人物生平
清河世子
孝靜帝元善見(jian),是北魏孝文帝元宏曾孫,清(qing)河(he)文獻王元懌之孫,清(qing)河(he)文宣王元亶(dan)之世子,母親為清(qing)河(he)王妃(fei)胡氏(shi)(靈(ling)太(tai)后的堂侄女(nv))。永熙(xi)三年(nian)(534年(nian)),元善見(jian)官拜通直散騎(qi)侍郎。同年(nian)八(ba)月(yue),為驃騎(qi)大將軍、開府儀同三司。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)末(mo)年(nian)(nian)(nian),高歡操控了生殺予奪(duo)大(da)權。永(yong)熙三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(534年(nian)(nian)(nian)),孝武帝(di)元修與高歡決裂,于是逃離(li)洛陽,投(tou)奔了宇文泰。元修走后,高歡任命清河王元亶(dan)(dan)(dan)為(wei)(wei)大(da)司(si)馬,全權處理國家政務。元亶(dan)(dan)(dan)還沒即位(wei)(wei),就(jiu)“出入(ru)已(yi)稱警(jing)蹕(bi)”,而(er)且剛愎自用,惟我獨(du)尊,不把(ba)高歡放(fang)在(zai)眼里。鑒于此(ci),高歡把(ba)元亶(dan)(dan)(dan)趕下臺,另立(li)元亶(dan)(dan)(dan)的世子元善見(jian)為(wei)(wei)帝(di),時年(nian)(nian)(nian)十一歲。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)十月(yue)十七日,元善見(jian)在(zai)洛陽城(cheng)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)即皇帝(di)位(wei)(wei),大(da)赦天(tian)下,改(gai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)號為(wei)(wei)天(tian)平。這(zhe)樣以來,北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)同(tong)時出現了元善見(jian)和元修兩位(wei)(wei)皇帝(di),從而(er)分(fen)裂為(wei)(wei)兩部分(fen)。
傀儡皇帝
東魏初期,時局(ju)動蕩,烽(feng)煙(yan)四(si)起。東面(mian)兗州(zhou)、青(qing)州(zhou)的(de)(de)起兵,西面(mian)西魏的(de)(de)宼掠,南面(mian)蕭(xiao)梁的(de)(de)進攻,這(zhe)種復雜的(de)(de)局(ju)勢,是十一歲的(de)(de)孝靜帝(di)(di)所無(wu)力(li)應付的(de)(de)。再者,其父元亶的(de)(de)廢立遭(zao)遇(yu)也讓(rang)他學會了隱忍,一切惟高歡之命是從。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),東魏都(dou)城從洛陽遷到了鄴城(今河(he)北臨漳(zhang))。當時,鄴城出現了一首(shou)童(tong)謠(yao):“可憐(lian)青(qing)雀子(zi),飛來鄴城里。羽翮垂欲(yu)成(cheng),化(hua)作鸚鵡子(zi)。”青(qing)雀,暗指孝靜帝(di)(di);鸚鵡,暗指高歡。這(zhe)首(shou)童(tong)謠(yao),形象地(di)(di)道出了北魏皇權的(de)(de)一敗涂地(di)(di)和少年天子(zi)的(de)(de)艱險處境。高歡的(de)(de)野(ye)心很大,但他是靠討伐叛(pan)逆、復辟君位起家的(de)(de),所以不(bu)(bu)敢輕(qing)易篡位稱(cheng)君。孝靜帝(di)(di)元善見自幼(you)聰明,幾年的(de)(de)傀儡生涯使(shi)他更懂得人(ren)情世故。
為了拉近與高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)(huan)一(yi)族的(de)(de)距(ju)離,天(tian)平四年(538年),孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)主動提(ti)出立高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)二女兒(er)為皇后(hou)。對此,高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)(huan)起(qi)初固然推辭,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)元(yuan)善見堅持己見,直到(dao)興和元(yuan)年(539年)五月(yue),孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)才如愿以償地成為高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)女婿。此后(hou),高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)(huan)表面上對孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)還算恭謙,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)也成長得有膽(dan)有謀,文武(wu)雙全(quan)。
屈從高澄
武定五年(nian)(547年(nian)),高歡去世,其長(chang)子高澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)襲(xi)父職,繼續(xu)把持東魏(wei)(wei)朝政。在高澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)看來,東魏(wei)(wei)是高家打下來的(de)(de),皇帝(di)(di)也應該姓高。高澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),就(jiu)是要取而代之,自己當皇帝(di)(di)。為了控(kong)制(zhi)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di),高澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)提拔心(xin)腹崔季(ji)舒當黃門侍郎,監視(shi)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)一舉一動,并隨時(shi)匯報(bao)。此后,孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)受高澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)掣肘(zhou)。
武定七年(nian)(549年(nian))四月(yue),高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)趁“侯景之(zhi)亂”,攻陷了(le)蕭(xiao)梁不(bu)少城(cheng)池,孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)被(bei)迫封高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)相國(guo)(guo)(guo),封齊王,贊(zan)拜不(bu)名,入朝(chao)不(bu)趨,劍履(lv)上殿。此(ci)后(hou)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)篡逆之(zhi)心(xin)更加膨脹,對(dui)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)欺辱也變得肆無忌憚。孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)曾(ceng)經在鄴(ye)東(dong)狩獵,乘快馬追(zhui)趕獵物,監(jian)衛(wei)都督從后(hou)面大喊:“皇(huang)(huang)上千萬不(bu)要(yao)從馬上掉下(xia)來,大將軍在看(kan)著(zhu)呢(ni)!” 高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾(ceng)經一(yi)次在孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)身邊飲酒(jiu),舉起(qi)大觴(shang)對(dui)著(zhu)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)說(shuo):“臣(chen)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勸陛下(xia)喝酒(jiu)。”孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)非常氣(qi)憤,說(shuo):“自(zi)(zi)古(gu)以(yi)來沒有不(bu)亡(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de),朕(zhen)此(ci)生(sheng)也沒有什么(me)(me)辦法!”高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)氣(qi)地(di)(di)(di)說(shuo):“朕(zhen),朕(zhen),狗腳(jiao)朕(zhen)!”派崔季舒打(da)了(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)三拳,然后(hou)拂袖而出(chu)。但是(shi)(shi),孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)絕(jue)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)懦夫(fu)。盡(jin)管他身為(wei)傀(kui)儡皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di),但秉(bing)持著(zhu)寧肯亡(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo),也不(bu)接受小人(ren)擺布的(de)決心(xin)和勇氣(qi)。此(ci)時此(ci)境,孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)詠頌謝靈(ling)運(yun)詩(shi):“韓亡(wang)(wang)子(zi)房奮,秦帝(di)(di)(di)(di)魯連(lian)恥。本自(zi)(zi)江海人(ren),忠義感君(jun)(jun)(jun)子(zi)。”侍講大臣(chen)荀濟聽出(chu)了(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)心(xin)聲(sheng),于是(shi)(shi)與元瑾、劉思(si)逸(yi)等人(ren)密謀討伐高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)解(jie)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)危。由(you)于朝(chao)中盡(jin)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)耳目,他們(men)便(bian)(bian)(bian)選擇了(le)“地(di)(di)(di)道(dao)戰術”,即(ji)在皇(huang)(huang)宮(gong)日夜挖掘通(tong)往城(cheng)外的(de)秘密通(tong)道(dao),計劃與孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)逃出(chu)皇(huang)(huang)宮(gong)后(hou),組織天(tian)下(xia)兵馬,與高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決一(yi)死(si)戰。可是(shi)(shi),當地(di)(di)(di)道(dao)挖到城(cheng)門附近時,守門軍官聽到地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)有響聲(sheng),便(bian)(bian)(bian)上報了(le)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),荀濟等人(ren)被(bei)抓。之(zhi)后(hou)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帶兵入宮(gong)逼問孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。“我(wo)們(men)父子(zi)兩代為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)忠心(xin)耿耿,有什么(me)(me)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)對(dui)不(bu)起(qi)陛下(xia)呢(ni)?這一(yi)定是(shi)(shi)你身邊的(de)侍衛(wei)和嬪妃慫恿你這么(me)(me)干的(de)!”高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)說(shuo)罷,便(bian)(bian)(bian)示意左右捕(bu)殺(sha)胡夫(fu)人(ren)和李嬪。孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)說(shuo):“自(zi)(zi)古(gu)以(yi)來,只聽說(shuo)臣(chen)子(zi)反叛君(jun)(jun)(jun)王,沒聽說(shuo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)王反叛臣(chen)子(zi)。你自(zi)(zi)己要(yao)謀反,又何(he)必(bi)指責我(wo)呢(ni)!殺(sha)了(le)你,社稷(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)會安(an)定!不(bu)殺(sha),國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)會滅亡(wang)(wang)。我(wo)已(yi)將生(sheng)死(si)置(zhi)之(zhi)度外,何(he)況是(shi)(shi)嬪妃!想弒(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)叛逆,看(kan)你的(de)時間(jian)!”高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)駁斥得啞口無言,連(lian)忙磕(ke)頭,大哭有罪,并連(lian)夜擺酒(jiu)謝罪。
孝(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)的話雖然很經(jing)典,卻無(wu)法阻擋高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)的篡(cuan)位步伐。三天后,高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)把(ba)孝(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)囚禁在含章堂,烹殺(sha)荀濟等人于(yu)市。然而,在準備殺(sha)死(si)孝(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)時,武定(ding)七(qi)年(549年)九月(yue),高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)被廚師(shi)蘭京刺(ci)死(si)。得知高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)被殺(sha),孝(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)高(gao)興的對(dui)左(zuo)右說(shuo):“高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)之死(si)真是天意,是朕該掌權(quan)的時候了。”然而,高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)弟高(gao)洋(yang)立(li)馬出來(lai)繼承(cheng)了高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)的權(quan)勢。比起高(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng),高(gao)洋(yang)更(geng)加(jia)兇殘,更(geng)難對(dui)付(fu)。
禪位高洋
武(wu)定(ding)八年(nian)(550年(nian))五(wu)月,在(zai)十萬(wan)精兵的(de)逼迫下,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)被迫禪位于(yu)高(gao)(gao)洋(yang)。高(gao)(gao)洋(yang)即位之初,對孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)還算優待,封他為(wei)中山王,食(shi)邑一萬(wan)戶。在(zai)封地,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)可以(yi)懸掛天子(zi)(zi)旌旗,用天子(zi)(zi)年(nian)號(hao),文(wen)書(shu)可以(yi)不(bu)稱臣(chen),三個兒子(zi)(zi)也(ye)都封官(guan)食(shi)邑。孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)沒事可干,整日和妻子(zi)(zi)飲酒(jiu)、賦詩,聊(liao)以(yi)解愁,日子(zi)(zi)倒也(ye)安定(ding)。然而,這一切只是暫時的(de),都是高(gao)(gao)洋(yang)為(wei)贏得支持而做的(de)政治文(wen)章。一年(nian)后(hou),北齊政權的(de)根基已經(jing)相當牢固,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)自然也(ye)就變成了毫無必要的(de)累贅(zhui)。
中毒身亡
天(tian)保二年(nian)(nian)(551年(nian)(nian))十二月初十日(ri)(552年(nian)(nian)1月21日(ri)),高洋設宴款(kuan)待孝靜帝時,偷偷在杯(bei)中(zhong)下(xia)了毒,孝靜帝沒有防備,結果中(zhong)毒而死。齊追謚(shi)曰(yue)孝靜皇帝。 隨后,他的三個兒子也被高洋殺害。
為政舉措
天平(ping)初年(nian),考慮到各地移民(min)尚未建立(li)起(qi)家業(ye),孝靜(jing)帝(di)詔令政(zheng)(zheng)府支付一(yi)百(bai)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬石(shi)的粟加以救(jiu)助。天平(ping)三年(nian)(537年(nian))秋,并、肆、汾(fen)、建、晉(jin)、泰、陜(shan)、東雍、南汾(fen)等州遇到旱災,饑民(min)開始(shi)逃荒,直到天平(ping)四(si)(si)年(nian)(538年(nian))才下詔救(jiu)濟,死(si)于饑荒者眾(zhong)多。孝靜(jing)帝(di)時期,政(zheng)(zheng)府在沿海地區設置煮鹽灶(zao),滄州有灶(zao)一(yi)千四(si)(si)百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si),瀛州有四(si)(si)百(bai)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)灶(zao),幽州有一(yi)百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)灶(zao),青州有五(wu)百(bai)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六灶(zao),邯鄲有四(si)(si)個(ge)灶(zao)。每年(nian)可(ke)產鹽二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬九千七百(bai)二(er)斛四(si)(si)升,國家從(cong)中得益不少。
歷史評價
《魏(wei)書(shu)》:“帝好文學,美容儀。力能挾(xie)石師子以逾墻,射無不中(zhong)。嘉辰(chen)宴會,多(duo)命(ming)郡臣賦詩,從容沉雅,有(you)孝文風。”
《北史》:①“帝好文,美容(rong)儀。力能挾石師子(zi)以逾墻,射無不中。嘉(jia)辰(chen)宴會,多命群臣賦詩(shi)。從容(rong)沉雅,有孝文風。”;②“靜、恭(gong)運終天祿,高蹈唐、虞,各得其時也。”
史籍記載
《魏書·卷(juan)十二(er)(er)·帝(di)紀第十二(er)(er)》
《北史·卷五·魏本紀第五》