芒果视频下载

簡介

漢楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群位于江蘇省徐(xu)州市和銅(tong)(tong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)縣(xian)境內(nei)，徐(xu)州附近的(de)楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)(dong)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)、南(nan)(nan)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)處(chu)。共(gong)八處(chu)二(er)(er)十(shi)余(yu)座(zuo)。是(shi)西(xi)漢十(shi)二(er)(er)代楚(chu)王(wang)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)， 已(yi)發掘或清理的(de)有小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)(dong)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)、南(nan)(nan)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)和獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。東(dong)(dong)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)一號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)較(jiao)大，有七個(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室，面積(ji)約200平(ping)方米(mi)；二(er)(er)號基規模較(jiao)小(xiao)，1982年發現出土(tu)鎏金銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)有巨型“趙(zhao)姬沐(mu)盤”、明光宮鼎等(deng)。北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室總面積(ji)達(da)500平(ping)方米(mi)，七個(ge)彩俑室各(ge)有儀(yi)仗(zhang)、侍衛彩俑三(san)十(shi)余(yu)個(ge)。1986年出土(tu)有金帶(dai)鉤、透雕玉器(qi)，銅(tong)(tong)、鐵器(qi)及“楚(chu)御府(fu)印”等(deng)珍貴文物。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)構造復雜(za)、葬法獨特，對研究漢文帝時起依山(shan)(shan)(shan)擇(ze)陵(ling)起源，西(xi)漢建筑、采礦、化學保護技(ji)術有重要價值。

發掘

1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)2號墓(mu)(mu)，鑿山(shan)(shan)(shan)而筑，東西長約(yue)83米、南北寬33米，共有墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)12個，各墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)又(you)分前中后三(san)室(shi)，為(wei)仿墓(mu)(mu)主人(ren)生前居室(shi)營(ying)建(jian)，宏大壯觀，猶如(ru)地下(xia)宮殿。墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)西漢第(di)六代楚(chu)襄王劉注。1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)現，1995-1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)中最大的(de)一座(zuo)，面(mian)積約(yue)850平方(fang)(fang)米，有三(san)個兵(bing)(bing)俑(yong)坑，一個馬俑(yong)坑，其中一、二號坑內有兵(bing)(bing)馬俑(yong)2500個，成四個方(fang)(fang)陣布(bu)列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)道兩(liang)側的(de)三(san)個耳室(shi)是迄今發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)諸漢楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)中唯一未被(bei)盜擾且保存完好(hao)的(de)，出土有一批金(jin)銀銅(tong)鐵玉器及150方(fang)(fang)銀、銅(tong)官(guan)印(yin)等珍(zhen)貴(gui)文物，據推測該墓(mu)(mu)主可能為(wei)第(di)三(san)代楚(chu)王劉戊。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)了該墓(mu)(mu)三(san)座(zuo)兵(bing)(bing)馬俑(yong)陪葬坑中的(de)兩(liang)座(zuo)，并在原(yuan)址(zhi)建(jian)立了徐州兵(bing)(bing)馬俑(yong)博物館。龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)兩(liang)處楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)也分別(bie)建(jian)立了博物館。

漢墓特征

西漢初興(xing)，為(wei)鞏固統(tong)治，大(da)(da)封(feng)同姓王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。同姓王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)們(men)各經營一(yi)方，筑城(cheng)造宮，修陵建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至今日宮城(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)廢，年(nian)久無存(cun)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)位地(di)下(xia)，保存(cun)較易。解放以(yi)來，文物工(gong)作者調(diao)查和發(fa)掘(jue)諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，計有河(he)北(bei)滿城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)中山(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，北(bei)京大(da)(da)葆臺廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，山(shan)東曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨(lin)淄的(de)(de)(de)齊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，河(he)南省(sheng)永城(cheng)芒(mang)山(shan)梁(liang)(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖南長沙(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，江(jiang)蘇徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚(yang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣(guang)東廣(guang)州(zhou)市(shi)南越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)了數(shu)十座。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)(duo)(duo)經盜掘(jue)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)保存(cun)尚好(hao)，對研究(jiu)西漢建(jian)筑藝(yi)術頗為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)有二：一(yi)曰豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具多(duo)(duo)(duo)以(yi)棺槨及黃腸題湊(cou)；二曰巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城(cheng)芒(mang)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)及曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等，這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)依山(shan)鑿石造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)氣(qi)勢(shi)龐大(da)(da)，結構復(fu)雜(za)，有棺有槨，道(dao)長室多(duo)(duo)(duo)，工(gong)程浩大(da)(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)之(zhi)異(yi)同，概因各地(di)風俗(su)習(xi)慣(guan)、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)制(zhi)度和自然條件(jian)而(er)異(yi)。 徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗具特(te)色。目前已(yi)調(diao)查和發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)8處，因其早(zao)(zao)晚關系和各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)色不同，故墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)和葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)也各有別。鑒于(yu)這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)絕(jue)大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)數(shu)早(zao)(zao)年(nian)被盜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)結構和形(xing)制(zhi)部分保存(cun)完(wan)好(hao)，但文物及葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)受破(po)壞，為(wei)這(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)設置了諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚王(wang)選(xuan)擇葬地(di)(di)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)各具一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭都不太高大，自為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)前方(fang)，一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)有(you)開闊的(de)空地(di)(di)，遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)近(jin)水(shui)，一(yi)(yi)覽無余(yu)，獨占一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰(yue)“占山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)王(wang)”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)向(xiang)(xiang)空地(di)(di)，其方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)面向(xiang)(xiang)南者：如(ru)(ru)(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。有(you)面向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)者：如(ru)(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門向(xiang)(xiang)東者，如(ru)(ru)(ru)楚王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)劉(liu)交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人(ren)工鑿巖成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗有(you)別，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)早期(qi)較(jiao)考究，四壁平整規范，如(ru)(ru)(ru)北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚(wan)期(qi)較(jiao)粗獷，如(ru)(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚(chu)王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)，比較(jiao)復雜，早期(qi)有斜(xie)坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)一般比較(jiao)寬(kuan)大，如(ru)楚(chu)王山劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，斜(xie)坡達20度(du)，亦(yi)(yi)有前后(hou)寬(kuan)度(du)不同，又分前（外）寬(kuan)后(hou)（內）窄(zhai)；平底墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)，如(ru)北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一般為長方(fang)形小(xiao)平底，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前端稍寬(kuan)，亦(yi)(yi)有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)后(hou)端有一段為喇(la)叭形，如(ru)南(nan)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚(wan)期(qi)的臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前寬(kuan)后(hou)窄(zhai)，底部有斜(xie)坡，但(dan)斜(xie)度(du)較(jiao)小(xiao)，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)道：早期較(jiao)寬大，一般剖面約為(wei)2×2米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右，較(jiao)短(duan)，如北洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的甬(yong)道一般較(jiao)長(chang)，剖面約1.1×1.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)，有的長(chang)達(da)近50米(mi)(mi)(mi)，如小龜(gui)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚(wan)期甬(yong)道又變短(duan)，如臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)設備(bei)：各種(zhong)門(men)(men)道(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)法也不(bu)一(yi)樣，甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)小和制作(zuo)光(guang)(guang)度依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)格不(bu)同(tong)而(er)異，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)長(chang)2.0～2.5米(mi)，個(ge)別長(chang)者達4.5米(mi)，寬厚(hou)在(zai)(zai)0.95～1米(mi)。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)較寬，用(yong)(yong)(yong)4塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)并列上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓封(feng)(feng)堵(du)(du)，個(ge)別塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)有(you)(you)榫(sun)（如(ru)北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量，依甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)短而(er)定，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組，獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)4組，馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)(yong)3組。個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室也用(yong)(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)主墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室（棺室）在(zai)(zai)過道(dao)(dao)上(shang)（短甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)）也用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)組塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內或(huo)外往往還有(you)(you)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)木質(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為雙扇(shan)，留有(you)(you)門(men)(men)樞窩和封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)器槽；封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)器有(you)(you)銅質(zhi)(zhi)（北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或(huo)鐵質(zhi)(zhi)（獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制也不(bu)同(tong)。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)各室，視其(qi)情況，有(you)(you)的(de)也備(bei)有(you)(you)木門(men)(men)，如(ru)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)，兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)耳(er)室，也用(yong)(yong)(yong)較小的(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填實，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)后(hou)段，還用(yong)(yong)(yong)較小塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)堵(du)(du)，耳(er)室則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)寬各約1米(mi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)封(feng)(feng)堵(du)(du)，這(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)厚(hou)薄(bo)不(bu)均，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)下(xia)邊厚(hou)，上(shang)部薄(bo)，當為操作(zuo)方便(bian)所致，如(ru)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)的(de)3間耳(er)室即用(yong)(yong)(yong)此(ci)封(feng)(feng)法，同(tong)時在(zai)(zai)封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)內又(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men)封(feng)(feng)死(si)(si)，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕，其(qi)封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)方法用(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)豎立封(feng)(feng)死(si)(si)。中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)封(feng)(feng)法大(da)體同(tong)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，唯甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)窄(zhai)而(er)且用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩(liang)(liang)塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓封(feng)(feng)死(si)(si)，這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往往全甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)填滿塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)13組塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往往在(zai)(zai)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)底部鑿(zao)有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以增(zeng)加(jia)封(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)之(zhi)牢固性（小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)有(you)(you)編號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅和在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)位置，如(ru)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬(yong)(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)制作(zuo)工藝有(you)(you)粗(cu)有(you)(you)精，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)較精，棱角規(gui)整，六面磨光(guang)(guang)。以馱籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精，六面光(guang)(guang)潔，可(ke)以鑒人；北(bei)(bei)(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次之(zhi)，中晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較粗(cu)約，打(da)制出六面，鑿(zao)痕(hen)清晰，不(bu)加(jia)打(da)磨，以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典(dian)型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的設置(zhi)系根據(ju)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的具體(ti)情況而定，有(you)(you)多有(you)(you)少。有(you)(you)的在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)，如北洞(dong)(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)各(ge)有(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，楚王山劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上有(you)(you)4間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)對，獅子山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)相(xiang)(xiang)對3間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上不造耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；有(you)(you)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)上鑿制耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如小龜山二(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒有(you)(you)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的功(gong)(gong)能亦不盡相(xiang)(xiang)同，北洞(dong)(dong)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)空(kong)，功(gong)(gong)能難定。獅子山內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)3間(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，從出土(tu)文物(wu)論定，西(xi)側(ce)南端一室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W1）為“御府”庫，放(fang)置(zhi)大量銅(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)杯、玉酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)和生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿等(deng)(deng)，各(ge)式器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)達200余件；西(xi)側(ce)北端一室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放(fang)置(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)、銀容器(qi)(qi)(qi)及魚、獸骨及谷物(wu)（炭(tan)化）等(deng)(deng)，似為貯藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；東側(ce)一室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)(you)兩(liang)道(dao)(dao)門，從出土(tu)的陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、盆(pen)、鐵(tie)釜、銅(tong)(tong)勺(shao)、銅(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)釜等(deng)(deng)物(wu)，應為庖廚間(jian)(jian)(jian)。小龜山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)似為車(che)馬間(jian)(jian)(jian)，在(zai)(zai)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)清理出陶(tao)俑(yong)、陶(tao)馬和車(che)等(deng)(deng)明(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

另在北(bei)洞山墓(mu)墓(mu)道中段兩側有7個石龕(kan)，龕(kan)內放置彩繪陶俑(yong)222件，這(zhe)些俑(yong)皆(jie)為武士(shi)、武官形(xing)象，看來這(zhe)是為了衛戍(shu)該墓(mu)而(er)特設的儀衛俑(yong)。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要部分(fen)(fen)，其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)(guan)(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫(heng)堂(tang)、側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴(yu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁間(jian)(jian)及(ji)排(pai)水(shui)設(she)施(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)多在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之后(hou)端(duan)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形，因(yin)系(xi)放置棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨之地，一般都很講(jiang)究，造(zao)型規范，四壁(bi)(bi)平整(zheng)，如北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱藍山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用(yong)特制石料四壁(bi)(bi)砌筑(zhu)，頂(ding)用(yong)特制券石起券，異常宏偉(wei)。但是(shi)，獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨陳(chen)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)橫(heng)堂(tang)東(dong)側(ce)之棺(guan)(guan)(guan)床上，這可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚(shang)未建成(cheng)而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)突(tu)然故(gu)(gu)去的(de)(de)應急措施(shi)所(suo)(suo)致。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得(de)比較復雜，多系(xi)在中(zhong)心(xin)部位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)一間(jian)(jian)大(da)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)再(zai)建木(mu)結構瓦頂(ding)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)房，如河北(bei)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖(jing)王(wang)(wang)劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較簡約(yue)，把棺(guan)(guan)(guan)槨置于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)，因(yin)被盜(dao)(dao)諸原因(yin)，不能(neng)(neng)論述準確，僅就個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依據清(qing)理情況和各室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現存(cun)設(she)施(shi)，簡述如下：獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E2，清(qing)理時發現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)諸多銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錢遺跡，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜(dao)(dao)洞(dong)又(you)出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)完(wan)整(zheng)錢17．6萬余枚，故(gu)(gu)論定此為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)錢庫；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之E4，清(qing)出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)女性(xing)(xing)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)之物及(ji)女性(xing)(xing)牙(ya)齒(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)專門之封門設(she)備，故(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)女性(xing)(xing)陪葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和W4分(fen)(fen)別(bie)集中(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏃、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶鉤、鐵(tie)甲、鐵(tie)盔等(deng)(deng)(deng)，故(gu)(gu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土(tu)整(zheng)套(tao)石磬、琴鈕(niu)之類樂器(qi)附件，似(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂舞(wu)廳(ting)。北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之西(xi)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)塞(sai)石封堵較嚴，未被盜(dao)(dao)擾，在其(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)清(qing)理出(chu)金帶鉤、金耳飾(shi)、玉(yu)衣片、透(tou)雕玉(yu)飾(shi)及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶鉤等(deng)(deng)(deng)，亦應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在出(chu)土(tu)文物中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“武(wu)庫”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)印章及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機(ji)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏃等(deng)(deng)(deng)兵器(qi)，說(shuo)明(ming)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“武(wu)庫”的(de)(de)設(she)置。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道(dao)上，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一套(tao)間(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與該耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對(dui)應，從出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)盆(pen)及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機(ji)、鐵(tie)銜(xian)鑣等(deng)(deng)(deng)及(ji)井等(deng)(deng)(deng)設(she)施(shi)看，該室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)。在早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)沐浴(yu)間(jian)(jian)（馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁間(jian)(jian)（北(bei)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2間(jian)(jian)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)）。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)廁所(suo)(suo)不大(da)明(ming)確，如小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石橋(qiao)M1主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東(dong)端(duan)北(bei)邊的(de)(de)小室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廁所(suo)(suo)。在楚王(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)多有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)井設(she)置，這些水(shui)井的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不同，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在包廚間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)，中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩眼(yan)水(shui)井，其(qi)一位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)男(nan)性(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)馬廄(jiu)中(zhong)，另(ling)一眼(yan)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)(bi)中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)；晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)水(shui)井位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)(bi)下。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)設(she)施(shi)，不分(fen)(fen)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，唯(wei)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)尚(shang)未按(an)原計劃建成(cheng)而沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai)，其(qi)他各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，排(pai)水(shui)方(fang)向，依各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情況而異，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)把水(shui)排(pai)在裂隙處，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)排(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)。

（五）關于封土

一般來講，西(xi)漢的(de)帝陵、王(wang)陵皆有(you)封(feng)(feng)土，楚(chu)王(wang)陵墓(mu)亦不(bu)例外。但是，有(you)的(de)墓(mu)經(jing)過2000多(duo)年的(de)風風雨雨，水土流失(shi)，有(you)的(de)尚存(cun)，如楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)墓(mu)、北洞山(shan)墓(mu)；有(you)的(de)已不(bu)存(cun)在了，如小(xiao)龜山(shan)墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)墓(mu)、石橋墓(mu)等(deng)。封(feng)(feng)土質地一般是從山(shan)下運上去(qu)的(de)褐色(se)土，以(yi)夯(hang)實，夯(hang)層一般在20～35厘米，個別(bie)封(feng)(feng)土周圍還(huan)用(yong)特制石條鑲砌，加(jia)以(yi)保護，如楚(chu)王(wang)山(shan)劉交墓(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西漢(han)帝陵(ling)皆(jie)有(you)(you)陵(ling)園，且規(gui)模龐(pang)大(da)。按(an)照制(zhi)度，王(wang)陵(ling)也(ye)應有(you)(you)陵(ling)園，因徐州歷(li)史上多次黃(huang)河泛濫(lan)，造成平地(di)有(you)(you)3～5米淤積，加之地(di)貌變化，陵(ling)園已不(bu)(bu)復存。但(dan)在(zai)楚(chu)王(wang)陵(ling)周圍(wei)，仍可見一些遺跡，如在(zai)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)西的磚瓦廠采土場內，可見到不(bu)(bu)少西漢(han)瓦片，在(zai)我(wo)們找墓時(shi)新挖的幾條(tiao)探溝中，也(ye)都見到瓦礫遺物。同時(shi)，在(zai)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)西坡上，發現二(er)節陶(tao)質排(pai)(pai)水管，是為墓垣上的排(pai)(pai)水設(she)施，從這些遺物和遺跡，說明獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓當年有(you)(you)相當規(gui)模的陵(ling)園建筑。

墓(mu)是葬埋死(si)人(ren)的設(she)施(shi)。個別墓(mu)不僅有墓(mu)葬設(she)施(shi)，而且還附(fu)有衙屬(shu)部分(fen)，如北洞山(shan)墓(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)道中段東側(ce)，建(jian)造(zao)有一整套類(lei)似地面建(jian)筑(zhu)的衙屬(shu)，功(gong)能齊備，有大小達11間之多，計有武(wu)庫、樂舞廳、更衣室、倉房(fang)，地下貯藏室（凌(ling)陰）、廚房(fang)、水井(jing)、柴房(fang)、廁所(suo)等(deng)。

個(ge)別(bie)墓葬(zang)還(huan)專門陪葬(zang)有兵(bing)(bing)馬(ma)俑(yong)等衛(wei)戍部(bu)隊(dui)。如獅子山楚王墓，在其西、北(bei)部(bu)都發(fa)現有兵(bing)(bing)馬(ma)俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，西側有6條坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，包括步兵(bing)(bing)、騎兵(bing)(bing)、車兵(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)警衛(wei)俑(yong)等兵(bing)(bing)種，數量多達(da)4000余件。同時(shi)，在陵園內也發(fa)現多處零(ling)星兵(bing)(bing)俑(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)和(he)(he)一處車坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，車坑(keng)(keng)(keng)中葬(zang)有3輛漆質模(mo)型車和(he)(he)3個(ge)立式陶俑(yong)，當為御(yu)手(shou)或車士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近(jin)臣及(ji)親(qin)屬(shu)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)古(gu)已有(you)(you)(you)之，西(xi)漢亦(yi)(yi)不例外(wai)。西(xi)漢開國皇帝(di)劉(liu)(liu)邦長(chang)陵(ling)就有(you)(you)(you)蕭何、曹參、張(zhang)耳(er)、張(zhang)良、周勃、戚夫(fu)人(ren)等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)；惠帝(di)安陵(ling)有(you)(you)(you)魯元公(gong)主(zhu)、陳(chen)平(ping)、張(zhang)蒼、愛盎、楊雄等(deng)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)。帝(di)陵(ling)如此，王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)也(ye)多(duo)依(yi)規行(xing)之。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)目(mu)前可(ke)見有(you)(you)(you)4座陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水經注(zhu)》記載“……經十余墳”。北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)北(bei)面的(de)后柚山上，清(qing)理(li)了近(jin)10座陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)附(fu)近(jin)的(de)繡(xiu)球山上，1987年也(ye)清(qing)理(li)出(chu)2座陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)發掘(jue)過陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)，那是(shi)1972年發掘(jue)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，從(cong)出(chu)土(tu)器物銘文可(ke)知為(wei)“翁主(zhu)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)提的(de)是(shi)獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)3座陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰“食(shi)(shi)官(guan)監(jian)(jian)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，位于(yu)內(nei)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)相接處之外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)東(dong)壁下(xia)(xia)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)男性，年齡在(zai)(zai)40歲(sui)左(zuo)(zuo)右，隨葬(zang)品頗豐厚，計有(you)(you)(you)5件(jian)銅(tong)鼎、4塊玉(yu)(yu)璧、兩件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)璜、4把鐵(tie)劍(jian)、兩件(jian)銅(tong)鏡(jing)、1套制作(zuo)精美(mei)的(de)玉(yu)(yu)枕、1方銅(tong)質“官(guan)監(jian)(jian)印(yin)”和(he)1方無字玉(yu)(yu)印(yin)及(ji)大量銅(tong)錢、陶(tao)器和(he)陶(tao)俑等(deng)；其(qi)(qi)二(er)為(wei)E4內(nei)，因被盜(dao)(dao)清(qing)理(li)出(chu)牙(ya)齒及(ji)玉(yu)(yu)舞人(ren)、玉(yu)(yu)鼻(bi)塞、玉(yu)(yu)珩等(deng)文物，經鑒(jian)定，為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)30歲(sui)左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)女性；其(qi)(qi)三為(wei)E5內(nei)，該(gai)室(shi)盜(dao)(dao)擾慘重(zhong)，但從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)的(de)結構(gou)和(he)與E4封門(men)設備相同來看，亦(yi)(yi)應為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)女性陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其(qi)(qi)原因，可(ke)作(zuo)以下(xia)(xia)推論：獅子(zi)山楚(chu)(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，發掘(jue)簡報認為(wei)第(di)二(er)或第(di)三代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。第(di)二(er)代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)(liu)郢(ying)客，為(wei)劉(liu)(liu)交(jiao)之子(zi)，官(guan)居“宗正”，在(zai)(zai)位四年薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)(pei)葬(zang)二(er)女一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)男似難理(li)解，若為(wei)第(di)三代(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，該(gai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)參于(yu)“七國之亂”，戰敗自(zi)殺，死(si)的(de)突然，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)未建成即行(xing)葬(zang)入在(zai)(zai)自(zi)殺前，把自(zi)己心愛的(de)妃(fei)子(zi)先行(xing)殺掉與自(zi)己葬(zang)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起，亦(yi)(yi)為(wei)不可(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)戰敗自(zi)殺，二(er)女子(zi)癡情殉(xun)葬(zang)自(zi)殺也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)；食(shi)(shi)官(guan)監(jian)(jian)是(shi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)親(qin)信，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)自(zi)殺，作(zuo)為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)屬(shu)下(xia)(xia)，生時(shi)(shi)關(guan)系(xi)密切，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si)了，甘愿(yuan)殉(xun)葬(zang)而自(zi)殺也(ye)是(shi)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)宏(hong)偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)，而(er)且(qie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)類齊(qi)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器(qi)物(wu)。這(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)物(wu)就(jiu)質(zhi)地講(jiang)可以包(bao)(bao)(bao)覽金銀銅鐵(tie)鉛、陶(tao)石(shi)玉(yu)骨漆(qi)。就(jiu)功能(neng)來講(jiang)，反(fan)映了(le)政治、經(jing)濟、軍事、文化、生產、生活和(he)(he)科(ke)學技術等(deng)(deng)，無(wu)所(suo)不包(bao)(bao)(bao)。但是，因這(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)被盜嚴重(zhong)，為研究(jiu)設(she)置(zhi)了(le)障礙。從這(zhe)些(xie)殘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)清理出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)來看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)服金縷(lv)玉(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)(you)裝裹華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)玉(yu)棺(guan)槨及玉(yu)枕等(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)配帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)璜、玉(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)娛樂器(qi)件(jian)石(shi)磬等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)生前(qian)(qian)穿戴和(he)(he)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)質(zhi)盔甲和(he)(he)銅鐵(tie)劍(jian)戟鈹(pi)矛等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)生活所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼎、鍾、壺(hu)、匜、舫、鑒(jian)、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)飲酒的(de)(de)(de)(de)酒器(qi)玉(yu)卮(zhi)、玉(yu)杯、玉(yu)耳杯及玻璃杯等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)做飯所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)灶(zao)具甑、釜；有(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陪葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)魚、雞、牛排、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)為保衛(wei)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)而(er)特設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊及墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)存(cun)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)豹、銅豹、玉(yu)獸等(deng)(deng)；還有(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侍從男(nan)女(nv)陶(tao)俑等(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)反(fan)映楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)章(zhang)和(he)(he)封(feng)泥等(deng)(deng)。 綜(zong)上(shang)(shang)所(suo)述，西漢楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造方法(fa)可以概括(kuo)為：1． 選(xuan)址：皆選(xuan)用石(shi)灰(hui)巖山(shan)頭(tou)，因楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)選(xuan)址在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)山(shan)北(bei)坡之小(xiao)山(shan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)上(shang)(shang)，其(qi)子(zi)孫皆不得超之，所(suo)以后(hou)代多選(xuan)用獨立存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)山(shan)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)。2. 定(ding)位：墓(mu)(mu)(mu)向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)南、向(xiang)(xiang)西和(he)(he)向(xiang)(xiang)東，獨無(wu)向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)者，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)望無(wu)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)闊地帶(dai)，不得有(you)(you)(you)(you)他(ta)物(wu)擋其(qi)視線；同時(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)開(kai)在(zai)山(shan)坡上(shang)(shang)或(huo)(huo)靠(kao)近底(di)部(bu)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)和(he)(he)甬(yong)道(dao)要與山(shan)體(ti)石(shi)頭(tou)紋理走向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)夾角，并不得小(xiao)于(yu)45度(du)，這(zhe)樣(yang)最安(an)全。3. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)：在(zai)山(shan)下部(bu)或(huo)(huo)山(shan)腰，呈長條(tiao)形或(huo)(huo)呈前(qian)(qian)寬后(hou)窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)(you)平底(di)和(he)(he)斜坡底(di)兩種。4. 甬(yong)道(dao)：沿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)前(qian)(qian)端向(xiang)(xiang)里(li)延(yan)伸，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)早期(qi)寬而(er)短，中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)窄而(er)長，晚期(qi)窄且(qie)短。5. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)：一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)或(huo)(huo)甬(yong)道(dao)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)兩個(ge)耳室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)及側(ce)室(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來講(jiang)，早期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)造考究(jiu)，主(zhu)(zhu)要布局在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線上(shang)(shang)或(huo)(huo)兩側(ce)，廁所(suo)比(bi)(bi)較明顯；中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)比(bi)(bi)較粗(cu)獷(guang)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構比(bi)(bi)較復(fu)雜；且(qie)主(zhu)(zhu)要室(shi)(shi)內(nei)另(ling)設(she)木結(jie)構棺(guan)房。晚期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)則比(bi)(bi)較簡約，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)；個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)還附有(you)(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結(jie)構復(fu)雜，門類齊(qi)全，造型考究(jiu)。6. 陵(ling)園及其(qi)他(ta)：一(yi)(yi)般(ban)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)陵(ling)園設(she)施，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)陪葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)(huo)兵馬俑坑等(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前考古(gu)工作者已調(diao)查和(he)(he)(he)發掘(jue)了(le)數十座(zuo)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由(you)于(yu)我國幅員遼闊，各地(di)區的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)、風(feng)俗(su)和(he)(he)(he)習慣存在(zai)較(jiao)大(da)(da)差異，因此西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)制(zhi)亦(yi)不一(yi)致，總的(de)(de)來(lai)說可分為(wei)豎穴木槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩大(da)(da)類(lei)，同(tong)時每個(ge)大(da)(da)類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)有一(yi)些不同(tong)的(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，豎穴木槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)建(jian)造在(zai)平(ping)原(yuan)地(di)區或(huo)丘陵(ling)(ling)之上，如北(bei)(bei)京的(de)(de)廣陽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江流域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)湖南(nan)(nan)長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽六安王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)江蘇揚州(zhou)的(de)(de)廣陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬又(you)可分為(wei)普通槨(guo)(guo)室(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)“黃腸(chang)題(ti)(ti)湊(cou)”兩種形(xing)式，如北(bei)(bei)京大(da)(da)葆臺的(de)(de)廣陽頃王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)(liu)建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)揚州(zhou)高(gao)郵(you)的(de)(de)神居山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)廣陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)(liu)胥(xu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均(jun)為(wei)“黃腸(chang)題(ti)(ti)湊(cou)”式的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型木槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)發展(zhan)史(shi)上的(de)(de)一(yi)支絢麗奇葩，其“因山(shan)(shan)為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)，鑿石成室(shi)(shi)”，整(zheng)座(zuo)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接開鑿在(zai)山(shan)(shan)體之中(zhong)(zhong)，此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)時期的(de)(de)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)國中(zhong)(zhong)曾(ceng)盛行(xing)一(yi)時，主要分布在(zai)冀西(xi)(xi)、豫東、魯南(nan)(nan)和(he)(he)(he)蘇北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)丘陵(ling)(ling)地(di)區，著(zhu)名的(de)(de)河(he)北(bei)(bei)滿(man)城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)(shan)東曲阜(fu)的(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)、河(he)南(nan)(nan)永城(cheng)的(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)和(he)(he)(he)江蘇徐州(zhou)地(di)區的(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)，即(ji)是巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)典型代(dai)表。此外還有處于(yu)兩類(lei)之間者，如山(shan)(shan)東長(chang)清濟北(bei)(bei)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)兼具巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)木槨(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)特征。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)各自(zi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，還形(xing)成了(le)一(yi)些不同(tong)的(de)(de)地(di)域(yu)(yu)特征和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)對獨立的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬體系(xi)，從而極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)豐富了(le)我國的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術。

徐州(zhou)(zhou)地區是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)漢代巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要起源(yuan)與集粹(cui)地，這種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)曾在(zai)西漢楚(chu)王國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)廣(guang)泛盛(sheng)行，是楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)高級貴族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種特(te)有葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)楚(chu)王為(wei)(wei)橫穴式(shi)巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)貴族(zu)為(wei)(wei)豎(shu)穴式(shi)巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。從(cong)時(shi)間上(shang)(shang)來(lai)看(kan)，楚(chu)元王劉(liu)交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)建造上(shang)(shang)至(zhi)少(shao)要早(zao)于文帝霸陵(ling)23年，且文帝尊崇楚(chu)元王，他(ta)之所(suo)以提(ti)倡巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)很有可能就是受到(dao)其(qi)叔父劉(liu)交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之所(suo)以在(zai)西漢楚(chu)王國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)最先興(xing)起并大量存在(zai)，是與徐州(zhou)(zhou)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然地理(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗習(xi)慣以及當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治制(zhi)度、思(si)想文化、生產力和(he)科技發(fa)展等因(yin)素密不可分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。究其(qi)原因(yin)主要有以下(xia)幾點：一是徐州(zhou)(zhou)地處山(shan)東丘陵(ling)向南延伸帶上(shang)(shang)，楚(chu)都(dou)彭城周圍群山(shan)環抱，多山(shan)少(shao)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建造提(ti)供(gong)了必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)；二是徐州(zhou)(zhou)一帶很久以來(lai)即有人在(zai)山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗，據史料記載，早(zao)在(zai)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期宋國(guo)(guo)大夫桓魋就曾在(zai)徐州(zhou)(zhou)開鑿石(shi)槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從(cong)而為(wei)(wei)西漢楚(chu)王大型巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終(zhong)形(xing)(xing)成奠(dian)定(ding)了基(ji)礎；三是漢初提(ti)倡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃(huang)老無為(wei)(wei)”、“與民休息”等文化思(si)想觀念和(he)政治因(yin)素。四是鐵質工(gong)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍使用和(he)炒鋼技的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現，對(dui)西漢時(shi)期巖洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建造和(he)最終(zhong)形(xing)(xing)成，起到(dao)了決定(ding)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，經金相(xiang)分(fen)析(xi)表明獅(shi)子山(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鐵鑿即為(wei)(wei)炒鋼。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐(xu)州(zhou)楚王(wang)(wang)墓群上起漢初下迄新(xin)莽，是我國(guo)西漢諸侯王(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓中發(fa)(fa)(fa)現最(zui)多、時(shi)間跨度最(zui)長、保存序列最(zui)為完整的(de)(de)地區(qu)之(zhi)一，從中可(ke)以清晰地看出其在不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和演變軌跡(ji)。徐(xu)州(zhou)地區(qu)的(de)(de)西漢楚王(wang)(wang)墓雖同屬巖洞(dong)墓，但(dan)每座墓的(de)(de)形制結構(gou)又無一雷同而各具特(te)色。這些楚王(wang)(wang)墓在各個時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)建筑結構(gou)和建造(zao)規(gui)模上，又與王(wang)(wang)國(guo)的(de)(de)興衰命運和楚王(wang)(wang)在位年限的(de)(de)長短等因素(su)息息相關。并隨著時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，呈現出早、中、晚三期(qi)(qi)較為明顯的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)演變規(gui)律。現就(jiu)西漢楚王(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓的(de)(de)分期(qi)(qi)和時(shi)代(dai)特(te)征作以概述。

早期(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢初至(zhi)文(wen)、景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)期(qi)，其總體(ti)(ti)特(te)征(zheng)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“同(tong)(tong)(tong)塋異冢”即楚(chu)王與王后(hou)(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)葬(zang)(zang)于同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)陵(ling)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩座(zuo)山(shan)體(ti)(ti)之中(zhong)(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前堂、后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外部(bu)建筑(zhu)宏偉，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)，甬道寬(kuan)而(er)(er)較(jiao)短(duan)，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外部(bu)建筑(zhu)具有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步內(nei)(nei)收跡象。這一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)個不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展階(jie)(jie)段：第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之前，以(yi)楚(chu)王山(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)王巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處于萌(meng)芽階(jie)(jie)段，保留有大量(liang)豎(shu)穴土坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)點，其主體(ti)(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)豎(shu)穴巖坑內(nei)(nei)用石條壘筑(zhu)成室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑(zhu)高(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形(xing)(xing)封(feng)土堆。第二階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)、景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)期(qi)，此(ci)時(shi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺脫(tuo)了(le)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，形(xing)(xing)成了(le)西漢楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴式巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)制。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)(jie)構基本呈(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線布(bu)局(ju)(ju)，但并不(bu)完善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外部(bu)建筑(zhu)龐大而(er)(er)復雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)建附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)或耳(er)室(shi)(shi)，前端外部(bu)結(jie)(jie)構仍(reng)有用石條壘筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象，此(ci)后(hou)(hou)即全部(bu)改成在(zai)山(shan)巖中(zhong)(zhong)直接開鑿；長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前后(hou)(hou)3段，其外寬(kuan)內(nei)(nei)窄，逐段向內(nei)(nei)收縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)2米見方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)由4組呈(cheng)“田”字形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石封(feng)堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)主體(ti)(ti)建筑(zhu)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單，基本為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前堂后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)至(zhi)前堂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)，側(ce)室(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少或不(bu)完善，這一(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有北洞山(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅子山(shan)楚(chu)王陵(ling)。第三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)景帝(di)(di)(di)(di)至(zhi)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)前期(qi)，以(yi)馱籃山(shan)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)王與后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開始靠(kao)攏，分(fen)建在(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)山(shan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線對(dui)稱(cheng)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)十(shi)分(fen)強列，陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)結(jie)(jie)構開始簡化，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道變成長(chang)而(er)(er)寬(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)單重斜坡式，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外已不(bu)見耳(er)室(shi)(shi)等附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)建筑(zhu)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)建筑(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構卻變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大而(er)(er)復雜(za)，表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甬道內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)室(shi)(shi)增加，前堂周(zhou)圍出(chu)現許(xu)多生活化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬(shu)(shu)房間。

中期(qi)為(wei)武(wu)(wu)帝至西漢(han)晚期(qi)。由于(yu)(yu)武(wu)(wu)帝時(shi)漢(han)朝中央集(ji)權(quan)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)強(qiang)，這一時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)葬在布(bu)(bu)局和形(xing)制結(jie)構上(shang)均發生了重大(da)演(yan)變。首先表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)“同冢異穴(xue)”，即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)的(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)建在同一座山(shan)體下(xia)，而分(fen)鑿(zao)出(chu)(chu)兩個靠近的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)，兩墓(mu)(mu)之間(jian)一般(ban)有◎門相通。其(qi)次是陵墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建筑規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)逐(zhu)漸(jian)變小(xiao)(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)葬為(wei)非軸線式布(bu)(bu)局，其(qi)外部結(jie)構較(jiao)為(wei)簡(jian)單，墓(mu)(mu)道單重，短而窄，末端(duan)呈(cheng)喇叭口式內收，墓(mu)(mu)門寬1米比(bi)前期(qi)縮小(xiao)(xiao)了近一半(ban)，甬道變得十分(fen)狹長，而墓(mu)(mu)內空間(jian)增大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)一般(ban)以大(da)廳為(wei)中心呈(cheng)不(bu)對稱的(de)(de)錯落式分(fen)布(bu)(bu)，寬敞的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)中部出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了特有的(de)(de)擎天石柱(zhu)筑結(jie)構。武(wu)(wu)帝時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)尚有一定的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)，但(dan)隨著王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)國權(quan)勢和國力的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步減弱，至西漢(han)晚期(qi)建造規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)日益縮小(xiao)(xiao)，特別是王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)陵墓(mu)(mu)已十分(fen)微小(xiao)(xiao)，完全處于(yu)(yu)一種從屬地(di)位(wei)。此期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)有小(xiao)(xiao)龜山(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)和南洞(dong)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)。

晚期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)墓為西漢末期(qi)，以臥牛山漢墓為代表。隨著西漢晚期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)國(guo)政(zheng)治(zhi)地(di)位(wei)和(he)綜(zong)合國(guo)力的(de)(de)進一步萎縮，此時的(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)巖洞墓已走向衰(shuai)落，其墓葬形制基本沿襲了中期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)巖洞墓的(de)(de)一些特(te)征，但(dan)與之相(xiang)比規模更小(xiao)，墓道外部入口處(chu)僅寬2米(mi)，整條墓道完全為外寬內(nei)窄的(de)(de)嗽叭口狀，墓室的(de)(de)數(shu)量、功能與結構也更為簡單，僅有一主、一側兩間墓室和(he)一耳室。此時僅見楚(chu)王(wang)而不見王(wang)后墓，說明至西漢末期(qi)時王(wang)后可能已合葬為一座陵(ling)墓。