cun)(cun)完(wan)好(hao)，但文物及(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制多受破壞，為(wei)這批墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)設(she)置了諸(zhu)多困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚王(wang)選(xuan)擇(ze)葬地，一般(ban)是各具一山(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭都(dou)不(bu)太高大(da)，自為一體。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)前方，一定(ding)要(yao)有開闊(kuo)的(de)(de)空地，遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)近水，一覽(lan)無余，獨占一山(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰(yue)“占山(shan)(shan)(shan)為王(wang)”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門一定(ding)要(yao)向空地，其方向有面(mian)向南者：如(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥(wo)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。有面(mian)向西者：如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋(qiao)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門向東(dong)者，如(ru)楚王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人工鑿巖成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗有別，一般(ban)早期較(jiao)考究，四壁(bi)平整(zheng)規范，如(ru)北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚(wan)期較(jiao)粗獷，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚王(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)，比較復雜，早期(qi)有(you)斜(xie)坡墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)一(yi)般比較寬大，如楚王(wang)山(shan)劉(liu)交墓(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)，斜(xie)坡達20度(du)，亦(yi)有(you)前后寬度(du)不同(tong)，又分前（外）寬后（內）窄；平底墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)，如北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。中(zhong)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)一(yi)般為長方形小(xiao)平底，如小(xiao)龜山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)前端(duan)(duan)稍寬，亦(yi)有(you)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)后端(duan)(duan)有(you)一(yi)段(duan)為喇叭形，如南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。晚期(qi)的(de)(de)臥牛山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)前寬后窄，底部有(you)斜(xie)坡，但斜(xie)度(du)較小(xiao)，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)(yong)道：早期較寬大(da)，一(yi)般剖面約為(wei)2×2米左右，較短，如(ru)北洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。中(zhong)期墓(mu)的(de)甬(yong)(yong)道一(yi)般較長，剖面約1.1×1.9米，有的(de)長達(da)近50米，如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。晚期甬(yong)(yong)道又變短，如(ru)臥(wo)牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)設備(bei)：各種(zhong)門(men)道(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)(feng)法也(ye)不一(yi)樣，甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)門(men)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大小和制(zhi)作(zuo)光(guang)度依(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)格(ge)不同(tong)(tong)而(er)異，一(yi)般(ban)長2.0～2.5米，個(ge)別(bie)長者達4.5米，寬厚(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)0.95～1米。早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)較寬，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)4塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩兩并列上(shang)(shang)下(xia)疊壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，個(ge)別(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)榫（如(ru)(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量(liang)，依(yi)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)長短(duan)(duan)而(er)定，如(ru)(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)，獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)4組(zu)，馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3組(zu)。個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)也(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)主墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)（棺(guan)室(shi)）在(zai)(zai)(zai)過道(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)（短(duan)(duan)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)）也(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內或外往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)還有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)木質(zhi)(zhi)門(men)，一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)雙(shuang)扇，留有(you)(you)(you)門(men)樞窩和封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)器槽；封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)器有(you)(you)(you)銅質(zhi)(zhi)（北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或鐵質(zhi)(zhi)（獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制(zhi)也(ye)不同(tong)(tong)。早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)各室(shi)，視(shi)其(qi)(qi)情況，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)也(ye)備(bei)有(you)(you)(you)木門(men)，如(ru)(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)，兩側鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)耳室(shi)，也(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較小的(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填(tian)實(shi)，如(ru)(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)后(hou)段，還用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較小塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，耳室(shi)則用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)長寬各約(yue)(yue)1米的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵，這些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)厚(hou)薄(bo)不均，一(yi)般(ban)下(xia)邊厚(hou)，上(shang)(shang)部薄(bo)，當為(wei)操作(zuo)方便所致(zhi)，如(ru)(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)3間(jian)耳室(shi)即(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此封(feng)(feng)(feng)法，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)內又用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)(zhi)門(men)封(feng)(feng)(feng)死，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕(kan)，其(qi)(qi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)方法用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)豎立封(feng)(feng)(feng)死。中期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)法大體(ti)同(tong)(tong)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，唯(wei)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)窄(zhai)而(er)且(qie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)疊壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)(feng)死，這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)全甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)填(tian)滿(man)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)男(nan)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這種(zhong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)底部鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以(yi)增(zeng)加封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)之(zhi)牢固性(xing)（小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)編號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅和在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)位置，如(ru)(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝有(you)(you)(you)粗有(you)(you)(you)精，一(yi)般(ban)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較精，棱(leng)角規(gui)整(zheng)，六(liu)面磨光(guang)。以(yi)馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精，六(liu)面光(guang)潔(jie)，可(ke)以(yi)鑒人(ren)；北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次(ci)之(zhi)，中晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較粗約(yue)(yue)，打(da)制(zhi)出(chu)六(liu)面，鑿(zao)痕(hen)清晰，不加打(da)磨，以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典(dian)型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)設(she)置系根據各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)具(ju)體情況而定(ding)(ding)，有(you)(you)多(duo)有(you)(you)少。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)，如北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)各(ge)有(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，楚(chu)王山劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上有(you)(you)4間(jian)(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)相(xiang)對(dui)，獅(shi)子山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)相(xiang)對(dui)3間(jian)(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上不造耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；有(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)甬道(dao)(dao)上鑿制(zhi)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如小龜(gui)山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能亦不盡相(xiang)同，北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空空，功(gong)能難定(ding)(ding)。獅(shi)子山內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)3間(jian)(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，從(cong)出土文(wen)物(wu)論定(ding)(ding)，西(xi)側(ce)南端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W1）為(wei)“御府(fu)”庫，放(fang)置大(da)量(liang)銅(tong)容器(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)鐵兵器(qi)(qi)、漆耳杯(bei)、玉(yu)酒器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)武器(qi)(qi)和(he)生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)皿等(deng)(deng)，各(ge)式器(qi)(qi)物(wu)達200余件；西(xi)側(ce)北(bei)端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放(fang)置銅(tong)、銀容器(qi)(qi)及魚、獸骨(gu)及谷物(wu)（炭化）等(deng)(deng)，似為(wei)貯藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；東側(ce)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)道(dao)(dao)門(men)，從(cong)出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)、盆、鐵釜(fu)、銅(tong)勺(shao)、銅(tong)甑、銅(tong)釜(fu)等(deng)(deng)物(wu)，應為(wei)庖(pao)廚(chu)間(jian)(jian)。小龜(gui)山漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)似為(wei)車(che)馬(ma)間(jian)(jian)，在(zai)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)清理(li)出陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬(ma)和(he)車(che)等(deng)(deng)明器(qi)(qi)。

另在(zai)北(bei)洞山墓(mu)墓(mu)道中(zhong)段兩側(ce)有7個石龕，龕內(nei)放置(zhi)彩繪陶俑222件，這(zhe)(zhe)些俑皆為(wei)武士、武官形(xing)象，看來這(zhe)(zhe)是為(wei)了衛戍該墓(mu)而特(te)設的儀衛俑。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要部分(fen)(fen)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂(tang)、側(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁(ce)(ce)間(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設施(shi)等(deng)(deng)。主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)后(hou)端(duan)(duan)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形，因(yin)(yin)系放置(zhi)(zhi)棺(guan)槨之(zhi)地(di)，一般都很(hen)講究，造(zao)型規(gui)范，四壁(bi)平整，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用(yong)特(te)制石(shi)料四壁(bi)砌筑(zhu)，頂(ding)用(yong)特(te)制券石(shi)起券，異(yi)常宏(hong)偉。但(dan)是(shi)，獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)棺(guan)槨陳置(zhi)(zhi)于橫堂(tang)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)(ce)之(zhi)棺(guan)床上，這(zhe)可(ke)能是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚未(wei)建成而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)突然故去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)急措施(shi)所致。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)復雜，多(duo)系在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內再(zai)建木結構瓦頂(ding)棺(guan)房(fang)，如(ru)河北(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)(deng)。后(hou)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)簡(jian)約，把棺(guan)槨置(zhi)(zhi)于后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)。關(guan)于其(qi)(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，因(yin)(yin)被盜(dao)諸原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)，不(bu)能論述準確(que)，僅就(jiu)個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依(yi)據清理(li)(li)情(qing)況和各(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現存(cun)設施(shi)，簡(jian)述如(ru)下：獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)E2，清理(li)(li)時發現有(you)諸多(duo)銅(tong)錢遺(yi)跡(ji)，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)洞(dong)又出(chu)有(you)完(wan)整錢17．6萬余枚(mei)，故論定此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)錢庫(ku)(ku)(ku)；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)E4，清出(chu)有(you)女性(xing)所用(yong)之(zhi)物(wu)及(ji)女性(xing)牙齒等(deng)(deng)，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又有(you)專門之(zhi)封(feng)門設備，故為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)女性(xing)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和W4分(fen)(fen)別集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)銅(tong)鏡、銅(tong)印、銅(tong)鏃(zu)、銅(tong)帶(dai)鉤、鐵甲、鐵盔等(deng)(deng)，故認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土(tu)(tu)整套(tao)石(shi)磬(qing)、琴鈕之(zhi)類樂(le)器(qi)附件，似為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)舞廳。北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)西側(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)(yin)塞石(shi)封(feng)堵(du)較(jiao)嚴(yan)，未(wei)被盜(dao)擾(rao)，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內清理(li)(li)出(chu)金(jin)帶(dai)鉤、金(jin)耳(er)飾、玉(yu)(yu)衣片、透雕玉(yu)(yu)飾及(ji)銅(tong)帶(dai)鉤等(deng)(deng)，亦應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)文物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“武庫(ku)(ku)(ku)”銅(tong)印章及(ji)銅(tong)弩機(ji)、銅(tong)鏃(zu)等(deng)(deng)兵器(qi)，說明在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“武庫(ku)(ku)(ku)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道上，有(you)一套(tao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與(yu)該(gai)(gai)耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對應(ying)，從出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)盆及(ji)銅(tong)弩機(ji)、鐵銜鑣等(deng)(deng)及(ji)井(jing)等(deng)(deng)設施(shi)看，該(gai)(gai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)沐浴間(jian)(jian)(jian)（馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁(ce)(ce)間(jian)(jian)(jian)（北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內有(you)2間(jian)(jian)(jian)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)有(you)1間(jian)(jian)(jian)）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廁(ce)(ce)所不(bu)大(da)明確(que)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)橋(qiao)M1主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東(dong)端(duan)(duan)北(bei)(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廁(ce)(ce)所。在(zai)楚王(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)有(you)水(shui)井(jing)設置(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)些水(shui)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)有(you)不(bu)同，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)包(bao)廚間(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)兩眼(yan)水(shui)井(jing)，其(qi)(qi)一位(wei)于男(nan)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬廄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一眼(yan)位(wei)于XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)井(jing)位(wei)于后(hou)側(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)下。關(guan)于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設施(shi)，不(bu)分(fen)(fen)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)皆有(you)，唯獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)(yin)尚未(wei)按原(yuan)計(ji)劃(hua)建成而沒有(you)外，其(qi)(qi)他各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)，排(pai)(pai)水(shui)方(fang)向，依(yi)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情(qing)況而異(yi)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把水(shui)排(pai)(pai)在(zai)裂隙處，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一(yi)般來講，西漢的(de)帝(di)陵(ling)、王(wang)陵(ling)皆有封(feng)土，楚王(wang)陵(ling)墓亦不例(li)外(wai)。但是，有的(de)墓經過2000多年的(de)風(feng)風(feng)雨雨，水土流失，有的(de)尚存，如楚王(wang)山(shan)(shan)墓、北洞山(shan)(shan)墓；有的(de)已不存在(zai)(zai)了，如小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓、石(shi)橋墓等。封(feng)土質地一(yi)般是從山(shan)(shan)下運(yun)上去的(de)褐色土，以夯(hang)實，夯(hang)層一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)20～35厘米，個別封(feng)土周圍還用(yong)特制石(shi)條鑲砌，加以保(bao)護，如楚王(wang)山(shan)(shan)劉交墓。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西(xi)(xi)漢(han)帝陵(ling)(ling)皆有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，且規模(mo)龐(pang)大(da)。按照(zhao)制度，王陵(ling)(ling)也應(ying)有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，因徐州歷史上多次黃河泛(fan)濫(lan)，造成平(ping)地(di)有(you)3～5米淤(yu)積(ji)，加之地(di)貌(mao)變(bian)化，陵(ling)(ling)園已不復存。但在楚王陵(ling)(ling)周圍，仍(reng)可見一些(xie)遺跡，如在獅子(zi)(zi)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)磚瓦廠采土場內，可見到不少西(xi)(xi)漢(han)瓦片，在我們(men)找墓(mu)時新挖(wa)的(de)(de)幾條(tiao)探溝中，也都見到瓦礫遺物。同時，在獅子(zi)(zi)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)坡上，發現(xian)二節(jie)陶質(zhi)排水管，是為墓(mu)垣(yuan)上的(de)(de)排水設施(shi)，從這些(xie)遺物和遺跡，說明獅子(zi)(zi)山(shan)墓(mu)當年有(you)相當規模(mo)的(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)園建筑。

墓(mu)是(shi)葬埋(mai)死人的設施。個(ge)別墓(mu)不(bu)僅有(you)墓(mu)葬設施，而且還(huan)附有(you)衙(ya)屬部分，如北洞山墓(mu)在墓(mu)道中段東(dong)側，建(jian)造有(you)一整套類(lei)似地面建(jian)筑的衙(ya)屬，功(gong)能齊(qi)備，有(you)大小達11間之多，計(ji)有(you)武庫(ku)、樂舞廳、更衣室、倉房，地下貯(zhu)藏室（凌陰）、廚房、水井、柴房、廁所等(deng)。

個(ge)別墓(mu)葬還專門陪葬有兵馬(ma)俑(yong)等衛(wei)(wei)戍部(bu)隊。如獅子山楚王墓(mu)，在(zai)其西、北(bei)部(bu)都發現(xian)(xian)有兵馬(ma)俑(yong)坑(keng)，西側有6條坑(keng)，包(bao)括步兵、騎(qi)兵、車(che)兵和(he)警衛(wei)(wei)俑(yong)等兵種(zhong)，數量多(duo)達4000余件(jian)。同時，在(zai)陵園內(nei)也發現(xian)(xian)多(duo)處零(ling)星兵俑(yong)坑(keng)和(he)一處車(che)坑(keng)，車(che)坑(keng)中葬有3輛漆(qi)質模(mo)型車(che)和(he)3個(ge)立式陶(tao)俑(yong)，當為御手或車(che)士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近臣及親屬(shu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)古已有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)，西漢(han)亦不例外(wai)。西漢(han)開國(guo)皇帝劉邦長陵就有(you)(you)蕭何(he)、曹參(can)、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)耳、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)、周勃、戚夫人(ren)等陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)；惠帝安陵有(you)(you)魯元(yuan)公主(zhu)、陳平、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)蒼、愛盎、楊雄等陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。帝陵如(ru)此，王(wang)陵也多依規行之(zhi)(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目前(qian)可見(jian)有(you)(you)4座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水經注》記載“……經十余墳”。北洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)北面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后柚(you)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)，清(qing)理(li)了近10座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)繡球山(shan)(shan)上(shang)，1987年(nian)(nian)也清(qing)理(li)出(chu)(chu)2座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也發(fa)(fa)掘過陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，那是(shi)(shi)1972年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)一(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從(cong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)器物(wu)銘文可知為(wei)(wei)“翁主(zhu)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3座陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其一(yi)曰“食官(guan)監”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，位于內(nei)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道相接處之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道東壁(bi)下，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)(wei)男(nan)性，年(nian)(nian)齡在(zai)(zai)(zai)40歲(sui)左(zuo)右(you)，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)頗豐厚，計(ji)有(you)(you)5件銅鼎、4塊玉(yu)璧(bi)、兩件玉(yu)璜、4把鐵劍、兩件銅鏡、1套制作精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)枕、1方銅質“官(guan)監印”和(he)1方無字玉(yu)印及大量(liang)銅錢、陶器和(he)陶俑等；其二為(wei)(wei)E4內(nei)，因(yin)被盜清(qing)理(li)出(chu)(chu)牙齒及玉(yu)舞人(ren)、玉(yu)鼻塞、玉(yu)珩等文物(wu)，經鑒定，為(wei)(wei)一(yi)30歲(sui)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)女性；其三(san)(san)(san)為(wei)(wei)E5內(nei)，該室盜擾慘重(zhong)，但從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構和(he)與E4封門設備相同來看，亦應為(wei)(wei)一(yi)女性陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其原因(yin)，可作以下推(tui)論：獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)，發(fa)(fa)掘簡報(bao)認為(wei)(wei)第(di)二或(huo)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)。第(di)二代(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)劉郢客，為(wei)(wei)劉交之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，官(guan)居“宗正(zheng)”，在(zai)(zai)(zai)位四年(nian)(nian)薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)二女一(yi)男(nan)似難理(li)解，若(ruo)為(wei)(wei)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)，該王(wang)參(can)于“七國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)亂”，戰敗(bai)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，死的(de)(de)(de)(de)突然，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)未建成即行葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)入在(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)前(qian)，把自(zi)(zi)己(ji)心愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)妃子(zi)先行殺(sha)掉與自(zi)(zi)己(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，亦為(wei)(wei)不可；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)戰敗(bai)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，二女子(zi)癡情(qing)殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)也有(you)(you)可能；食官(guan)監是(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)親信，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，作為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)屬(shu)下，生時關系密切，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)死了，甘愿殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)而自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)也是(shi)(shi)可能的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不(bu)僅有(you)(you)(you)建筑宏偉的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)且有(you)(you)(you)品類齊全(quan)的(de)各式器(qi)(qi)物(wu)。這(zhe)些器(qi)(qi)物(wu)就質地(di)講可以(yi)包覽金銀(yin)銅鐵鉛、陶(tao)石玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)骨漆。就功能來講，反映(ying)了政治、經濟(ji)、軍事(shi)、文化、生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活和(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)技術等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，無(wu)所不(bu)包。但(dan)是，因這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)被盜嚴(yan)重，為(wei)研究設置了障礙。從(cong)這(zhe)些殘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)清理(li)出(chu)土的(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)來看，有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)葬(zang)服金縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)裝裹華麗(li)的(de)漆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)槨及(ji)(ji)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)枕(zhen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)配(pei)帶(dai)的(de)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)沖(chong)牙(ya)；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)娛(yu)樂器(qi)(qi)件(jian)石磬等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)生(sheng)前(qian)穿戴和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)鐵質盔甲(jia)和(he)(he)銅鐵劍戟(ji)鈹(pi)矛等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)活所用(yong)(yong)的(de)銅鼎、鍾(zhong)、壺(hu)、匜、舫(fang)、鑒(jian)、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)飲酒的(de)酒器(qi)(qi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卮(zhi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)杯(bei)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)耳杯(bei)及(ji)(ji)玻璃(li)杯(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)做飯所用(yong)(yong)的(de)灶(zao)具甑(zeng)、釜；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陪葬(zang)的(de)食品魚(yu)、雞、牛(niu)排(pai)、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)保衛(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)(er)特設的(de)軍隊及(ji)(ji)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)存(cun)放的(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)豹、銅豹、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獸等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；還有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)侍從(cong)男(nan)女(nv)陶(tao)俑等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)反映(ying)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)權力的(de)印(yin)章和(he)(he)封(feng)泥等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 綜(zong)上(shang)所述，西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)建造(zao)方(fang)法可以(yi)概括為(wei)：1． 選址：皆(jie)選用(yong)(yong)石灰巖山(shan)頭(tou)，因楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)選址在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)山(shan)北坡(po)之小山(shan)包上(shang)，其子孫(sun)皆(jie)不(bu)得超之，所以(yi)后(hou)代(dai)多選用(yong)(yong)獨立存(cun)在(zai)的(de)小山(shan)頭(tou)上(shang)。2. 定位(wei)：墓(mu)(mu)(mu)向(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)西和(he)(he)向(xiang)東(dong)，獨無(wu)向(xiang)北者(zhe)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)定要有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)望無(wu)限的(de)開闊地(di)帶(dai)，不(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)他物(wu)擋其視線(xian)；同(tong)時墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)般開在(zai)山(shan)坡(po)上(shang)或(huo)(huo)靠近底部，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)要與(yu)山(shan)體石頭(tou)紋理(li)走(zou)向(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)夾角，并不(bu)得小于(yu)45度，這(zhe)樣(yang)最安(an)全(quan)。3. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：在(zai)山(shan)下部或(huo)(huo)山(shan)腰，呈(cheng)長(chang)條(tiao)形或(huo)(huo)呈(cheng)前(qian)寬后(hou)窄(zhai)箕形有(you)(you)(you)平底和(he)(he)斜坡(po)底兩(liang)種。4. 甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：沿(yan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)前(qian)端向(xiang)里延伸，一(yi)(yi)般早(zao)期(qi)寬而(er)(er)短(duan)，中(zhong)期(qi)窄(zhai)而(er)(er)長(chang)，晚期(qi)窄(zhai)且短(duan)。5. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)：一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)或(huo)(huo)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)個耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)中(zhong)后(hou)及(ji)(ji)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。一(yi)(yi)般來講，早(zao)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)建造(zao)考究，主(zhu)要布局在(zai)中(zhong)軸線(xian)上(shang)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)側(ce)，廁所比較(jiao)(jiao)明顯(xian)；中(zhong)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)比較(jiao)(jiao)粗獷(guang)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)比較(jiao)(jiao)復雜；且主(zhu)要室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)另設木(mu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)棺(guan)房。晚期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)則(ze)比較(jiao)(jiao)簡約，只有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)還附有(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結(jie)(jie)構(gou)復雜，門類齊全(quan)，造(zao)型考究。6. 陵園(yuan)及(ji)(ji)其他：一(yi)(yi)般墓(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)陵園(yuan)設施，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)還有(you)(you)(you)陪葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)(huo)兵馬(ma)俑坑等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前(qian)考古(gu)工作者已調查和(he)(he)發掘(jue)了(le)數十座(zuo)西漢諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于(yu)(yu)我(wo)(wo)國幅員遼闊，各地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)、風俗和(he)(he)習慣存在(zai)(zai)較大(da)差異，因此(ci)(ci)西漢諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)制(zhi)亦(yi)不(bu)一致，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)豎(shu)穴木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)(lei)，同時每個(ge)大(da)類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)又有(you)一些(xie)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)。其(qi)中(zhong)，豎(shu)穴木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多建(jian)造在(zai)(zai)平原地區或丘陵(ling)(ling)之(zhi)上，如(ru)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長江流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)南長沙(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽六安王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)江蘇揚州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)普通(tong)槨(guo)室(shi)和(he)(he)“黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)”兩(liang)種形(xing)式(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)大(da)葆臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽(yang)頃王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)揚州(zhou)高(gao)郵(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)國古(gu)代陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)發展史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一支絢(xuan)麗(li)奇(qi)葩(pa)，其(qi)“因山為(wei)(wei)陵(ling)(ling)，鑿石成室(shi)”，整座(zuo)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接開鑿在(zai)(zai)山體之(zhi)中(zhong)，此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)(zai)西漢時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)曾盛(sheng)行一時，主要分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)(zai)冀西、豫東、魯(lu)南和(he)(he)蘇北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘陵(ling)(ling)地區，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北(bei)滿城(cheng)中(zhong)山靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山東曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)、河南永(yong)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)和(he)(he)江蘇徐州(zhou)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)，即是巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)代表。此(ci)(ci)外還(huan)有(you)處于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)之(zhi)間者，如(ru)山東長清濟北(bei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即兼具巖(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。西漢諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過程(cheng)中(zhong)，還(huan)形(xing)成了(le)一些(xie)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地域特征和(he)(he)相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬體系(xi)，從而極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富(fu)了(le)我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術。

徐(xu)州(zhou)地(di)區(qu)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)漢(han)代(dai)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)重要起源與集(ji)粹地(di)，這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)葬形制(zhi)曾在(zai)西(xi)漢(han)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)中廣泛盛(sheng)行，是楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)高(gao)級(ji)貴族的(de)(de)一種(zhong)特有(you)(you)葬制(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)中楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫穴(xue)式巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)貴族為(wei)(wei)(wei)豎穴(xue)式巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)。從(cong)時間上來看，楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)劉(liu)交的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)在(zai)建造上至少要早(zao)于文帝霸陵(ling)23年，且文帝尊崇(chong)楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)，他(ta)之所(suo)以(yi)提倡(chang)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)很有(you)(you)可能就是受到其(qi)(qi)叔父劉(liu)交的(de)(de)影響。巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)之所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)西(xi)漢(han)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)中最(zui)(zui)先(xian)興起并大量存在(zai)，是與徐(xu)州(zhou)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)自然地(di)理(li)條件、葬俗習(xi)慣以(yi)及當(dang)時的(de)(de)政(zheng)治制(zhi)度(du)、思想(xiang)文化、生產力和(he)(he)科技發(fa)展(zhan)等因素密不可分的(de)(de)。究其(qi)(qi)原因主要有(you)(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)點：一是徐(xu)州(zhou)地(di)處山東丘陵(ling)向(xiang)南延伸(shen)帶上，楚(chu)(chu)都彭(peng)城周圍群(qun)山環抱，多(duo)山少土的(de)(de)地(di)理(li)條件為(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)建造提供了(le)必要的(de)(de)自然條件；二是徐(xu)州(zhou)一帶很久以(yi)來即(ji)有(you)(you)人在(zai)山中建墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗，據史料記(ji)載，早(zao)在(zai)春(chun)秋時期宋(song)國(guo)(guo)大夫(fu)桓魋就曾在(zai)徐(xu)州(zhou)開鑿(zao)(zao)石槨墓(mu)(mu)，從(cong)而為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)漢(han)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)大型巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)終形成(cheng)奠定(ding)了(le)基(ji)礎；三是漢(han)初提倡(chang)的(de)(de)“黃老無為(wei)(wei)(wei)”、“與民休(xiu)息”等文化思想(xiang)觀念和(he)(he)政(zheng)治因素。四(si)是鐵質工(gong)具的(de)(de)普(pu)遍(bian)使用和(he)(he)炒鋼技的(de)(de)出(chu)現，對西(xi)漢(han)時期巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建造和(he)(he)最(zui)(zui)終形成(cheng)，起到了(le)決定(ding)性的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，經(jing)金(jin)相(xiang)分析表(biao)明獅子山楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)出(chu)土的(de)(de)鑿(zao)(zao)墓(mu)(mu)鐵鑿(zao)(zao)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)炒鋼。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐(xu)(xu)州楚王墓(mu)群上起漢(han)初下迄新莽，是(shi)我國(guo)西漢(han)諸侯(hou)王巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)中(zhong)發(fa)現最多、時間(jian)跨(kua)度最長、保存序(xu)列最為(wei)完整的(de)(de)地區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)，從中(zhong)可以清晰地看出(chu)其(qi)在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)(tong)時期的(de)(de)發(fa)展和(he)演變軌跡。徐(xu)(xu)州地區(qu)的(de)(de)西漢(han)楚王墓(mu)雖同(tong)(tong)屬巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)，但每座墓(mu)的(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)結構又(you)(you)無一(yi)雷同(tong)(tong)而(er)各具特色。這些楚王墓(mu)在(zai)(zai)各個時期的(de)(de)建筑結構和(he)建造(zao)規模上，又(you)(you)與王國(guo)的(de)(de)興(xing)衰命運和(he)楚王在(zai)(zai)位年限(xian)的(de)(de)長短(duan)等因素息息相關。并隨著時代的(de)(de)發(fa)展，呈現出(chu)早、中(zhong)、晚三期較為(wei)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)展演變規律(lv)。現就西漢(han)楚王巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)的(de)(de)分期和(he)時代特征(zheng)作(zuo)以概(gai)述。

早(zao)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢初至(zhi)文(wen)、景帝(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)期，其(qi)(qi)總體(ti)特(te)征表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“同塋異冢”即(ji)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)與王(wang)(wang)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)葬(zang)(zang)于同一陵園的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)座山體(ti)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)堂、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外(wai)(wai)部建筑宏偉(wei)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)，甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)寬(kuan)(kuan)而(er)較短，其(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外(wai)(wai)部建筑具(ju)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)內(nei)收跡象。這一時(shi)(shi)期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)又(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三個不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階段(duan)(duan)(duan)：第一階段(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)，以(yi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處于萌芽階段(duan)(duan)(duan)，保(bao)留有(you)大(da)(da)量豎(shu)(shu)穴(xue)土坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)點，其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在豎(shu)(shu)穴(xue)巖(yan)坑內(nei)用石條(tiao)壘筑成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯(hang)筑高大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形封土堆。第二階段(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)、景帝(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)期，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺脫了豎(shu)(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，形成(cheng)了西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴(xue)式(shi)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)基(ji)本呈(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)布(bu)局，但(dan)并不完善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外(wai)(wai)部建筑龐大(da)(da)而(er)復(fu)雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)建附(fu)(fu)(fu)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)或耳室(shi)(shi)，前(qian)(qian)端外(wai)(wai)部結(jie)構(gou)(gou)仍有(you)用石條(tiao)壘筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，此(ci)后(hou)即(ji)全部改成(cheng)在山巖(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)直接開(kai)鑿；長(chang)而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)3段(duan)(duan)(duan)，其(qi)(qi)外(wai)(wai)寬(kuan)(kuan)內(nei)窄，逐段(duan)(duan)(duan)向(xiang)內(nei)收縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門2米見(jian)方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內(nei)由4組呈(cheng)“田”字形的(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)建筑相對較為(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單(dan)，基(ji)本為(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)堂后(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門至(zhi)前(qian)(qian)堂的(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內(nei)，側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)較少或不完善，這一階段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)北洞山楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅子山楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵。第三階段(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)景帝(di)(di)至(zhi)武帝(di)(di)前(qian)(qian)期，以(yi)馱籃山楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)與后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開(kai)始靠攏(long)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)建在同一座山體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)對稱布(bu)局十分(fen)(fen)(fen)強列(lie)，陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)部結(jie)構(gou)(gou)開(kai)始簡化，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)變成(cheng)長(chang)而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)單(dan)重(zhong)斜坡式(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門外(wai)(wai)已不見(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)等附(fu)(fu)(fu)屬(shu)(shu)建筑，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)建筑結(jie)構(gou)(gou)卻變的(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大(da)(da)而(er)復(fu)雜(za)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)增加，前(qian)(qian)堂周圍出(chu)現(xian)(xian)許多生活化的(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)(fu)(fu)屬(shu)(shu)房間。

中期(qi)為武帝(di)至西漢(han)(han)晚期(qi)。由于武帝(di)時漢(han)(han)朝中央集權的(de)(de)不(bu)斷加(jia)強，這一時期(qi)的(de)(de)楚王(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)葬在布(bu)局和形制結構上(shang)均發生了(le)重(zhong)大演(yan)變(bian)。首先表(biao)現(xian)為“同冢異穴”，即楚王(wang)與王(wang)后的(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)建在同一座山體(ti)下(xia)，而分(fen)鑿出兩(liang)個靠近的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室，兩(liang)墓(mu)(mu)之間(jian)一般(ban)有◎門相通。其次是陵墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建筑規(gui)(gui)模逐漸變(bian)小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)葬為非軸(zhou)線式(shi)布(bu)局，其外部(bu)結構較(jiao)為簡單，墓(mu)(mu)道單重(zhong)，短而窄，末端呈喇(la)叭口式(shi)內(nei)收(shou)，墓(mu)(mu)門寬(kuan)1米(mi)比前期(qi)縮(suo)小(xiao)了(le)近一半(ban)，甬道變(bian)得十(shi)分(fen)狹長，而墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)空(kong)間(jian)增大，墓(mu)(mu)室一般(ban)以大廳為中心呈不(bu)對稱的(de)(de)錯落式(shi)分(fen)布(bu)，寬(kuan)敞的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室中部(bu)出現(xian)了(le)特(te)有的(de)(de)擎天石柱筑結構。武帝(di)時期(qi)的(de)(de)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)尚有一定(ding)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模，但隨著王(wang)國權勢(shi)和國力的(de)(de)逐步減弱，至西漢(han)(han)晚期(qi)建造規(gui)(gui)模日益縮(suo)小(xiao)，特(te)別是王(wang)后陵墓(mu)(mu)已十(shi)分(fen)微小(xiao)，完全(quan)處(chu)于一種(zhong)從屬地位。此期(qi)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)有小(xiao)龜山、東洞山和南洞山楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)。

晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)為西漢(han)末期(qi)(qi)，以臥牛山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)為代表。隨著西漢(han)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王國(guo)政治地位和綜(zong)合國(guo)力的進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)萎(wei)縮，此時的楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王巖洞墓(mu)(mu)已走向衰落，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)葬形制基本沿(yan)襲了中期(qi)(qi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王巖洞墓(mu)(mu)的一(yi)(yi)些特征，但與之相(xiang)比規模更(geng)小，墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)外(wai)部入口處(chu)僅(jin)寬(kuan)2米，整條墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)完全為外(wai)寬(kuan)內窄的嗽叭口狀(zhuang)，墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)的數量、功能(neng)(neng)與結構也更(geng)為簡單(dan)，僅(jin)有(you)一(yi)(yi)主(zhu)、一(yi)(yi)側兩(liang)間(jian)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)和一(yi)(yi)耳室(shi)(shi)。此時僅(jin)見楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)王而不見王后墓(mu)(mu)，說明至西漢(han)末期(qi)(qi)時王后可能(neng)(neng)已合葬為一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)。