西周墓群
牛馬狗一應俱全
南京(jing)博(bo)物院(yuan)考古研究所在(zai)徐州一處大型考古現場(chang)發掘出(chu)了一處西(xi)周墓(mu)葬群,在(zai)發現的32座距今3000年(nian)前的西(xi)周墓(mu)葬中(zhong),出(chu)土的墓(mu)葬隨葬品中(zhong)有非(fei)常豐富的歷史信(xin)息,其中(zhong)160枚(mei)“海貝”以及(ji)殉葬的牛馬狗(gou)等動物就吸引(yin)了許多人(ren)對西(xi)周“有錢(qian)人(ren)”的好奇。牛馬狗(gou)一應俱全(quan)
據南京博物院考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究所(suo)副所(suo)長林留根介紹,考(kao)古(gu)(gu)隊(dui)近期在徐(xu)州發掘的(de)這座(zuo)(zuo)古(gu)(gu)墓(mu)(mu)葬屬于西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬。據推測,這片(pian)墓(mu)(mu)地埋葬的(de)很(hen)可能是(shi)一批來自西(xi)周(zhou)的(de)士兵。此次發現西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬32座(zuo)(zuo),其中(zhong)土坑(keng)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)25座(zuo)(zuo)、馬(ma)坑(keng)5座(zuo)(zuo)、牛坑(keng)1座(zuo)(zuo)、狗坑(keng)1座(zuo)(zuo),由于當地土壤為(wei)(wei)堿(jian)性(xing),所(suo)以尸骨(gu)大多保(bao)存完好。之所(suo)以稱這是(shi)片(pian)“士兵墓(mu)(mu)地”,首先(xian)因為(wei)(wei)死者均為(wei)(wei)青(qing)壯(zhuang)年,其中(zhong)90%以上為(wei)(wei)男性(xing),不(bu)少人尸骨(gu)不(bu)全,死狀慘烈。其次是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)地有(you)(you)5匹殉馬(ma),代表著非常高的(de)規格,按(an)理應(ying)該有(you)(you)豐富精美的(de)隨葬品(pin),但(dan)出土的(de)隨葬品(pin)卻非常簡(jian)單,基本只有(you)(you)少量的(de)陶器。
有錢人掛滿海貝
在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)些西(xi)周(zhou)士兵中(zhong)間,雖然出土隨葬品(pin)不(bu)多,但還(huan)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)第31號(hao)墓室(shi)發(fa)現了(le)一(yi)個(ge)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人,這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人年齡大(da)概(gai)在(zai)(zai)40歲,骨骸大(da)致完整(zheng),可見這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人應該(gai)沒有(you)(you)遭遇打仗,屬(shu)于自然死亡(wang)。令(ling)人驚奇的(de)(de)是(shi),考(kao)古(gu)人員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人身上還(huan)發(fa)現了(le)朱(zhu)砂(sha)的(de)(de)痕跡。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國古(gu)代,朱(zhu)砂(sha)寓意著血液,是(shi)生命的(de)(de)象征,具有(you)(you)非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)宗教寓意,由此可見,這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人身份(fen)確實不(bu)一(yi)般。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人頭頂前,依(yi)次擺放著鬲、簋、豆、罐等陶器隨葬品(pin),透過陶器罐子(zi),可以(yi)看到一(yi)些雞、魚、豬的(de)(de)骨頭。最值得注意的(de)(de)是(shi),在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)人身上,從(cong)頭部到髖骨掛著一(yi)大(da)串(chuan)貝殼樣的(de)(de)東西(xi)。據考(kao)古(gu)人員(yuan)介紹,這(zhe)(zhe)些貝殼名(ming)叫(jiao)“海貝”,在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)人身上一(yi)共發(fa)現了(le)160枚(mei)。海貝是(shi)中(zhong)國最早的(de)(de)貨幣,剛開始作為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)裝飾品(pin),以(yi)后逐漸演(yan)變(bian)成(cheng)貨幣形式(shi)。當時的(de)(de)貝幣以(yi)朋為(wei)計量(liang)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),5枚(mei)貝用繩索串(chuan)起來為(wei)一(yi)系,兩系相連為(wei)一(yi)朋。
殉馬享受高待遇
考(kao)古(gu)隊員們(men)在這(zhe)位西周有錢人(ren)(ren)墓室旁還發現了一(yi)匹(pi)“殉(xun)葬(zang)”的戰馬(ma)(ma),令(ling)人(ren)(ren)吃驚的是(shi),這(zhe)匹(pi)戰馬(ma)(ma)死(si)(si)亡的姿(zi)勢比較(jiao)怪異(yi)(yi),看得出來是(shi)非正常死(si)(si)亡,但令(ling)人(ren)(ren)驚異(yi)(yi)的是(shi),這(zhe)匹(pi)戰馬(ma)(ma)在死(si)(si)后還享(xiang)受(shou)了比較(jiao)高(gao)的“待遇”——身下鋪了一(yi)張(zhang)席子。據考(kao)古(gu)專家介紹,戰馬(ma)(ma)以及(ji)其他動物“殉(xun)葬(zang)”在奴(nu)隸(li)社會時期非常常見,但是(shi)能夠享(xiang)受(shou)到身下鋪一(yi)張(zhang)席子的,只(zhi)有這(zhe)位有錢人(ren)(ren)的戰馬(ma)(ma),由此(ci)也證明了這(zhe)位有錢人(ren)(ren)在這(zhe)座西周墓葬(zang)群(qun)中(zhong)的級別是(shi)最高(gao)的。
東漢墓群
在(zai)邳州(zhou)市戴莊鎮(zhen)中(zhong)(zhong)運河(he)山(shan)頭大(da)(da)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)駱馬湖(hu)水資源(yuan)控(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)工地(di)(di)上發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)52座東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)時期(qi)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)(zang),共出土各種隨葬(zang)(zang)品250多件。該墓群(qun)(qun)面積約5000平(ping)方米,疑為一平(ping)民家族(zu)(zu)墓葬(zang)(zang)群(qun)(qun),是江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)墓群(qun)(qun),對(dui)研究(jiu)徐州(zhou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)時期(qi)的(de)(de)文化(hua)、民俗有著極其重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)意(yi)義。在(zai)邳州(zhou)市戴莊鎮(zhen)中(zhong)(zhong)運河(he)山(shan)頭大(da)(da)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)駱馬湖(hu)水資源(yuan)控(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)工地(di)(di)墓葬(zang)(zang)群(qun)(qun)發(fa)掘(jue)現(xian)場(chang),記者(zhe)(zhe)見到了(le)(le)南京博物(wu)院的(de)(de)馬先(xian)生(sheng)。他(ta)告訴記者(zhe)(zhe),這(zhe)是一個平(ping)民家族(zu)(zu)墓,反映了(le)(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)時期(qi)社會底層(ceng)的(de)(de)縮(suo)影,對(dui)研究(jiu)徐州(zhou)地(di)(di)區東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)時期(qi)物(wu)質文化(hua)、葬(zang)(zang)式、葬(zang)(zang)俗有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)價值。此外,這(zhe)也是在(zai)江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)時期(qi)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)(zang)群(qun)(qun)。
墓葬群
整個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬群面(mian)積約(yue)5000平方米,目前已發掘清(qing)理(li)完(wan)畢的有47座,4座正(zheng)在清(qing)理(li)中,還有一(yi)座等待(dai)清(qing)理(li)。據考古人(ren)員統計,此次工地(di)現場共發現52座東漢時期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue),已出土銀、銅(tong)、鐵、石、陶、瓷等各(ge)種隨(sui)葬品250多件,其中銅(tong)鏡6枚,鐵劍1把。“但(dan)是很讓人(ren)感到(dao)惋惜,這些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue)95%以上被盜過,不過從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue)表面(mian)四五米深的淤土來看,被盜時間應該不會在近幾十(shi)年間,要早得多。”邳州博物館副(fu)館長(chang)賈慶華分析(xi)道。
墓室磚石紋飾精美
順著(zhu)南京(jing)博物院(yuan)馬先生(sheng)所(suo)指方向,看到該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群外有一(yi)個(ge)寬16米(mi)(mi)(mi)、深2米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)黑(hei)色淤泥組(zu)成的(de)環壕(hao)。據介紹(shao),環壕(hao)在(zai)中國考古發掘中尚不多(duo)見,該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群分(fen)為(wei)(wei)三種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou),分(fen)別是磚石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、磚石(shi)混(hun)合墓(mu)(mu)(mu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)和(he)土坑(keng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴一(yi)般由(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組(zu)成。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道長3-10米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬1-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門前有長1米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)一(yi)段平(ping)地(di),略高(gao)出墓(mu)(mu)(mu)底,分(fen)別有三種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)布局,為(wei)(wei)前室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后廳(ting)(ting)(一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)廳(ting)(ting))、前廳(ting)(ting)雙(shuang)(shuang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(二室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)廳(ting)(ting))、一(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中前廳(ting)(ting)雙(shuang)(shuang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)布局尤為(wei)(wei)特別,前廳(ting)(ting)與雙(shuang)(shuang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)間有一(yi)塊(kuai)立石(shi),在(zai)立石(shi)上還有一(yi)扇門窗,雙(shuang)(shuang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)間僅是用(yong)一(yi)塊(kuai)立石(shi)分(fen)開,而(er)所(suo)陪葬的(de)物品也(ye)都放(fang)在(zai)前廳(ting)(ting)內(nei)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)有太陽花紋(wen)的(de)磚砌做兩側框架、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)底和(he)拱形券頂(ding)組(zu)成,而(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)底用(yong)灰色素(su)面(mian)(mian)磚豎行錯(cuo)縫(feng)平(ping)鋪而(er)成。券頂(ding)因跨度太大及(ji)人為(wei)(wei)破(po)壞(huai),很(hen)多(duo)已(yi)塌(ta)陷。一(yi)些(xie)(xie)器(qi)物也(ye)因頂(ding)磚塌(ta)落(luo)及(ji)人為(wei)(wei)的(de)擾亂而(er)破(po)損或變(bian)動了位(wei)置,因墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)所(suo)處環境地(di)下水位(wei)偏(pian)高(gao),木棺全朽(xiu),個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)存(cun)有少(shao)量人骨(gu)。在(zai)前室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)淤土中還發現一(yi)些(xie)(xie)保存(cun)比較完整的(de)痰(tan)口壺和(he)幾面(mian)(mian)銅鏡、大量殘存(cun)的(de)漆片(pian)及(ji)陶器(qi)。銅鏡直(zhi)徑有5-10厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),上面(mian)(mian)有個(ge)橋形鈕,并且(qie)銅鏡上面(mian)(mian)的(de)蟠(pan)翅(chi)紋(wen)和(he)鳳鳥紋(wen)做工(gong)相對(dui)精細。
年代久遠骨架竟然完好
“這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)有一(yi)點(dian)(dian)就很特(te)別了。”新沂市博物館副館長張(zhang)浩林說,“墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)穴中除(chu)4號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之外,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)向(xiang)南,唯(wei)有4號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)向(xiang)北,為(wei)什么(me)出(chu)現這(zhe)(zhe)種情況,都(dou)感覺很奇怪。”“還(huan)有一(yi)點(dian)(dian),33號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)發(fa)掘出(chu)一(yi)具骨骼(ge)保存較完好(hao)的(de)人(ren)骨,頭顱(lu)、脅(xie)骨均(jun)基本無損,性別目(mu)前我們尚未(wei)鑒定(ding)。東漢距離現在久遠,其他(ta)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)穴的(de)人(ren)骨差不多(duo)腐爛腐蝕掉了,為(wei)什么(me)在這(zhe)(zhe)個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群中,唯(wei)有這(zhe)(zhe)具人(ren)骨保存較完好(hao),考古人(ren)員認為(wei)比較少見,而且這(zhe)(zhe)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)穴的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)磚由(you)于燒制火候不同(tong)呈現紅(hong)色(se),其他(ta)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)穴的(de)磚則是(shi)(shi)青色(se)的(de)。”張(zhang)浩林對于4號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)33號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)發(fa)掘尤為(wei)關注。
人骨牙齒將做dna
張(zhang)浩林說(shuo),他們將把墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue)中發現的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)骨、牙齒拿回去做DNA鑒定,“看是(shi)否是(shi)同(tong)一家(jia)族人(ren)(ren),應(ying)該(gai)說(shuo)基本上可(ke)(ke)以(yi)確(que)定是(shi)東漢時期(qi)的(de)(de)一個(ge)家(jia)族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun),但(dan)經過鑒定后可(ke)(ke)以(yi)更有力地說(shuo)明(ming)問(wen)題。”“這是(shi)一個(ge)夫妻合葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu),整體是(shi)前(qian)廳(ting)雙室(shi),后室(shi)由兩個(ge)帶有拱形券頂磚室(shi)組成,廳(ting)室(shi)之間有門(men)窗,門(men)邊有門(men)柱,門(men)柱上雕刻著羊首(shou),象征祥和的(de)(de)意思,前(qian)廳(ting)里有陶、灶、壺、銅(tong)扣飾等,門(men)高(gao)1.2米(mi),寬0.8米(mi),前(qian)廳(ting)南北(bei)寬1.5米(mi),東西長3.5米(mi),這是(shi)52座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue)中比較(jiao)(jiao)有特點(dian)且保(bao)存較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)一座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴(xue),從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)建設和陪葬物品來說(shuo),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)身份地位在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)中相對較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)。”張(zhang)浩林指著21號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)說(shuo)。
該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)是(shi)國家南水北調駱(luo)馬湖水資源控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di),去年11月開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時發現了這座古代墓群(qun),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位隨即與(yu)文物部(bu)門進(jin)行了聯系,并暫時停止施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),由(you)文物部(bu)門組成考古工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作指揮(hui)部(bu),緊急進(jin)行保護性挖掘,這一(yi)東漢墓穴對(dui)于徐州東漢時期文化研究有著極其重要的意義。
徐(xu)州西(xi)郊韓(han)山腳下發(fa)(fa)(fa)現3座漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),據正在(zai)現場挖掘的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)人員推斷,這是徐(xu)州首次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)東(dong)漢(han)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)的(de)一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)位于云(yun)龍湖畔(pan)的(de)東(dong)方專修學院內,在(zai)人們清理一(yi)廢水(shui)塘的(de)淤泥時(shi)被發(fa)(fa)(fa)現。因(yin)過去曾被盜掘,此次僅(jin)出(chu)土大量陶(tao)罐、陶(tao)樓(lou)、陶(tao)磨(mo)等陶(tao)器(qi),銅、鐵、玉器(qi)很少。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)人員稱,這3座呈凸(tu)字形(xing)排列(lie)的(de)古(gu)(gu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),與此前在(zai)此墓(mu)(mu)(mu)東(dong)北角(jiao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)另(ling)外2座漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)屬于同(tong)一(yi)家(jia)族(zu)。由此可證實(shi),這是一(yi)片東(dong)漢(han)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)。它的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現不僅(jin)填(tian)補(bu)了徐(xu)州市東(dong)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)的(de)空白,而(er)且為(wei)研究當時(shi)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬習俗和(he)長(chang)幼排列(lie)順序提供(gong)了十分(fen)(fen)有(you)價值的(de)文物資料。