秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)381年—公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)338年),嬴姓,趙氏,名渠(qu)梁(liang)。《越絕書》作平王,《史(shi)記(ji)索隱》記(ji)載名渠(qu)梁(liang)。秦(qin)獻公(gong)(gong)之子,戰國時期(qi)秦(qin)國國君,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)361年—公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)338年在位(wei)。
秦(qin)孝公在位期間重用衛鞅(即商鞅)實行(xing)變法(fa),獎勵耕戰(zhan),并(bing)遷都咸陽(yang)(今陜西(xi)省咸陽(yang)市),建立縣制行(xing)政,開阡陌(mo),在加強(qiang)中央集(ji)權的同時,不(bu)斷增進農業生產。對外,秦(qin)與楚和親,與韓訂約,聯(lian)齊、趙攻(gong)魏(wei)國都城(cheng)安邑(今山西(xi)省夏縣),拓地至(zhi)洛水以東,自此(ci)國力日強(qiang),為秦(qin)統(tong)一中國奠定了基礎。
秦孝公二十(shi)四年(公元(yuan)前338年),秦孝公嬴渠梁去世(shi)。
秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前381年),秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)出生。秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十三年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前362年),其父秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)(gong)(gong)去世后,秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)繼位。秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)繼位時年僅21歲。
早(zao)在秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公出生前,秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)經歷(li)了(le)自(zi)秦(qin)(qin)厲共公之(zhi)后(hou)幾代(dai)君位(wei)動蕩(dang),國(guo)力大為削弱(ruo)。魏(wei)國(guo)趁秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)政(zheng)局不穩之(zhi)機(ji)奪(duo)取了(le)河西(xi)(xi)(xi)地(di)區(qu)(今山西(xi)(xi)(xi)、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)省間(jian)黃河南(nan)段以西(xi)(xi)(xi)地(di)區(qu))。秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公之(zhi)父秦(qin)(qin)獻公繼(ji)位(wei)后(hou),割地(di),與魏(wei)國(guo)講和,安定邊境,遷都櫟(li)陽(今陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)省西(xi)(xi)(xi)安市閻良區(qu)),休養生息(xi),并(bing)且數次東(dong)征,想(xiang)要收復河西(xi)(xi)(xi)失地(di),無奈愿望沒有實現(xian)便去世(shi)。
秦孝公繼位時與齊威王(wang)、楚宣王(wang)、魏惠王(wang)、燕前文(wen)公、韓昭侯、趙成(cheng)侯并立。當(dang)時黃(huang)河(he)和崤山以(yi)東的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰國(guo)(guo)六雄已(yi)經形成(cheng),淮河(he)、泗水之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)十多個小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)。周王(wang)室勢力衰微,諸(zhu)(zhu)侯間(jian)用武力相(xiang)互征伐吞并。戰國(guo)(guo)六雄中(zhong),楚國(guo)(guo)、魏國(guo)(guo)與秦國(guo)(guo)接(jie)壤(rang)。魏國(guo)(guo)占有(you)原本屬于(yu)秦國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)西(xi)地區,從鄭縣(今陜西(xi)省華縣)沿洛河(he)北上修筑長(chang)城。楚國(guo)(guo)自漢中(zhong)郡(jun)(jun)往南,占有(you)巫郡(jun)(jun)和黔中(zhong)郡(jun)(jun)。秦國(guo)(guo)地處偏(pian)僻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雍州,不參加中(zhong)原各國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盟會(hui),被(bei)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯們疏遠(yuan),像對(dui)待夷(yi)狄一樣對(dui)待。秦孝公繼位后以(yi)恢復秦穆公時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸業為(wei)己任,廣施恩(en)德,救濟孤寡,招募戰士(shi),明確論功行賞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法令,并在國(guo)(guo)內頒布(bu)了(le)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)求賢令,命國(guo)(guo)人大臣獻富(fu)國(guo)(guo)強兵之(zhi)策。
同年,秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公兩(liang)(liang)路出兵,向東圍攻陜(shan)城(今陜(shan)西(xi)省韓(han)城市(shi)),向西(xi)進攻西(xi)戎,斬殺西(xi)戎獂王。而(er)趙、韓(han)兩(liang)(liang)國(guo)也趁秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公繼位(wei)未穩之機率軍攻打秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)。
秦(qin)孝公二年(公元前360年),周顯王派使臣送來祭(ji)肉。
衛國人(ren)商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)在公(gong)叔痤死(si)后(hou),聽(ting)聞秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)的(de)求賢(xian)令,便攜帶李悝的(de)《法經》投奔秦(qin)國,通過(guo)秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)的(de)寵(chong)臣景監見孝(xiao)公(gong)。商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)先以(yi)帝道(dao)、王道(dao)之術說(shuo)孝(xiao)公(gong),孝(xiao)公(gong)聽(ting)后(hou)直打(da)瞌睡并(bing)通過(guo)景監責備商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)。商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)再以(yi)霸道(dao)之術說(shuo)孝(xiao)公(gong),孝(xiao)公(gong)聽(ting)后(hou)改(gai)變態(tai)度但沒有(you)重用商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)。商鞅(yang)(yang)(yang)最后(hou)暢談(tan)富(fu)國強兵之策(ce),孝(xiao)公(gong)聽(ting)后(hou)大喜,兩人(ren)暢談(tan)幾日后(hou)毫無倦意。
在(zai)商(shang)(shang)鞅的(de)勸說下,秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)決定(ding)在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內進行變(bian)(bian)法(fa),但變(bian)(bian)法(fa)遭到以甘龍、杜摯(zhi)為代表的(de)守舊派的(de)反對,雙方(fang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)激(ji)烈的(de)爭(zheng)論。變(bian)(bian)法(fa)之爭(zheng)結(jie)束后(hou),秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)于(yu)前359年命商(shang)(shang)鞅在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內頒(ban)布《墾草令》,作為全面變(bian)(bian)法(fa)的(de)序(xu)幕。主(zhu)要(yao)內容有(you):刺(ci)激(ji)農業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、抑制商(shang)(shang)業(ye)發展、重塑(su)社會(hui)價值觀,提高農業(ye)的(de)社會(hui)認知度、削弱貴族、官(guan)吏的(de)特權,讓國(guo)(guo)內貴族加(jia)入到農業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中、實行統一的(de)稅租(zu)制度以及(ji)其他(ta)措施。
《墾草(cao)令》在(zai)秦國(guo)成(cheng)功(gong)實施后,秦孝公于前(qian)356年任命商(shang)鞅為左庶長,在(zai)秦國(guo)國(guo)內(nei)實行(xing)第一次(ci)變法。主要內(nei)容為:改革(ge)戶(hu)籍制(zhi)度,實行(xing)什伍連坐法、明令軍法,獎勵軍功(gong)、廢(fei)除世(shi)卿世(shi)祿制(zhi)、建(jian)立二(er)十等軍功(gong)爵制(zhi)、獎勵耕織,重農抑商(shang),嚴懲私斗、改法為律(lv),制(zhi)定秦律(lv)和推(tui)行(xing)小(xiao)家庭(ting)制(zhi)。
經(jing)過第一次變法后,秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力開始強大。公元(yuan)前(qian)358年(nian),秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在西山(今河南(nan)省熊耳山以西)擊敗韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公元(yuan)前(qian)357年(nian),楚宣王派右尹黑來迎娶秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)女子,與(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯姻。秦(qin)(qin)孝公七年(nian)(公元(yuan)前(qian)355年(nian)),秦(qin)(qin)孝公與(yu)(yu)(yu)魏惠王在杜平(今陜西省澄城縣(xian)東)會(hui)盟,結束了秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)長期不與(yu)(yu)(yu)中原諸(zhu)侯會(hui)盟的局面(mian)。
平定(ding)太子事件后(hou),秦孝(xiao)公拜商鞅為大良造,開(kai)始第(di)二次變法。
咸(xian)(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(今陜西省咸(xian)(xian)陽(yang)(yang)市)位于(yu)(yu)關(guan)中(zhong)平原中(zhong)部,北依高原,南(nan)臨(lin)渭(wei)河,順渭(wei)河而下可直入黃河,終南(nan)山與渭(wei)河之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)可直通函谷(gu)關(guan)。為(wei)便于(yu)(yu)向函谷(gu)關(guan)以東發展,秦孝公于(yu)(yu)前350年命商鞅(yang)征調士卒,按(an)照(zhao)魯國(guo)、衛(wei)國(guo)的國(guo)都(dou)規模修筑冀闕(que)宮廷,營造新都(dou),并于(yu)(yu)次(ci)年將國(guo)都(dou)從櫟陽(yang)(yang)遷至咸(xian)(xian)陽(yang)(yang),同時命商鞅(yang)在秦國(guo)國(guo)內進行(xing)第二次(ci)變(bian)法(fa)(fa)。主要內容為(wei):開阡陌封疆,廢(fei)井田,制(zhi)轅田,允許土地(di)私(si)有及(ji)買(mai)賣、推行(xing)縣制(zhi)、加收口賦、統(tong)一度量衡、燔詩書而明法(fa)(fa)令,塞私(si)門之(zhi)(zhi)請,禁游宦之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)和執行(xing)分戶令。
經過兩次變法(fa)后的秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)國(guo)力強大,百(bai)姓家家富裕充足。秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)人(ren)路(lu)不拾遺,山中沒有盜賊(zei)。人(ren)民勇于(yu)(yu)為國(guo)家打仗,怯于(yu)(yu)私斗,鄉村(cun)、城鎮秩序安定(ding)。周顯(xian)王派使臣賜予秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)霸(ba)主的稱號,諸侯(hou)各國(guo)都派使者前來祝(zhu)賀。公(gong)元前348年(nian),韓昭(zhao)侯(hou)親自前往秦(qin)(qin)國(guo),與秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)簽訂停(ting)戰(zhan)盟約。公(gong)元前342年(nian),秦(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)派太子駟率領西戎九十二(er)國(guo)朝見周顯(xian)王,顯(xian)示了(le)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)西方(fang)霸(ba)主的地位。
收(shou)復(fu)河(he)西(xi)(xi)失地(di),恢復(fu)秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)霸業是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)、秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)兩(liang)代(dai)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)愿望。早在秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)時(shi)期(qi),秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)與魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)為爭奪河(he)西(xi)(xi)地(di)區發(fa)生多次戰(zhan)爭,其中秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)在洛陰(今陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)大(da)荔縣西(xi)(xi)南(nan))、石(shi)門山(今山西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)運城市西(xi)(xi)南(nan))、少梁(今陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)韓城市西(xi)(xi)南(nan))三場戰(zhan)役中取得勝(sheng)利。經過(guo)商(shang)鞅兩(liang)次變法后的(de)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)力(li)強大(da),具備了收(shou)復(fu)河(he)西(xi)(xi)地(di)區的(de)能力(li)。
秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前354年),趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)(guo)入(ru)侵魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)的盟國(guo)(guo)衛國(guo)(guo),奪取漆(qi)及富(fu)丘(均在(zai)今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)長垣縣)兩(liang)地。此舉招(zhao)致(zhi)了(le)魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)的干涉,魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)兵助衛,包(bao)圍趙(zhao)(zhao)都邯鄲(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北省(sheng)(sheng)邯鄲市)。秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)趁魏(wei)軍主力出(chu)擊之(zhi)機,派(pai)軍隊(dui)偷襲魏(wei)國(guo)(guo),進(jin)攻魏(wei)河(he)西長城(cheng)重要據(ju)點元(yuan)(yuan)里(今(jin)(jin)陜西省(sheng)(sheng)澄城(cheng)縣南(nan)),大敗(bai)魏(wei)軍,殲滅守軍七千(qian)人(ren),并占領少梁。同年,秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)命公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫壯率軍攻打(da)韓(han)國(guo)(guo),包(bao)圍焦城(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)三門峽市西),但沒有攻克,占領上枳、安(an)陵(ling)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)鄢陵(ling)縣北)、山氏(今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)鄭(zheng)市東北)并筑城(cheng),插(cha)入(ru)魏(wei)、韓(han)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)交界地區。
秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前353年(nian)(nian)),齊(qi)軍(jun)(jun)與(yu)宋(song)國(guo)(guo)景敵、衛國(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)倉所率部隊會(hui)合(he),圍攻(gong)魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)襄陵(今(jin)河(he)南省睢縣(xian))。此時魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)主力(li)已攻(gong)破趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)首都邯(han)鄲,但在桂陵之戰被(bei)前來(lai)救(jiu)援趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)的(de)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)隊擊敗,楚宣王(wang)(wang)也(ye)派大將景舍率兵救(jiu)援趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo),奪取了魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)睢水、濊水之間的(de)土地(di)。秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)趁魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)空虛之機,于(yu)秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前352年(nian)(nian))任命商(shang)鞅為大良造,率兵長驅直入,包圍魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)并占領(ling)(ling)魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)舊都安(an)邑(yi)(今(jin)山西省夏縣(xian)西北(bei))。魏(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)急忙派軍(jun)(jun)隊在上郡要地(di)固(gu)陽(即定陽,今(jin)陜西省延安(an)市東(dong))以東(dong)修建崤山長城(東(dong)南起崤山,西北(bei)至黃(huang)河(he)),以阻止(zhi)秦(qin)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)進攻(gong)。秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十一年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前351年(nian)(nian)),商(shang)鞅又率兵包圍并占領(ling)(ling)固(gu)陽。
秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公十年(nian)(公元(yuan)前(qian)352年(nian)),魏惠(hui)王(wang)調(diao)(diao)用韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)的軍(jun)隊擊(ji)敗包圍襄陵的齊、宋、衛聯軍(jun),齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)被迫請楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)大將(jiang)景(jing)舍出面調(diao)(diao)停,各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)休戰(zhan)。秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公十一年(nian)(公元(yuan)前(qian)351年(nian)),魏惠(hui)王(wang)與趙(zhao)成侯在漳河邊結盟(meng),撤出趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)首都邯鄲。魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)陸續(xu)與各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)談(tan)后,集中(zhong)兵力向西(xi)(xi)反攻,奪(duo)回安邑(yi)并包圍固陽。為(wei)爭取時間(jian)在國(guo)(guo)(guo)內進行第二次變(bian)法(fa),秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公于前(qian)350年(nian)與魏惠(hui)王(wang)在彤(tong)地(今陜西(xi)(xi)省華縣西(xi)(xi)南)會盟(meng)修好,緩(huan)和(he)了兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)緊張的關系。
魏惠(hui)王以朝見(jian)周天(tian)子(zi)為名(ming),召集泗上十(shi)二諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)舉行(xing)(xing)會盟,圖(tu)謀攻秦。秦孝公(gong)(gong)下(xia)令加強(qiang)防守,并采納(na)商(shang)鞅“尊魏為王”的策略(lve)來改(gai)變魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進攻秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的意(yi)圖(tu)。秦孝公(gong)(gong)于秦孝公(gong)(gong)十(shi)八年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)344年)派(pai)商(shang)鞅游說魏惠(hui)王,勸說他除了號令宋、衛、鄒(zou)、魯等十(shi)二個小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai),還(huan)要向(xiang)北(bei)聯合(he)燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),向(xiang)東攻打齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),迫(po)(po)使趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)屈服;向(xiang)西(xi)聯合(he)秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),向(xiang)南攻打楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),迫(po)(po)使韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)屈服,這樣(yang)霸業可成。商(shang)鞅還(huan)建(jian)議魏惠(hui)王順從(cong)(cong)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),先行(xing)(xing)稱王,再圖(tu)霸業。魏惠(hui)王聽從(cong)(cong)商(shang)鞅的游說開始稱王,按照天(tian)子(zi)的規格(ge)大(da)建(jian)宮室,制(zhi)作(zuo)丹衣和九施、七星(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)旗,并召集各小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參加逢澤(ze)(今河(he)南省開封市)會盟,秦公(gong)(gong)子(zi)少官和趙(zhao)肅(su)侯(hou)(hou)也應邀參加,諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)會盟后又(you)前(qian)往朝見(jian)周天(tian)子(zi)。魏惠(hui)王僭越禮(li)制(zhi)的行(xing)(xing)為引起了齊、楚等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的憤(fen)怒,諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)紛紛倒向(xiang)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
秦孝公十(shi)九年(公元前343年),秦國在武(wu)城(今(jin)陜西省華縣(xian))筑城。
秦(qin)(qin)孝公二(er)十(shi)一(yi)年(公元(yuan)前341年),魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在馬陵之(zhi)戰遭受(shou)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重創,主將龐涓自殺,太子申被(bei)俘。商(shang)鞅(yang)趁機對秦(qin)(qin)孝公說:“秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)關系(xi),就像人得了心腹疾病,不是(shi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)兼并(bing)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),就是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)吞并(bing)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地處山嶺險要的(de)西部,占據崤山以東,與秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以黃(huang)河為界。形勢(shi)有利時就向(xiang)西侵犯秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不利時就向(xiang)東擴展領地。如(ru)今(jin)君上圣明(ming)賢(xian)能,秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)繁榮昌(chang)盛。而(er)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)剛(gang)剛(gang)被(bei)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)擊敗,可(ke)以趁此良(liang)機攻(gong)打魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)抵擋(dang)不住秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)攻(gong)勢(shi),必然(ran)要向(xiang)東撤(che)退。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)向(xiang)東撤(che)退,秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就占據了黃(huang)河和崤山險固的(de)地勢(shi),向(xiang)東可(ke)以控制各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)諸侯,這可(ke)是(shi)一(yi)統天下的(de)帝王基業啊!”秦(qin)(qin)孝公采納商(shang)鞅(yang)的(de)建議,決定趁魏(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實力尚未(wei)恢復之(zhi)機,大舉攻(gong)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)。
同(tong)年(nian),秦國聯合齊、趙兩國攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打魏(wei)國。九月,秦孝公(gong)派(pai)商(shang)(shang)鞅進攻(gong)(gong)(gong)魏(wei)河東(dong),魏(wei)派(pai)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)迎戰。兩軍(jun)對峙時,商(shang)(shang)鞅派(pai)使者送信給公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang),說(shuo):“我當初與(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)相(xiang)處的(de)很快(kuai)樂,如今你(ni)我成了敵對兩國的(de)將領(ling),不忍(ren)心相(xiang)互攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji),我可以與(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)當面相(xiang)見,訂立盟(meng)約,痛(tong)痛(tong)快(kuai)快(kuai)地(di)喝幾杯然后各自(zi)撤兵,讓秦魏(wei)兩國相(xiang)安無事。”公(gong)子(zi)(zi)卬(ang)赴會時被商(shang)(shang)鞅埋伏的(de)甲士俘(fu)虜,商(shang)(shang)鞅趁機攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)魏(wei)軍(jun),魏(wei)軍(jun)大(da)敗(bai)。魏(wei)惠王被迫(po)割(ge)讓河西部分土地(di)求(qiu)和,商(shang)(shang)鞅因戰功獲封于商(shang)(shang)十五邑,號(hao)為商(shang)(shang)君。
秦孝公二十(shi)四年(公元前338年),秦再次攻魏,在岸門(今山西省(sheng)河津市南(nan))擊(ji)敗魏軍,俘(fu)其主將魏錯。同年,秦國聯合大荔(li)戎包圍了魏國的郃陽(今陜(shan)西省(sheng)合陽縣東南(nan))。
秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)二十四年(公(gong)元(yuan)前338年),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)嬴渠梁病(bing)危,《戰(zhan)國策(ce)》記載秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)想傳位于商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang),商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)推辭(ci)不接受。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)去世(shi)后(hou),葬于弟圉,其子(zi)(zi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文王(wang)繼位。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)去世(shi)后(hou),商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)因(yin)被公(gong)子(zi)(zi)虔誣(wu)陷謀反,戰(zhan)敗死于彤地,其尸身被帶回(hui)咸陽,處以車裂后(hou)示眾(zhong)。
戰(zhan)國(guo)初期(qi),秦國(guo)地(di)廣人稀,大部(bu)分土地(di)還沒有得到開發,農業生產遠(yuan)不(bu)如東(dong)方各國(guo)。秦孝公即位(wei)之后(hou),深感“諸侯卑秦,丑莫大焉(yan)”,決心變法圖強,下達《求賢(xian)令》。商(shang)鞅(yang)在此(ci)背景之下來到秦國(guo)。
變法之(zhi)爭結(jie)束(shu)后,秦孝公(gong)于公(gong)元(yuan)前359年命商鞅在秦國國內頒布《墾(ken)草(cao)令》,作(zuo)為(wei)全面(mian)變法的(de)序(xu)幕。其主要內容有:刺激農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)、抑制商業(ye)發展、重塑(su)社(she)會(hui)價值(zhi)觀,提高(gao)農(nong)業(ye)的(de)社(she)會(hui)認知度(du)、削弱貴(gui)族、官吏的(de)特權(quan),讓國內貴(gui)族加(jia)入到農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)中、實行(xing)統一(yi)的(de)稅租(zu)制度(du)等改革(ge)方略。
《墾草令》在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)國成功(gong)實施后,秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)于(yu)公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)356年任命(ming)商(shang)鞅(yang)為(wei)左庶長(chang),在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)國國內實行第一次(ci)變(bian)法(fa)。其主要(yao)內容(rong)有:增加連(lian)坐法(fa)法(fa)律,輕罪用重刑;廢除舊世卿世祿制,獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)軍功(gong),頒(ban)布軍功(gong)爵(jue)制度(du);重農抑商(shang),獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)耕織,特(te)別獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)墾荒(huang);強制推(tui)行個(ge)體小家庭制度(du)等。陽(yang)今陜(shan)西省咸陽(yang)市東北)位(wei)于(yu)關中平原中部,北依高(gao)原,南(nan)(nan)臨渭(wei)(wei)河(he),順渭(wei)(wei)河(he)而下(xia)可直(zhi)入黃河(he),終(zhong)南(nan)(nan)山與渭(wei)(wei)河(he)之(zhi)間可直(zhi)通函谷關。為(wei)便(bian)于(yu)向函谷關以(yi)東發展,秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)十二(er)年(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)350年)命(ming)商(shang)鞅(yang)征調士卒(zu),按照魯國、衛國的國都(dou)規模修筑冀闕(que)宮(gong)廷,營(ying)造新都(dou),并于(yu)次(ci)年將國都(dou)從櫟陽(yang)(今陜(shan)西省渭(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)市富平縣東南(nan)(nan))遷至咸陽(yang),同時命(ming)商(shang)鞅(yang)在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)國國內進行第二(er)次(ci)變(bian)法(fa)。
收復(fu)河西失地,恢復(fu)秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)時期(qi)的霸業是秦(qin)(qin)獻(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)兩代國(guo)君的愿(yuan)望。秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前354年(nian)),秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)趁(chen)魏軍主力(li)出(chu)擊之(zhi)機,派軍隊偷襲魏國(guo),大(da)敗魏軍,并(bing)占(zhan)領少梁。同年(nian),秦(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)命公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫壯率軍攻打(da)韓國(guo),插入(ru)魏、韓兩國(guo)交界地區。
秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)353年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)趁(chen)魏國(guo)國(guo)內空虛之(zhi)機(ji),于前(qian)352年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)任(ren)命商(shang)鞅(yang)為大良(liang)造,率(lv)兵長驅直入,包圍(wei)魏國(guo)并占(zhan)領魏國(guo)舊都安邑(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西省夏縣西北)。秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)351年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),商(shang)鞅(yang)又率(lv)兵包圍(wei)并占(zhan)領固陽(yang)(yang)。秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)341年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),魏國(guo)在馬陵(ling)之(zhi)戰遭受齊國(guo)重創,主將(jiang)(jiang)龐涓自(zi)殺,太(tai)子(zi)申被俘。秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)采納(na)商(shang)鞅(yang)的(de)建議,決定趁(chen)魏國(guo)實力尚未恢(hui)復(fu)之(zhi)機(ji),大舉攻魏。秦(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)338年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),秦(qin)再次攻魏,在岸門(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西省河(he)津(jin)市南(nan))擊(ji)敗(bai)魏軍,俘其主將(jiang)(jiang)魏錯。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)國(guo)聯合大荔(li)戎包圍(wei)了魏國(guo)的(de)郃(he)陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)陜西省合陽(yang)(yang)縣東(dong)南(nan))。
長輩
父親:秦獻公
平輩
兄弟:公子虔(嬴虔)
子輩
兒(er)子:秦惠(hui)文王(wang)、樗(chu)里疾(ji)、公子華
兒媳婦:宣太后
1999年電視劇《東周列國戰(zhan)國篇(pian)》:陳強飾演秦孝(xiao)公;
2009年電(dian)視劇《大秦帝國之裂變》:侯(hou)勇飾(shi)演秦孝公。
賈誼(yi):“秦孝(xiao)公(gong)據崤函之(zhi)(zhi)固,擁雍州之(zhi)(zhi)地,君臣(chen)固守,以窺周室,有席卷天下(xia)、包(bao)舉宇內(nei)、囊括四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)意,并(bing)吞八荒之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)。當是(shi)時(shi),商君佐之(zhi)(zhi),內(nei)立法度,務耕織,修守戰之(zhi)(zhi)備(bei);外連衡而(er)斗諸侯。于是(shi)秦人拱(gong)手(shou)而(er)取(qu)西河之(zhi)(zhi)外。”
司馬遷《史記》:“秦起襄公(gong),章于文、繆,獻、孝之后,稍(shao)以蠶食六國(guo),百有馀載(zai),至始皇乃能并冠(guan)帶之倫。”
范曄(ye)《后漢書(shu)》:“時(shi)秦公雄強,威服羌戎。”
賈思勰:“秦孝(xiao)公用商君(jun)。急(ji)耕戰(zhan)之賞。傾奪鄰國而雄諸侯(hou)。”
唐甄(zhen):“昔者(zhe)孟子之世,天下強(qiang)國(guo)七,秦孝公(gong)發(fa)憤于西(xi)陲(chui),布(bu)恩惠(hui),振孤寡,招戰士(shi),明賞功,西(xi)斬戎王,南破(po)強(qiang)楚(chu),虎視六(liu)國(guo),狙以(yi)濟之。”
曾國藩:“至秦孝(xiao)公,捐禮讓而貴戰爭(zheng),棄仁義而用(yong)詐(zha)譎,茍以(yi)取強因而矣。”