芒果视频下载

簡介

漢(han)(han)(han)楚王(wang)(wang)墓群位(wei)于江蘇省(sheng)徐州市和(he)(he)銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境內(nei)，徐州附近的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥(wo)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等處(chu)。共八處(chu)二(er)十(shi)余(yu)座(zuo)。是西漢(han)(han)(han)十(shi)二(er)代楚王(wang)(wang)的(de)墓， 已發掘或清(qing)理的(de)有小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓等。東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓一號(hao)墓較大(da)，有七(qi)個(ge)墓室，面積(ji)約200平方(fang)米；二(er)號(hao)基規模較小，1982年發現出土(tu)(tu)鎏金(jin)銅器(qi)有巨型“趙姬沐(mu)盤(pan)”、明光宮(gong)鼎等。北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓墓室總面積(ji)達500平方(fang)米，七(qi)個(ge)彩俑室各有儀仗、侍(shi)衛彩俑三十(shi)余(yu)個(ge)。1986年出土(tu)(tu)有金(jin)帶鉤(gou)、透雕玉器(qi)，銅、鐵器(qi)及“楚御府印”等珍貴文物(wu)。該墓構(gou)造復雜、葬(zang)法獨特(te)，對研(yan)究漢(han)(han)(han)文帝時起依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)擇(ze)陵起源(yuan)，西漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)筑(zhu)、采礦、化學保護技術(shu)有重要(yao)價(jia)值(zhi)。

發掘

1982年發掘(jue)的小(xiao)龜山2號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，鑿山而筑，東(dong)西長約83米(mi)、南北(bei)寬(kuan)33米(mi)，共有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室12個(ge)(ge)，各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室又(you)分前中(zhong)后三(san)室，為(wei)(wei)仿(fang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人生(sheng)前居室營(ying)建，宏大(da)壯觀，猶如地(di)下宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)西漢(han)第(di)六代楚襄王(wang)(wang)劉注。1954年發現(xian)，1995-1996年發掘(jue)的獅子山楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群中(zhong)最大(da)的一座，面積(ji)約850平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，有(you)三(san)個(ge)(ge)兵俑(yong)(yong)坑，一個(ge)(ge)馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)坑，其中(zhong)一、二號坑內有(you)兵馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)2500個(ge)(ge)，成四個(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)陣(zhen)布(bu)列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)的三(san)個(ge)(ge)耳(er)室是(shi)迄今發掘(jue)的諸漢(han)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)唯(wei)一未被盜擾(rao)且保存(cun)完好(hao)的，出土有(you)一批金(jin)銀銅鐵玉器(qi)及(ji)150方(fang)(fang)銀、銅官印等珍貴文(wen)物，據推(tui)測(ce)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主可(ke)能為(wei)(wei)第(di)三(san)代楚王(wang)(wang)劉戊。1984年發掘(jue)了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)三(san)座兵馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)陪葬坑中(zhong)的兩座，并在原址建立了(le)徐州兵馬(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)博(bo)物館。龜山、獅子山兩處(chu)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)也分別建立了(le)博(bo)物館。

漢墓特征

西漢(han)(han)初興，為(wei)鞏固(gu)統治(zhi)，大(da)(da)封同姓(xing)(xing)王(wang)(wang)。同姓(xing)(xing)王(wang)(wang)們各(ge)經營一方，筑(zhu)城(cheng)造(zao)(zao)宮(gong)，修陵(ling)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至今日宮(gong)城(cheng)多(duo)(duo)廢，年久無存(cun)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)位(wei)地(di)下，保(bao)存(cun)較易。解放以來，文(wen)物工作者(zhe)調(diao)查(cha)和(he)發(fa)掘(jue)諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，計有(you)河(he)北(bei)滿(man)城(cheng)的(de)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，北(bei)京大(da)(da)葆臺廣陽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)曲(qu)阜的(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨淄的(de)齊(qi)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，河(he)南(nan)省永城(cheng)芒山(shan)(shan)(shan)梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖(hu)南(nan)長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，江蘇徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚州(zhou)的(de)廣陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣東(dong)廣州(zhou)市南(nan)越王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)了數十座(zuo)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)(duo)經盜(dao)掘(jue)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)存(cun)尚好(hao)，對研究西漢(han)(han)建筑(zhu)藝術頗為(wei)重要。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)二：一曰(yue)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具多(duo)(duo)以棺槨及(ji)黃(huang)腸題(ti)湊(cou)；二曰(yue)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城(cheng)芒山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)及(ji)曲(qu)阜的(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)鑿石造(zao)(zao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)氣勢(shi)龐大(da)(da)，結構(gou)復雜(za)，有(you)棺有(you)槨，道長(chang)室(shi)多(duo)(duo)，工程浩大(da)(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之異同，概因各(ge)地(di)風俗習慣、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)自然條件而(er)異。 徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)楚王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗具特色。目前(qian)已(yi)調(diao)查(cha)和(he)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)8處(chu)，因其早晚(wan)關系和(he)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)特色不同，故墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也各(ge)有(you)別。鑒于這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)絕(jue)大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數早年被盜(dao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)結構(gou)和(he)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分保(bao)存(cun)完好(hao)，但(dan)文(wen)物及(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)受(shou)破壞，為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)研究設(she)置了諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚王選擇葬(zang)地，一(yi)般是各具(ju)一(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頭(tou)都不太高大(da)，自為(wei)一(yi)體。在墓(mu)(mu)的(de)前(qian)方，一(yi)定(ding)要有開闊(kuo)的(de)空地，遠(yuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)近(jin)水，一(yi)覽無余，獨占一(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰(yue)“占山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)王”。墓(mu)(mu)門一(yi)定(ding)要向空地，其方向有面向南者(zhe)(zhe)：如(ru)(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)墓(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。有面向西者(zhe)(zhe)：如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)；亦(yi)有墓(mu)(mu)門向東者(zhe)(zhe)，如(ru)(ru)楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)。皆人工鑿巖成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)，精粗(cu)有別，一(yi)般早(zao)期較(jiao)考(kao)究，四壁平(ping)整(zheng)規范，如(ru)(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)；晚期較(jiao)粗(cu)獷，如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚(chu)王陵墓(mu)的墓(mu)道(dao)，比較復(fu)雜，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)有(you)斜(xie)坡墓(mu)道(dao)一般(ban)比較寬(kuan)(kuan)大，如楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)，斜(xie)坡達(da)20度(du)，亦(yi)有(you)前(qian)后(hou)寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)不同，又分(fen)前(qian)（外）寬(kuan)(kuan)后(hou)（內）窄(zhai)；平(ping)底墓(mu)道(dao)，如北洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。中期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)一般(ban)為長(chang)方形(xing)小(xiao)平(ping)底，如小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、石橋墓(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)；個別墓(mu)道(dao)前(qian)端稍(shao)寬(kuan)(kuan)，亦(yi)有(you)墓(mu)道(dao)后(hou)端有(you)一段為喇(la)叭形(xing)，如南洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)。晚期(qi)(qi)的臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)墓(mu)道(dao)前(qian)寬(kuan)(kuan)后(hou)窄(zhai)，底部有(you)斜(xie)坡，但(dan)斜(xie)度(du)較小(xiao)，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)：早期(qi)較寬(kuan)大，一(yi)般剖面約為2×2米左右(you)，較短(duan)(duan)，如(ru)北洞(dong)山墓(mu)、馱籃山二(er)墓(mu)、獅(shi)子山墓(mu)。中期(qi)墓(mu)的甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)一(yi)般較長(chang)，剖面約1.1×1.9米，有的長(chang)達近50米，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山墓(mu)、石橋墓(mu)、南(nan)洞(dong)山墓(mu)。晚期(qi)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)又變短(duan)(duan)，如(ru)臥(wo)牛山墓(mu)。

關于封門(men)(men)設備：各種門(men)(men)道(dao)(dao)封法(fa)也(ye)(ye)不一(yi)樣，甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)主要用(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大小(xiao)和(he)制作(zuo)光(guang)度依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)格不同而異，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)2.0～2.5米(mi)，個別(bie)(bie)(bie)長(chang)者達4.5米(mi)，寬(kuan)厚(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)0.95～1米(mi)。早期甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)，用(yong)(yong)4塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩兩并列(lie)上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓(ya)(ya)封堵(du)，個別(bie)(bie)(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)榫（如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量(liang)，依甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)短而定，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)3組(zu)，獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)4組(zu)，馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)3組(zu)。個別(bie)(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)主墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)（棺室(shi)）在(zai)(zai)(zai)過道(dao)(dao)上(shang)（短甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)）也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)或(huo)外往(wang)往(wang)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)門(men)(men)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)雙扇，留有(you)(you)(you)門(men)(men)樞窩和(he)封門(men)(men)器(qi)槽；封門(men)(men)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)銅質(zhi)（北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或(huo)鐵質(zhi)（獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制也(ye)(ye)不同。早期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)各室(shi)，視其情況，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)備有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)，如(ru)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別(bie)(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)，兩側鑿有(you)(you)(you)耳(er)室(shi)，也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填(tian)實(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)后(hou)段，還(huan)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封堵(du)，耳(er)室(shi)則(ze)用(yong)(yong)長(chang)寬(kuan)各約1米(mi)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)封堵(du)，這些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)厚(hou)薄不均，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)下(xia)邊厚(hou)，上(shang)部薄，當為(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)便(bian)所致，如(ru)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)3間耳(er)室(shi)即用(yong)(yong)此封法(fa)，同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)封門(men)(men)內(nei)(nei)又(you)用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)門(men)(men)封死(si)(si)，個別(bie)(bie)(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側鑿有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕(kan)，其封門(men)(men)方(fang)法(fa)用(yong)(yong)特(te)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)豎立封死(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)封法(fa)大體同早期，唯(wei)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)窄而且(qie)用(yong)(yong)兩塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓(ya)(ya)封死(si)(si)，這種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全(quan)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)填(tian)滿(man)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)了(le)13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這種塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)底部鑿有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以增加封門(men)(men)之牢固性（小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)編(bian)號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺(chi)幅(fu)和(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，如(ru)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)制作(zuo)工藝(yi)有(you)(you)(you)粗(cu)有(you)(you)(you)精(jing)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)早期較(jiao)精(jing)，棱角規(gui)整，六面磨光(guang)。以馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精(jing)，六面光(guang)潔，可以鑒人；北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次(ci)之，中(zhong)(zhong)晚期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)粗(cu)約，打制出六面，鑿痕清晰，不加打磨，以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)設置系根(gen)據(ju)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)具體情(qing)況(kuang)而定(ding)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)多有(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)，如(ru)(ru)北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，楚王山(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)4間(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)相(xiang)對，獅(shi)子山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)相(xiang)對3間(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，但(dan)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)上不(bu)造(zao)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在甬道(dao)上鑿制耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)二(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥(wo)牛山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)亦不(bu)盡相(xiang)同(tong)，北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)空空，功(gong)能(neng)難定(ding)。獅(shi)子山(shan)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)3間(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，從(cong)(cong)出土文(wen)物論定(ding)，西側(ce)南端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)（W1）為(wei)(wei)(wei)“御府”庫(ku)，放置大量銅(tong)容(rong)器(qi)、銅(tong)鐵兵器(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)杯、玉酒(jiu)器(qi)等(deng)武(wu)器(qi)和(he)生活器(qi)皿等(deng)，各(ge)式器(qi)物達200余件(jian)；西側(ce)北端(duan)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)（W2）主(zhu)要放置銅(tong)、銀容(rong)器(qi)及魚、獸(shou)骨(gu)及谷物（炭化）等(deng)，似(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貯藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)；東(dong)側(ce)一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)道(dao)門(men)，從(cong)(cong)出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)器(qi)、盆、鐵釜、銅(tong)勺、銅(tong)甑、銅(tong)釜等(deng)物，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)庖(pao)廚(chu)間(jian)。小龜山(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)似(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車(che)馬間(jian)，在男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)清理出陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬和(he)車(che)等(deng)明器(qi)。

另(ling)在北(bei)洞山墓墓道(dao)中(zhong)段兩側(ce)有7個石龕，龕內放置彩繪陶俑(yong)222件，這(zhe)些俑(yong)皆為武(wu)士(shi)、武(wu)官形象，看來這(zhe)是為了衛戍該墓而(er)特設(she)的儀(yi)衛俑(yong)。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要部分，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂(tang)、側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁(ce)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及排水設(she)施(shi)(shi)等(deng)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)端，為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方形，因(yin)(yin)(yin)系放(fang)置棺(guan)(guan)槨之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)，一般都很講究(jiu)，造型(xing)規范，四壁(bi)平整(zheng)，如北(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍(lan)山二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王(wang)(wang)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用(yong)特(te)制石料四壁(bi)砌(qi)筑，頂用(yong)特(te)制券(quan)石起(qi)券(quan)，異(yi)常宏偉(wei)。但(dan)是，獅(shi)子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)棺(guan)(guan)槨陳置于(yu)橫堂(tang)東(dong)側之(zhi)(zhi)棺(guan)(guan)床上，這可能(neng)是因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚未(wei)建成(cheng)而(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)突然故去的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)急措施(shi)(shi)所(suo)致(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得比較復(fu)雜，多系在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)大室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內再建木結構(gou)瓦頂棺(guan)(guan)房，如河北(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山靖王(wang)(wang)劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小(xiao)龜山二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較簡(jian)約，把棺(guan)(guan)槨置于(yu)后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可。關于(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)被盜(dao)諸(zhu)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)，不能(neng)論(lun)述(shu)準確，僅就個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依據清(qing)理情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)和各(ge)(ge)(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)存設(she)施(shi)(shi)，簡(jian)述(shu)如下：獅(shi)子(zi)山楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)E2，清(qing)理時發現(xian)有(you)諸(zhu)多銅(tong)(tong)錢(qian)遺跡，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)洞(dong)又出(chu)有(you)完整(zheng)錢(qian)17．6萬(wan)余枚，故論(lun)定此為(wei)(wei)錢(qian)庫；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)E4，清(qing)出(chu)有(you)女性所(suo)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)物及女性牙齒等(deng)，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又有(you)專門之(zhi)(zhi)封門設(she)備，故為(wei)(wei)女性陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而(er)W3和W4分別(bie)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土銅(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、銅(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)、銅(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤(gou)、鐵(tie)甲、鐵(tie)盔(kui)等(deng)，故認為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)儲(chu)(chu)藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土整(zheng)套石磬(qing)、琴鈕之(zhi)(zhi)類樂器附件，似為(wei)(wei)樂舞廳。北(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)西側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)塞石封堵較嚴，未(wei)被盜(dao)擾(rao)，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內清(qing)理出(chu)金帶(dai)鉤(gou)、金耳飾(shi)(shi)、玉衣(yi)片、透(tou)雕玉飾(shi)(shi)及銅(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤(gou)等(deng)，亦應(ying)為(wei)(wei)儲(chu)(chu)藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)出(chu)土文物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“武庫”銅(tong)(tong)印章(zhang)及銅(tong)(tong)弩(nu)機、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)等(deng)兵器，說明(ming)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當為(wei)(wei)“武庫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)龜山M1甬道上，有(you)一套間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與該耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相(xiang)對應(ying)，從出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)俑(yong)、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)盆及銅(tong)(tong)弩(nu)機、鐵(tie)銜鑣等(deng)及井等(deng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)看，該室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)沐浴間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（馱(tuo)籃(lan)山二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁(ce)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（北(bei)洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內有(you)2間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)1間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廁(ce)所(suo)不大明(ming)確，如小(xiao)龜山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石橋M1主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東(dong)端北(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)廁(ce)所(suo)。在(zai)楚王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多有(you)水井設(she)置，這些水井的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)不同(tong)，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獅(shi)子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)包廚間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)龜山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)兩眼(yan)水井，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一位(wei)于(yu)男(nan)性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬廄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一眼(yan)位(wei)于(yu)XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水井位(wei)于(yu)后(hou)(hou)側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)下。關于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)排水設(she)施(shi)(shi)，不分早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)皆有(you)，唯獅(shi)子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)尚未(wei)按(an)原計(ji)劃建成(cheng)而(er)沒有(you)外，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)各(ge)(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)，排水方向(xiang)，依各(ge)(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)而(er)異(yi)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)把水排在(zai)裂(lie)隙(xi)處，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一(yi)般(ban)來講，西漢的帝陵、王陵皆有(you)封土(tu)(tu)(tu)，楚王陵墓(mu)亦不例外。但是，有(you)的墓(mu)經(jing)過2000多年的風(feng)風(feng)雨雨，水土(tu)(tu)(tu)流(liu)失，有(you)的尚存，如(ru)楚王山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、北洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)；有(you)的已不存在了，如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)、石橋墓(mu)等。封土(tu)(tu)(tu)質地一(yi)般(ban)是從山(shan)(shan)下(xia)運(yun)上去的褐色土(tu)(tu)(tu)，以夯實，夯層一(yi)般(ban)在20～35厘(li)米，個別(bie)封土(tu)(tu)(tu)周圍還(huan)用特(te)制石條鑲砌，加以保護，如(ru)楚王山(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西(xi)漢(han)帝陵(ling)(ling)皆(jie)有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，且規(gui)模龐(pang)大。按照制度，王陵(ling)(ling)也應有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園，因徐州歷史上多次(ci)黃河泛濫，造成平地有(you)3～5米淤積，加之地貌(mao)變化，陵(ling)(ling)園已不復存(cun)。但在(zai)(zai)(zai)楚王陵(ling)(ling)周圍，仍可(ke)見一些(xie)遺跡(ji)，如在(zai)(zai)(zai)獅子(zi)山(shan)西(xi)的(de)(de)磚(zhuan)瓦廠(chang)采土場內(nei)，可(ke)見到不少西(xi)漢(han)瓦片，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我們找墓時新挖的(de)(de)幾條探(tan)溝中，也都見到瓦礫遺物。同時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)獅子(zi)山(shan)西(xi)坡上，發現(xian)二節陶(tao)質(zhi)排(pai)水管，是為墓垣上的(de)(de)排(pai)水設施，從這些(xie)遺物和(he)遺跡(ji)，說明獅子(zi)山(shan)墓當年有(you)相當規(gui)模的(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)園建筑(zhu)。

墓是葬(zang)埋(mai)死人(ren)的(de)(de)設(she)施。個別墓不僅(jin)有墓葬(zang)設(she)施，而且還附有衙(ya)(ya)屬部(bu)分，如北洞山墓在墓道中(zhong)段東側，建造(zao)有一整套類似地(di)面建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)衙(ya)(ya)屬，功能齊備，有大小達11間之多，計有武庫、樂舞(wu)廳、更(geng)衣室(shi)、倉房(fang)，地(di)下貯藏室(shi)（凌(ling)陰(yin)）、廚(chu)房(fang)、水井、柴房(fang)、廁所等。

個(ge)別墓(mu)葬還專門陪(pei)葬有兵(bing)馬俑(yong)等(deng)衛(wei)戍部(bu)(bu)隊。如獅子山楚王墓(mu)，在其西(xi)、北部(bu)(bu)都發(fa)現有兵(bing)馬俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，西(xi)側有6條坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，包括步兵(bing)、騎兵(bing)、車(che)(che)兵(bing)和(he)警衛(wei)俑(yong)等(deng)兵(bing)種，數(shu)量(liang)多達4000余(yu)件(jian)。同(tong)時，在陵園內也發(fa)現多處零星(xing)兵(bing)俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)和(he)一處車(che)(che)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，車(che)(che)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)中葬有3輛漆質模型車(che)(che)和(he)3個(ge)立(li)式陶俑(yong)，當為御(yu)手或(huo)車(che)(che)士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近臣及親屬陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)古已有(you)(you)之(zhi)，西漢亦(yi)不例(li)外(wai)(wai)。西漢開(kai)國(guo)皇(huang)帝劉(liu)邦(bang)長陵就有(you)(you)蕭何(he)、曹參、張耳(er)、張良、周勃(bo)、戚夫人(ren)等陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)；惠帝安陵有(you)(you)魯(lu)元公主、陳(chen)平、張蒼、愛(ai)(ai)盎、楊雄(xiong)等陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。帝陵如此，王(wang)(wang)陵也(ye)多(duo)依規行之(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目前可(ke)(ke)見有(you)(you)4座(zuo)(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水經注(zhu)》記載“……經十余墳(fen)”。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)北面的(de)(de)后柚山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上，清(qing)理了(le)近10座(zuo)(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附(fu)近的(de)(de)繡球(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上，1987年也(ye)清(qing)理出2座(zuo)(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)發掘過陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，那是1972年發掘小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從出土器物(wu)銘文可(ke)(ke)知為(wei)“翁(weng)主”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得(de)一(yi)提(ti)的(de)(de)是獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)3座(zuo)(zuo)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)一(yi)曰“食(shi)官監(jian)(jian)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，位于內外(wai)(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道相(xiang)接處之(zhi)外(wai)(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道東壁下(xia)(xia)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)男性(xing)，年齡在40歲(sui)左右，隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品頗豐(feng)厚(hou)，計(ji)有(you)(you)5件銅鼎、4塊玉(yu)璧(bi)、兩件玉(yu)璜、4把(ba)鐵劍、兩件銅鏡、1套制作(zuo)精美的(de)(de)玉(yu)枕、1方(fang)(fang)銅質(zhi)“官監(jian)(jian)印(yin)”和(he)1方(fang)(fang)無(wu)字玉(yu)印(yin)及大量銅錢、陶(tao)器和(he)陶(tao)俑等；其(qi)二為(wei)E4內，因(yin)被(bei)盜清(qing)理出牙齒及玉(yu)舞人(ren)、玉(yu)鼻塞(sai)、玉(yu)珩等文物(wu)，經鑒定，為(wei)一(yi)30歲(sui)左右的(de)(de)女(nv)性(xing)；其(qi)三為(wei)E5內，該(gai)室盜擾慘重，但從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)結構和(he)與E4封門設備相(xiang)同來看，亦(yi)應(ying)為(wei)一(yi)女(nv)性(xing)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)，可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)以下(xia)(xia)推論：獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)時代(dai)，發掘簡報認為(wei)第二或第三代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)。第二代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)郢客，為(wei)劉(liu)交之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，官居(ju)“宗正”，在位四年薨(hong)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)(pei)(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)二女(nv)一(yi)男似難理解，若為(wei)第三代(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)，該(gai)王(wang)(wang)參于“七(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)亂”，戰敗自(zi)殺(sha)，死的(de)(de)突(tu)然，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)未建(jian)成即行葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)入(ru)在自(zi)殺(sha)前，把(ba)自(zi)己(ji)心愛(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)妃子(zi)(zi)先行殺(sha)掉(diao)與自(zi)己(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在一(yi)起，亦(yi)為(wei)不可(ke)(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)戰敗自(zi)殺(sha)，二女(nv)子(zi)(zi)癡(chi)情(qing)殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)自(zi)殺(sha)也(ye)有(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)能；食(shi)官監(jian)(jian)是楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)親信，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)自(zi)殺(sha)，作(zuo)為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)屬下(xia)(xia)，生時關系密切(qie)，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)死了(le)，甘愿殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)而自(zi)殺(sha)也(ye)是可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)建(jian)筑宏偉(wei)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)，而(er)且有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)類(lei)齊(qi)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)式器(qi)(qi)物。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物就質地講可(ke)以包(bao)覽(lan)金銀(yin)銅鐵(tie)鉛(qian)、陶石(shi)(shi)玉(yu)骨漆(qi)。就功能來講，反映了政治、經濟、軍事(shi)、文化(hua)、生產、生活和(he)(he)(he)科學技術等(deng)(deng)，無(wu)所(suo)不包(bao)。但(dan)是，因(yin)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬被盜嚴重，為(wei)(wei)研究設置了障礙(ai)。從(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)殘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中清(qing)理出土的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物來看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)葬服金縷(lv)玉(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)裝裹華麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)玉(yu)棺(guan)槨及(ji)玉(yu)枕(zhen)等(deng)(deng)，楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)配帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)璜、玉(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)娛樂器(qi)(qi)件石(shi)(shi)磬(qing)等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)生前(qian)穿戴和(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)質盔甲和(he)(he)(he)銅鐵(tie)劍戟鈹(pi)矛等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生活所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)銅鼎(ding)、鍾、壺、匜、舫、鑒、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)飲酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)玉(yu)卮(zhi)、玉(yu)杯、玉(yu)耳(er)杯及(ji)玻璃杯等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)做(zuo)飯所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)灶具甑、釜；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陪葬的(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)魚、雞、牛排、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)保衛(wei)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)特設的(de)(de)(de)軍隊及(ji)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內存(cun)(cun)放的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)豹(bao)、銅豹(bao)、玉(yu)獸等(deng)(deng)；還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)侍(shi)從(cong)男(nan)女陶俑(yong)等(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)反映楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)印章(zhang)和(he)(he)(he)封泥等(deng)(deng)。 綜(zong)上(shang)(shang)所(suo)述(shu)，西漢楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造方法可(ke)以概括為(wei)(wei)：1． 選址(zhi)：皆選用(yong)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖山頭(tou)，因(yin)楚元王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)選址(zhi)在(zai)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)山北(bei)坡之小山包(bao)上(shang)(shang)，其(qi)子孫皆不得超之，所(suo)以后代多選用(yong)獨立存(cun)(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)小山頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)。2. 定位：墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)向有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)向南、向西和(he)(he)(he)向東，獨無(wu)向北(bei)者，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)望(wang)無(wu)限的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)闊地帶(dai)，不得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)他(ta)物擋其(qi)視線(xian)；同時(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)一(yi)般(ban)開(kai)在(zai)山坡上(shang)(shang)或靠近底(di)部(bu)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)和(he)(he)(he)甬道(dao)要(yao)(yao)與山體(ti)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)紋(wen)理走向有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)夾(jia)角，并不得小于45度，這(zhe)(zhe)樣最安全(quan)。3. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)：在(zai)山下部(bu)或山腰，呈長條形或呈前(qian)寬后窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)平底(di)和(he)(he)(he)斜坡底(di)兩(liang)(liang)種。4. 甬道(dao)：沿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前(qian)端(duan)向里(li)延伸，一(yi)般(ban)早期(qi)(qi)寬而(er)短(duan)，中期(qi)(qi)窄而(er)長，晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)窄且短(duan)。5. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)：一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)或甬道(dao)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)或兩(liang)(liang)個耳(er)室(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)中后及(ji)側室(shi)等(deng)(deng)。一(yi)般(ban)來講，早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)造考(kao)(kao)究，主要(yao)(yao)布(bu)局(ju)在(zai)中軸線(xian)上(shang)(shang)或兩(liang)(liang)側，廁(ce)所(suo)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯；中期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比(bi)較(jiao)粗(cu)獷，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)結(jie)構比(bi)較(jiao)復雜；且主要(yao)(yao)室(shi)內另設木結(jie)構棺(guan)房。晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)則比(bi)較(jiao)簡約，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)、后室(shi)和(he)(he)(he)側室(shi)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)還(huan)附有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結(jie)構復雜，門(men)類(lei)齊(qi)全(quan)，造型考(kao)(kao)究。6. 陵(ling)園(yuan)及(ji)其(qi)他(ta)：一(yi)般(ban)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陵(ling)園(yuan)設施，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陪葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或兵(bing)馬俑(yong)坑(keng)等(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前考古工作者(zhe)已調(diao)查和(he)(he)發(fa)掘了(le)數十座西(xi)漢諸侯(hou)(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于(yu)(yu)我國幅員遼闊，各地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然、風俗和(he)(he)習(xi)慣存在較大差異，因此西(xi)漢諸侯(hou)(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑形(xing)制亦不(bu)一(yi)致，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)來說可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)豎穴(xue)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)大類(lei)，同時(shi)每個大類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)(you)有一(yi)些不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制。其中(zhong)(zhong)，豎穴(xue)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)建造在平原地(di)區或丘陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之上，如(ru)北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽六安王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)江蘇(su)揚(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)又(you)(you)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)普通(tong)槨(guo)室和(he)(he)“黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊(cou)”兩(liang)種形(xing)式(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)京大葆臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陽頃王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)揚(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)高郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均為(wei)“黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊(cou)”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大型木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)(zhong)國古代陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建筑發(fa)展史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支絢麗奇葩，其“因山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)，鑿石成(cheng)室”，整(zheng)座陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接開鑿在山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)之中(zhong)(zhong)，此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在西(xi)漢時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯(hou)(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)(zhong)曾盛行一(yi)時(shi)，主(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)布在冀(ji)西(xi)、豫東(dong)、魯南和(he)(he)蘇(su)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)丘陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)地(di)區，著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)河北(bei)滿城中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群、河南永城的(de)(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群和(he)(he)江蘇(su)徐州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群，即(ji)是巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型代表(biao)。此外還有處(chu)于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)類(lei)之間者(zhe)，如(ru)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)長(chang)清濟北(bei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)兼具巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。西(xi)漢諸侯(hou)(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展過程中(zhong)(zhong)，還形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)些不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特(te)征和(he)(he)相對(dui)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)體(ti)系，從(cong)而極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富了(le)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建筑藝術(shu)。

徐州(zhou)(zhou)地區是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)漢代巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)重要起(qi)源(yuan)與集(ji)粹地，這種(zhong)(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制曾(ceng)在(zai)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)中廣泛盛行，是(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)高級(ji)貴族的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)特有(you)葬(zang)(zang)制，其中楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)橫穴(xue)式巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)貴族為(wei)豎穴(xue)式巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。從時(shi)(shi)間(jian)上(shang)來看，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)交的(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)建造上(shang)至少要早于文帝霸陵(ling)23年，且文帝尊崇(chong)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)，他(ta)之所(suo)以提(ti)倡巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)很有(you)可能就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)受到其叔父劉(liu)交的(de)影響。巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之所(suo)以在(zai)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)中最(zui)先興起(qi)并大量存在(zai)，是(shi)(shi)與徐州(zhou)(zhou)地區的(de)自然地理條件(jian)、葬(zang)(zang)俗習(xi)慣以及當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)政(zheng)治制度、思(si)想文化、生產力(li)和(he)(he)科技(ji)發展等因素密不可分的(de)。究(jiu)其原因主要有(you)以下幾點：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)徐州(zhou)(zhou)地處山東丘陵(ling)向南(nan)延伸帶上(shang)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)都彭城(cheng)周圍群山環抱，多山少土的(de)地理條件(jian)為(wei)巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建造提(ti)供了(le)必要的(de)自然條件(jian)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)徐州(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)帶很久以來即有(you)人在(zai)山中建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)習(xi)俗，據史料記載，早在(zai)春秋(qiu)時(shi)(shi)期宋國(guo)大夫桓魋(tui)就(jiu)曾(ceng)在(zai)徐州(zhou)(zhou)開(kai)鑿石(shi)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從而為(wei)西(xi)漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)大型巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)最(zui)終形(xing)成(cheng)奠(dian)定了(le)基礎；三(san)是(shi)(shi)漢初提(ti)倡的(de)“黃老無為(wei)”、“與民休息”等文化思(si)想觀念和(he)(he)政(zheng)治因素。四是(shi)(shi)鐵質(zhi)工具的(de)普遍使(shi)用和(he)(he)炒鋼(gang)技(ji)的(de)出現，對西(xi)漢時(shi)(shi)期巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)建造和(he)(he)最(zui)終形(xing)成(cheng)，起(qi)到了(le)決定性的(de)作用，經金相分析表明獅子山楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土的(de)鑿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鐵鑿即為(wei)炒鋼(gang)。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐州(zhou)(zhou)楚王(wang)墓(mu)群(qun)上起(qi)漢(han)(han)初(chu)下迄新(xin)莽，是(shi)我國(guo)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯王(wang)巖洞墓(mu)中發(fa)(fa)現(xian)最(zui)多、時(shi)(shi)間跨度(du)最(zui)長(chang)、保存序列最(zui)為完整的地(di)區之(zhi)一(yi)，從中可以(yi)清晰地(di)看出其在不(bu)同時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的發(fa)(fa)展和(he)演(yan)變軌跡。徐州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)區的西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)墓(mu)雖同屬(shu)巖洞墓(mu)，但每(mei)座墓(mu)的形制結(jie)構又無一(yi)雷同而各(ge)具特色(se)。這些(xie)楚王(wang)墓(mu)在各(ge)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的建(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構和(he)建(jian)造規(gui)模上，又與王(wang)國(guo)的興(xing)衰命運(yun)和(he)楚王(wang)在位年限(xian)的長(chang)短(duan)等因素息息相關。并隨著時(shi)(shi)代的發(fa)(fa)展，呈現(xian)出早、中、晚三(san)期(qi)(qi)較為明顯的發(fa)(fa)展演(yan)變規(gui)律(lv)。現(xian)就西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)巖洞墓(mu)的分期(qi)(qi)和(he)時(shi)(shi)代特征作(zuo)以(yi)概述。

早期(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢初至文(wen)、景帝(di)時(shi)期(qi)，其(qi)總體(ti)特(te)(te)征(zheng)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“同(tong)塋異(yi)冢”即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)與(yu)王(wang)(wang)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)葬(zang)(zang)于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)陵園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩座山(shan)(shan)體(ti)之(zhi)中(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)軸線式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)堂、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)宏(hong)偉(wei)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)敞，甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)而(er)(er)較短，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)具有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)內收(shou)(shou)跡象(xiang)。這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)個不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展階(jie)(jie)段：第(di)一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)帝(di)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)，以楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處(chu)于(yu)萌芽階(jie)(jie)段，保留(liu)有(you)大(da)量豎穴土(tu)坑(keng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)(te)點，其(qi)主體(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)豎穴巖坑(keng)內用(yong)石(shi)條壘筑(zhu)(zhu)成室(shi)(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑(zhu)(zhu)高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形(xing)封土(tu)堆。第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)、景帝(di)時(shi)期(qi)，此(ci)時(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)已(yi)擺脫(tuo)了(le)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，形(xing)成了(le)西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴式(shi)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)基(ji)本呈中(zhong)軸線布局，但(dan)并不完善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)龐大(da)而(er)(er)復雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩側建(jian)附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)或耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)端外(wai)部(bu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)仍(reng)有(you)用(yong)石(shi)條壘筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，此(ci)后(hou)即全部(bu)改成在(zai)山(shan)(shan)巖中(zhong)直接(jie)開(kai)鑿；長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)敞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)3段，其(qi)外(wai)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)內窄，逐段向內收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)2米(mi)見方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內由4組(zu)呈“田”字形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石(shi)封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)相對較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單，基(ji)本為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)堂后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)至前(qian)(qian)(qian)堂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內，側室(shi)(shi)(shi)較少或不完善，這一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)北洞山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅子山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵。第(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)景帝(di)至武帝(di)前(qian)(qian)(qian)期(qi)，以馱籃山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)王(wang)(wang)與(yu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開(kai)始靠(kao)攏，分(fen)建(jian)在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)座山(shan)(shan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)軸線對稱布局十分(fen)強列，陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部(bu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)開(kai)始簡化(hua)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)變(bian)成長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)敞單重(zhong)斜坡式(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)已(yi)不見耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)等附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)卻(que)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大(da)而(er)(er)復雜(za)，表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側室(shi)(shi)(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)堂周圍(wei)出(chu)現許(xu)多生活化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)房間(jian)。

中期為(wei)武(wu)帝(di)至西漢(han)晚期。由于武(wu)帝(di)時(shi)漢(han)朝(chao)中央集(ji)權的(de)(de)(de)不斷加強，這一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在布局和(he)(he)形制結構(gou)(gou)上均發生了重(zhong)大(da)演(yan)變。首先(xian)表現(xian)為(wei)“同冢(zhong)異穴(xue)”，即楚王(wang)(wang)與王(wang)(wang)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建在同一(yi)(yi)(yi)座山體下，而分(fen)鑿出(chu)兩(liang)個(ge)靠近的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)，兩(liang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之間一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)有◎門相通。其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建筑規(gui)模(mo)逐漸變小(xiao)(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)為(wei)非(fei)軸(zhou)線式布局，其(qi)(qi)外(wai)部結構(gou)(gou)較為(wei)簡單，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道單重(zhong)，短(duan)而窄，末端呈喇叭口式內(nei)收，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門寬(kuan)1米比前期縮小(xiao)(xiao)了近一(yi)(yi)(yi)半，甬道變得十分(fen)狹長，而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)空間增大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)以大(da)廳為(wei)中心呈不對稱的(de)(de)(de)錯落(luo)式分(fen)布，寬(kuan)敞的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)中部出(chu)現(xian)了特有的(de)(de)(de)擎天(tian)石柱筑結構(gou)(gou)。武(wu)帝(di)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)，但隨著王(wang)(wang)國權勢和(he)(he)國力的(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)減弱，至西漢(han)晚期建造規(gui)模(mo)日益縮小(xiao)(xiao)，特別是(shi)王(wang)(wang)后(hou)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已十分(fen)微(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)，完全(quan)處于一(yi)(yi)(yi)種從屬地(di)位。此期楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有小(xiao)(xiao)龜山、東洞山和(he)(he)南洞山楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

晚(wan)期(qi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)末期(qi)，以臥牛山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)代表。隨著西(xi)(xi)漢(han)晚(wan)期(qi)楚(chu)王國(guo)(guo)政治地位和(he)綜合國(guo)(guo)力的(de)進一步萎(wei)縮，此時(shi)的(de)楚(chu)王巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)已(yi)走向(xiang)衰落，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制基(ji)本沿襲了中期(qi)楚(chu)王巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)一些特(te)征(zheng)，但與之相(xiang)比規(gui)模(mo)更(geng)小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道外部(bu)入口處僅(jin)寬2米，整(zheng)條墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道完全為(wei)外寬內窄的(de)嗽叭口狀，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)數量、功能(neng)與結構也更(geng)為(wei)簡單，僅(jin)有一主(zhu)、一側兩間(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室和(he)一耳(er)室。此時(shi)僅(jin)見(jian)(jian)楚(chu)王而不見(jian)(jian)王后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，說明(ming)至西(xi)(xi)漢(han)末期(qi)時(shi)王后可能(neng)已(yi)合葬(zang)(zang)為(wei)一座陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。